Techno-Economic Analysis of a Physisorption-Based Hydrogen Storage System

As the importance of hydrogen energy in the global clean energy system becomes increasingly prominent, how to store hydrogen efficiently, safely and economically has become the core bottleneck restricting its large-scale application. This study takes three mainstream hydrogen storage methods, namely high-pressure hydrogen storage, liquid hydrogen storage and solid-state hydrogen storage, as the research objects, and comprehensively compares their advantages and disadvantages in terms of energy density, safety and economy. Through systematic literature review and case analysis, the study finds that high-pressure hydrogen storage has a relatively high mass energy density and technical maturity, and is suitable for mobile transportation scenarios, but its volume efficiency is low and there is a risk of high-pressure leakage; liquid hydrogen storage has the highest volume energy density and is suitable for large-scale transportation, but the liquefaction process has high energy consumption and the equipment cost is expensive; solid-state hydrogen storage performs best in terms of safety and is particularly suitable for portable applications, but the hydrogen storage materials are expensive and the technology is not yet mature. Based on the above comparison, this study proposes suggestions for multi-scenario collaborative optimization and looks forward to the future development direction of hydrogen storage technology.

The Cryogenic Flux Capacitor (CFC) is a cold, dense energy storage core that is being studied in the cryo-compressed, about 300 bar and 80K, region of gaseous hydrogen (GH2) storage and liquid hydrogen (LH2) region near the normal boiling point. The hydrogens storage is improved by physically bonding the molecules within the nanoscale pores of the aerogel composite blanket material. The process of bonding or debonding is governed by principles of physical adsorption (physisorption) and thermodynamics. The large surface area afforded by the nanoporous aerogel (~1,000 m2/g) allows its storage performance to easily exceed capacities of high-pressure GH2 storage for an equivalent volume. With the integrated aerogel, subscale tests have shown that storage is increased by about 49% over a simple tank filled with GH2 at the same operating temperature and pressure. For LH2 conditions, the CFC is shown to operate at equivalent densities. For the techno-economic analysis (TEA), the source of hydrogen is compared between onsite steam methane reforming (SMR) and onsite solar photovoltaic (PV) panels providing power to electrolyzers to produce GH2. The TEA compares pure hydrogen burning in a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) to hydrogen fuel cells with an overall net power output of 650 MW. The SMR system uses natural gas as an input and includes a carbon capture and storage (CCS) system. The levelized cost of electricity is developed based on the capital cost and operating cost of the systems. Sensitivities are discussed around the cost of natural gas, ranging from 1.93 USD per MMBTU to 6.75 USD per MMBTU, and carbon dioxide disposal, ranging from 7 USD per tonne to 10 USD per tonne. For comparison to the conventional CCGT baseline, a baseload scenario is adopted with 85% capacity factor. The results of the study show that onsite hydrogen generation from SMR is about 1 to 3 USD per kg over the life of the plant and the PV hydrogen production produces at 4 to 5 USD per kg. The cost of storage for CFC is compared to other systems, including high-pressure GH2 and atmospheric LH2. The system is shown to provide the lowest costs for all these options at the grid scale, due to its higher capacity than high-pressure GH2 and ability to operate at 80K, receiving refrigeration from liquid nitrogen systems reducing capital and operating costs when compared LH2 storage systems. SMR is competitive with CCGT at the gas prices, both of which have lower LCOE than the PV system. When accounting for variability in gas prices, the PV and electrolyzer system is less sensitive to these changes and provides the lowest LCOE across the whole range.

The growth in the aviation sector has highlighted the need to decrease carbon emissions, a significant factor in climate change. Hydrogen is a potential alternative clean fuel due to its high energy density. As a collaborative effort in developing integrated zero emission aviation (IZEA, a NASA ULI), we present the design concept for a liquid hydrogen storage system for short-range aircraft with a gravimetric index greater than 0.6. Our design leverages the cryogenic cooling power of liquid hydrogen to support the temperature and heat loads of various power system components, such as the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) generator, HTS motor, DC power distribution cable network, and power electronic converters. By controlling the pressure in the storage tank, we demonstrate that it is feasible to deliver the desired mass flow rate of hydrogen while effectively cooling the power system components using practical heat exchangers. Also, since heat exchangers are an integral part of our hydrogen storage and flow system, their design also impacts the overall system storage density. The entire system is designed considering the space and weight factors of an aircraft. This work represents a significant advancement towards developing the complete IZEA thermal management system for a given airplane and flight profile.

Liquid hydrogen storage, thermal management, and transfer-control system for integrated zero emission aviation (IZEA)

Renewable Energy Sources are still in continual progress to be used for electricity production, the most important of which is Concentrated Solar Energy, which has played a prominent role during the past years for electricity production. However, focusing on economic aspect remains important to ensure the implementation of these projects, as many countries focus on necessary cost of investing projects and electricity cost resulting from these modern technologies. In this study, we will present a survey and economic analysis of electricity production by concentrated solar energy in two technological systems: Stirling Dish, and Power Tower, and use an advanced electricity storage system, which is hydrogen production and storage. levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) will be calculated in order to know the Total Electrical Cost of producing and storing electricity in this hybrid system as a function of Investment cost It, Operation and maintenance cost (O&M), Interest price, and amount of Energy Produced. This system shows the possibility of application to produce electricity at low prices in terms of cost, as the cost of electricity produced from this hybrid system ranged between 0.112 and 0.172 $/kWh, which is a competitive cost that ensures the possibility of application and investment in addition to electricity production in sustainable and environmentally friendly methods.

