Tackling Displacement

The Revolving D0or for Political Elites: Policymakers’ Professional Background and Financial Regulation

The foundations of Western Philosophy were laid down in 300 to 400 BC by Greek Philosophers whose expertise in myriad fields of life are recognized to date. Some of their thoughts had impact on literary works of Urdu poet sand prose writers as well. Allama Iqbal—a great philosopher of the 20th Century—also accepted the influence of those Greek philosophers which is found in his poetry. Whereas he did differ with some of their thoughts, in this article both the similarities and differences have been found out from the Urdu poetry and the prose of Iqbal. He analyzed their thoughts and made his readers aware of those thoughts that are dangerous for a dynamic and prosperous life of individuals as well as the society, for the reason that following those thoughts lead to pessimism which ultimately decreases vitality. He also opposed the thoughts which contradict with the divine scriptures, especially the Holy Qur’an.

Summary In the nineteenth century, the British government at home and in the empire promoted the development of public health systems to contain epidemic diseases. By the early twentieth century, the government turned its focus increasingly to children’s physical fitness and, in turn, society’s capacity for both labour and military power. Given the role that women played in reproducing the nation’s prospective power, women were perceived to need intervention not only for their own sake but also for the well-being of the nation’s next generation. This essay considers the historical moment when government officials, social reformers and physicians realised that they needed mothers to live for their nations and states to survive. After reviewing discourses shared by social reformers and government officials in Bombay and Manchester, the essay considers the records of St. Mary’s Hospital and the Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital to explore the role of physicians in the medicalisation of maternal mortality.

Reviewed by: The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age ed. by Robert J. Blyth et al. Larrie D. Ferreiro (bio) The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age. Edited by Robert J. Blyth, Andrew Lambert, and Jan Rüger. Aldershot, Hants and Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2011. Pp. xii+244. 65. The British battleship HMS Dreadnought was launched in February 1906, just a few years after Edward VII ascended the throne. The ship was the brainchild of First Sea Lord Jacky Fisher, the hard-driving, forward-thinking admiral who, as a boy, had joined the Royal Navy aboard Horatio Nelson's old flagship HMS Victory. In the century that had passed since the battle of Trafalgar, warships and naval tactics had evolved in slow, halting steps. The all-big-gun, advanced-fire-control, steam-turbine-powered Dreadnought embodied a complete set of revolutionary technologies and tactics that instantly put paid to all previous battleships. Other navies were developing ships along the same lines—USS Michigan was already on the drawing board—but Dreadnought got there first. The name Dreadnought quickly became the metonym for the modern battleship, and its unique profile became instantly recognizable as an icon of British might. Over the subsequent century, the strategic and technological impact of Dreadnought has been written about and discussed perhaps more than any other warship of the twentieth century. Exactly one hundred years after its launch, a group of scholars convened at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, UK, to participate in an "experiment" (p. xiii) to examine, not the traditional "navalist" history of Dreadnought, but how it fits in a broader historiography. The eleven chapters in this fairly thin book are written by noted experts in their fields and place the ship within its symbolic, political, cultural, and operational contexts. Jan Rüger, who teaches modern European history, begins by showing how the Royal Navy, understanding the role of imagery in the projection of strategy, showcased Dreadnought's launch with a level of pomp and circumstance, including the use of newfangled searchlights, that would not be out of place in a modern Hollywood release. Andrew Lambert, an eminent naval historian, explains that Jacky Fisher chose the name Dreadnought very carefully; it is a fine old English word, first used by Queen Elizabeth I for one of her navy's ships. Martin Daunton, an economic historian, examines the shift in British taxation policies from tariff-heavy to those favoring a more progressive income tax, which allowed "the British government [to] afford both old age pensions and HMS Dreadnought and its successors" (p. 49). T. G. Otte, a specialist in diplomatic history, notes that "Britain's ability to project naval power was a component of her foreign policy" (p. 52). Dreadnought was an overt political statement aimed (unsuccessfully) at deterring foreign powers—notably Germany—from building up their fleets. Michael Epkenhans, author of numerous books on German military history, looks at Dreadnought [End Page 195] through the eyes of German admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, who at first saw the ship as a "golden opportunity" for Germany to build up its fleet and attain parity with Britain, since both navies were starting at "point zero" (p. 80). He came to rue this decision as Britain outspent and outbuilt Germany, and when war came, outfought it as well. In the next section, Lucy Delap and Max Jones look at Dreadnought as an icon in (respectively) "women's politics" (p. 95) and boys' papers. Delap describes with some irony how the Women's Social and Political Union took the aggressively masculine name of the ship for its suffrage paper The Woman's Dreadnought. The ship figured prominently in Boy's Own Paper and Chums as a continuation of their heroic representations of the navy and the sea. The final section locates Dreadnought within its more traditional historiography of technology and operations. Crosbie Smith, who has studied the concepts of efficiency and effectiveness in the works of Lord Kelvin, applies the same lens to Charles Parsons, developer of the steam turbine, and to the aforementioned Jacky Fisher. Naval analyst and historian Eric Grove provides a welcome potted history of HMS Dreadnought that would have perhaps been better placed at the beginning...