Performances comparison of adsorption hydrogen storage tanks at a wide temperature and pressure zone

As a kind of clean energy, hydrogen energy has great potential to reduce environmental pollution and provide efficient energy conversion, and the key to its efficient utilization is to develop safe, economical and portable hydrogen storage technology. At present, hydrogen storage technology lags behind hydrogen production and use, which is the bottleneck restricting the development of hydrogen energy. In this paper, several current solid-state hydrogen storage methods are reviewed, including hydrate hydrogen storage, alloy hydrogen storage and MOF hydrogen storage. At the hydrogen storage density level, the hydrogen storage capacity of 1K-MOF-5 can reach 4.23 wt% at 77 K and 10 MPa, and remains basically unchanged in 20 isothermal adsorption and desorption experiments. At the level of temperature and pressure of hydrogen storage, the alloy can realize hydrogen storage under ambient conditions. At the economic level, the cost of hydrogen storage in hydrates is only USD 5–8 per kilogram, with almost zero carbon emissions. Through the analysis, it can be seen that the above solid-state hydrogen storage technologies have their own advantages. Although hydrate hydrogen storage is lower than alloy materials and MOF materials in hydrogen storage density, it still has huge potential for utilization space because of its low cost and simple preparation methods. This paper further provides a comprehensive review of the existing challenges in hydrate research and outlines prospective directions for the advancement of hydrogen storage technologies.

Strategies to recover and minimize boil-off losses during liquid hydrogen storage

Hydrogen energy storage integrated grid: A bibliometric analysis for sustainable energy production

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">One of the most critical elements in engineering a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is the design of the on-board hydrogen storage system. Because the current compressed-gas hydrogen storage technology has several key challenges, including cost, volume and capacity, materials-based storage technologies are being evaluated as an alternative approach. These materials-based hydrogen storage technologies include metal hydrides, chemical hydrides, and adsorbent materials, all of which have drawbacks of their own. To optimize the engineering of storage systems based on these materials, it is critical to understand the impacts these systems will have on the overall vehicle system performance and what trade-offs between the hydrogen storage systems and the vehicle systems might exist that allow these alternative storage approaches to be viable.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">To gain a better understanding of the interactions that exist between various materials-based hydrogen storage systems and the vehicle system as well as the engineering challenges that exist when integrating one of these systems with a vehicle, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) developed a vehicle-level model designed to be sensitive to these issues. The Hydrogen Storage Simulation Model (HSSIM) was developed under the Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence (HSECoE) as a specialized tool that could be used to assist in the design and engineering of materials-based hydrogen storage systems being considered by the HSECoE. This tool is designed to not only allow for understanding key trade-offs, but also to have a seamless integration with the HSECoE fuel cell and detailed hydrogen storage system models and to evaluate progress towards the U.S. Department of Energy's hydrogen storage technical targets. This model has been integrated with a fuel cell model developed by Ford Motor Company in a HSECoE common modeling framework developed by United Technologies Research Center and other HSECoE partners.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper focuses on the development, structure, and validation of the vehicle model HSSIM and summarizes its integration within the framework. HSSIM and the framework are then used to obtain trade-offs for various specific materials-based storage system designs. This includes hydrogen storage sizing analyses, mass compounding analyses, range versus volume studies, and vehicle and component performance analyses, such as acceleration rates and fuel cell and energy storage interactions.</div></div>

Naphthalene and its derivatives hydrogenation for hydrogen storage: Comparative analysis of the role of noble and non-noble metal catalysts – A review

A comprehensive review on hydrogen production and utilization in North America: Prospects and challenges

Nowadays, high-pressure hydrogen storage is the most commercially used technology owing to its high hydrogen purity, rapid charging/discharging of hydrogen, and low-cost manufacturing. Despite numerous reviews on hydrogen storage technologies, there is a relative scarcity of comprehensive examinations specifically focused on high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage and its associated materials. This article systematically presents the manufacturing processes and materials used for a variety of high-pressure hydrogen storage containers, including metal cylinders, carbon fiber composite cylinders, and emerging glass material-based hydrogen storage containers. Furthermore, it introduces the relevant principles and theoretical studies, showcasing their advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional high-pressure hydrogen storage containers. Finally, this article provides an outlook on the future development of high-pressure hydrogen storage containers.

6 - Graphene/graphene oxide–based nanomaterials for hydrogen production and storage applications

This paper investigates hydrogen storage and refueling technologies that were used in rail vehicles over the past 20 years as well as planned activities as part of demonstration projects or feasibility studies. Presented are details of the currently available technology and its vehicle integration, market availability as well as standardization and research and development activities. A total of 80 international studies, corporate announcements as well as vehicle and refueling demonstration projects were evaluated with regard to storage and refueling technology, pressure level, hydrogen amount and installation concepts inside rolling stock. Furthermore, current hydrogen storage systems of worldwide manufacturers were analyzed in terms of technical data.We found that large fleets of hydrogen-fueled passenger railcars are currently being commissioned or are about to enter service along with many more vehicles on order worldwide. 35 MPa compressed gaseous storage system technology currently dominates in implementation projects. In terms of hydrogen storage requirements for railcars, sufficient energy content and range are not a major barrier at present (assuming enough installation space is available). For this reason, also hydrogen refueling stations required for 35 MPa vehicle operation are currently being set up worldwide.A wide variety of hydrogen demonstration and retrofit projects are currently underway for freight locomotive applications around the world, in addition to completed and ongoing feasibility studies. Up to now, no prevailing hydrogen storage technology emerged, especially because line-haul locomotives are required to carry significantly more energy than passenger trains. The 35 MPa compressed storage systems commonly used in passenger trains offer too little energy density for mainline locomotive operation - alternative storage technologies are not yet established. Energy tender solutions could be an option to increase hydrogen storage capacity here.