In 1865, the Madras government enacted a legislation, the Irrigation Cess Act, designed to allow it to extract revenue from water as separate as that from land. However, as emphasized by many commentators, this pithy legislation was far from comprehensive in its definition of government powers over water. Faced with resolute opposition from zamindars to any further legislation that would centralize control over water resources as well as powers to levy fees over water use to the government, the Madras state was forced to confront zamindars in court over the interpretation of the Irrigation Cess Act. In 1917, the Privy Council, the highest court in the land, delivered a landmark judgement in resolution of a dispute between the Madras government and the Urlam zamindari. The Urlam case, this article argues, lends a new perspective to historiography on custom and the environment in colonial India. The Privy Council judgement rendered custom a physical, historically reified, and ‘natural’ quality, simultaneously within and outside the encounter between labour and nature.

It is very essential for lawyers and ordinary citizens to do an exhaustive research related to their case before they answer questions in court. For quite some time they have had to read extremely long judgements and try to pick out the useful information from them or hire legal editors to create summaries. We propose an automated text summarization system that generates short and useful summaries from lengthy judgements. We make use of a natural language processing technique called latent semantic analysis (LSA) to capture concepts within a single document. We use two approaches–a single document untrained approach and a multi-document trained approach depending on the type of input case (criminal or civil). Our data was collected from official government sites that included Supreme Court, high court and district court cases and our model achieved an average ROGUE-1 score of 0.58. Finally, our system was approved by professional lawyers. In the future we aim to provide better continuity within our generated summaries and evaluate our system more accurately.

Charles Edward Trevelyan (1807–1886) published Education of the People of India in 1838. The work is a rigorous defence of the educational reforms that took place in colonial India during the 1830s, which led to a western-based curriculum replacing traditional Indian learning. The work is a response to the arguments of orientalists such as H. H. Wilson (1786–1860), recently retired from government office in India, but still advocating an orientalist educational policy. In this work Trevelyan puts forward his arguments for the moral and intellectual advantages of English as the principle language of instruction and defends the government's resolution of March 1835 that specified that Indians should be educated by the study of European literature, culture and science. It was one of the most influential Anglicist tracts of the Indian educational debates, and it gives valuable insight into the ideas behind what became standard government educational policy.

ABSTRACTThis article explores an episode of post-colonial state violence in the newly independent Zimbabwe, namely state-sanctioned atrocities by the army unit known as Fifth Brigade, perpetrated against the Ndebele of Matabeleland and Midlands region. This episode of political and ethnic violence that occurred between 1983 and 1987 is referred to as both the Matabeleland Massacres and Gukurahundi. Members of the British government in Zimbabwe, which included a British Military Advisory Training Team (BMATT) on the ground, were intimately aware of the violence that resulted in the death of between 10,000 and 20,000 people. This article analyses official British and US government communications between the British High Commission, Harare, and the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Cabinet Office, the Prime Minister's Office and the Ministry of Defence, London, as well as between the US Department of State and the US Embassy in Harare. Analysis of the documents dated between January and March 1983 sheds a critical new lens on Gukurahundi, establishing what knowledge was available to the British and US governments about the persistent and relentless atrocities taking place; the diplomatic approaches pursued by both governments in response; and their rationale for same. The hitherto unavailable material presented here was obtained by Freedom of Information requests to various British Government offices and to the US Department of State. Analysis establishes that the British High Commission, Harare, had detailed knowledge of events unfolding in Matabeleland from an early stage of Gukurahundi, yet senior members of BMATT and the British diplomatic team in Harare, in contrast to their US counterparts, were consistent in their efforts to minimise the magnitude of Fifth Brigade atrocities. That the British government chose to adopt a policy of wilful blindness towards the atrocities undoubtedly constituted naked realpolitik.

In this chapter Goswami talks about the unique history of the Assamese language which encouraged the Missionaries to make the Assamese language the official language in Assam. The outcome of this intellectual struggle was creations like Orunodoi, the Assamese translation of the Bible etc. This endeavour by the missionaries gave the flowing tide of the Assamese language a unique and creative direction. The unstoppable speed of the Assamese language is continuing even today, as proven by the global acclaim received by many Assamese language stories, poems and novels. Therefore, in response to the recently resurfaced worry regarding the future of the Assamese language, Assamese language can never go extinct. Goswami has a deep belief that a thousand hurdles cannot stop the Assamese language. Goswami narrated that the Missionaries (people like Miles Bronson, Nathan Brown, Oliver Cutter and so on) endeavoured to resurrect the Assamese language in Assam. The British Government was wrongly influenced to introduce Bangla in Assam by a section of the employees who had been brought from Bengal by the Company Government to work as clerks in the government offices.

This article examines late seventeenth-century news management through the lens of the Haarlem journalist, Abraham Casteleyn. Its aim is to challenge the idea that ‘foreign’ news was of minor importance in Restoration England, by examining how contemporaries responded to titles such as the Haarlem Courant, and to show that Dutch news was integral to domestic politics. It examines the demand for Dutch news by English readers, Whig activists and government officials; explores the ways in which Casteleyn’s newspaper caused concern within the regime because of its potential to be exploited for nefarious political ends and explores how the Stuart regime responded by devising subtle methods for managing Dutch news.

A claim for damages brought by a group of elderly Africans against the British Government for alleged torture during the Kenyan ‘Mau Mau’ emergency in the 1950s and 1960s led to a demand by the High Court that all relevant documentation be produced. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) subsequently admitted the existence of withheld official documents from 37 former British dependencies sent to London at decolonisation. This article examines the FCO's account of the long concealment of the collections and questions of ownership, and documents at the UK National Archives; it outlines British policy towards the disposal of colonial government records prior to independence and notes guidelines about the type of material that should not be passed to successor governments. Documents from the ‘migrated archives’ already made public note an increased emphasis on document security, which clearly fed into policy development. The article includes a brief account of international attempts to outlaw the future r...

Peter Marshall, extraordinary seismologist, scientific leader, mentor, colleague, and friend, died on 5 October 2012 in Basingstoke, England. Peter spent his entire scientific career working on scientific issues related to the detection, identification, and yield estimation of underground nuclear explosions. Peter David Marshall, CMG, OBE (1937–2012). Peter’s greatest strength was in the careful study and interpretation of seismic data and waveforms. Once he trusted a body of data, he would apply his intellect and experience to gleaning the new insights and understandings hidden therein. Often he would bring separate, independent sets of data to a problem to reinforce or modify his original interpretation. Peter possessed an unsurpassed ability to explain his studies and their significance to his seismological colleagues and to government officials. Peter was a sustained contributor to the literature of seismic source identification and explosion yield estimation. His last contribution was published in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America in 2012. Peter spent most of his professional career with the Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE) of the Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom (UK). Early in his career he worked on high‐explosive experiments designed to test the cavity decoupling concept developed in theoretical terms by scientists in the United States (US). …

Kathleen Paul's Whitewashing Britain: Race and Citizenship in the Postwar Era is an important investigation and discussion of the formation of policy about nationality, migration, and race, and the concerns of those responsible for that policy, i.e., officials in the British government. Along with carefully documenting how important postwar nationality legislation was enacted, Paul makes two important arguments.

The events of the early summer of 1381 confronted the English government with a social and political crisis on a hitherto unknown scale. The countryside witnessed outbursts of concerted violent protest against mismanagement, corruption and maladministration similar to that experienced in London. The article gives a short narrative of events in Essex and Norfolk, which were strongly affected by the rising. It establishes that the rising in these areas did not lack coherence and organization: particularly in the case of the Norfolk revolt, which earlier historians have dismissed as mere piecemeal pillage, a different picture emerges. The discontent of the people was directed against government officials, justices and lords of the manor: the rebels were highly selective in choosing their targets. With the analysis of the social and economic background of the rebels, the high proportion of servants, labourers and craftsmen can be established for the first time. These people felt very strongly the discrepancy between their commercial activities and their seigneurial subordination. Since the men in power were not yet prepared to change their attitude towards their tenantry, authority and lordship were thrown into a crisis which developed into open revolt.

The rise of non-European sport athletes has meant a need for their cultural ways to be acknowledged in the sporting arena. Although the players' cultures are visible in sports, through war chants, tattoos, and cultural singing, much of their interactions as athletes are underpinned by foreign western centric philosophies. Many of them are forced to work in an environment which privileges individual capitalism, over their cultural values of service. The failure of sporting organisations to understand the cultural beliefs and practices of players has not only resulted in cultural exclusion but also an incorrect analysis of the player lifespan of these athletes. As Indigenous researchers, we use a culturally appropriate service model to underpin the lifecycle of these professional athletes. Through the analysis of three Indigenous professional athletes from various sporting codes, we provide insight into their professional life span along with their priorities, responsibilities, and duties. By exploring their narratives through a cultural lens, the professional life span of a rookie, veteran and legend athlete are explored and analysed. It is envisioned that this article will provide a strengths-based view of Indigenous athletes and the unique worldviews they bring.