Texture Feature Clustering and Segmentation Algorithm Based on Pixel

In marketing channels, bread is sometimes delivered in a frozen sate for distribution. Changes occur in physical dimensions, crumb grain and appearance of slices. Ten loaves, twelve bread slices per loaf were scanned for digital image analysis and then frozen in a commercial refrigerator. The bread slices were stored for four weeks scanned again, permitted to thaw and scanned a third time. Image features were extracted, to determine shape, size and image texture of the slices. Different thresholds of grey levels were set to detect changes that occurred in crumb, images were binarized at these settings. The number of pixels falling into these gray level settings were determined for each slice. Image texture features of subimages of each slice were calculated to quantify slice crumb grain. The image features of the slice size showed shrinking of bread slices, as a results of freezing and storage, although shape of slices did not change markedly. Visible crumb texture changes occurred and these changes were depicted by changes in image texture features. Image texture features showed that slice crumb changed differently at the center of a slice compared to a peripheral area close to the crust. Image texture and slice features were sufficient for discrimination of slices before and after freezing and after thawing.

Target recognition by texture segmentation algorithm

IntroductionThe histological tumor grade of uterine endometrial carcinoma (UEC) is one factor that can determine the prognosis. However, studies have shown that some histological grades assigned by preoperative biopsy results...

In content based image retrieval (CBIR) process, every image has been represented in a compact set of local visual features i.e. color, texture, and/or shape of images. This set of local visual features is known as feature vector. In the CBIR process, feature vectors of images have been used to represent or to identify similar images in adequate way. As a result, feature vector construction has always been considered as an important issue since it must reflect proper image semantics using minimal amount of data. The proposed CBIR scheme is based on the combination of color and texture features. In this work initially, we have converted the given RGB image into HSV color image. Subsequently, we have considered H (hue), S (saturation), and V (intensity) components for extraction of visual image features. The texture features have been extracted from the V component of the image using 2D dual-tree complex wavelet transform (2D DT-CWT) where it analyzes the textural patterns in six different directions i.e. ±15\(^{\circ }\), ±45\(^{\circ }\), and ±75\(^{\circ }\). At the same time, we have computed the probability histograms of H and S components of the image respectively and subsequently those are divided into non-uniform bins based on cumulative probability for extraction of color based features. So, in this work both the color and texture features have been extracted simultaneously. Finally, the obtained features have been concatenated to attain the final feature vector and same is considered in image retrieval process. We have tested the novelty and performance of the proposed work in two Corel, two objects, and, a texture image datasets. The experimental results reveal the acceptable retrieval performances for different types of datasets.

Batik is a traditional craft of designing patterned fabrics which hold high artistic value in Sri Lankan culture, where hand-painted wax patterns are coloured using specialist dyeing methods to create the finished product. This paper presents a study of vision-based feature extraction of Batik images considering colour, texture and shape features to develop a comprehensive feature descriptor of Batik motifs. Wax drawn patterns are identified from the digital images of Batik motifs to retrieve an outline of patterns demarcating the different coloured layers generated by multiple stages of dyeing. Motifs with repetitive patterns are identified using the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) as a texture feature vector. Both RGB and L*a*b* colour schemes are studied in the representation of Batik motifs. The colour description is presented using Mini Batch K-Means which out-performed the widely used K-Means clustering method. Hu Moment Invariants are used for shape feature extraction, and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) for texture feature extraction. A comprehensive feature descriptor is developed to represent Batik designs, which could be used to recommend similar designs based on the shape and texture features of query images presented by the user.

Canopy stomatal conductance (Sc) indicates the strength of photosynthesis and transpiration of plants. In addition, Sc is a physiological indicator that is widely employed to detect crop water stress. Unfortunately, existing methods for measuring canopy Sc are time-consuming, laborious, and poorly representative. To solve these problems, in this study, we combined multispectral vegetation index (VI) and texture features to predict the Sc values and used citrus trees in the fruit growth period as the research object. To achieve this, VI and texture feature data of the experimental area were obtained using a multispectral camera. The H (Hue), S (Saturation) and V (Value) segmentation algorithm and the determined threshold of VI were used to obtain the canopy area images, and the accuracy of the extraction results was evaluated. Subsequently, the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was used to calculate the eight texture features of the image, and then the full subset filter was used to obtain the sensitive image texture features and VI. Support vector regression, random forest regression, and k-nearest neighbor regression (KNR) Sc prediction models were constructed, which were based on single and combined variables. The analysis revealed the following: 1) the accuracy of the HSV segmentation algorithm was the highest, achieving more than 80%. The accuracy of the VI threshold algorithm using excess green was approximately 80%, which achieved accurate segmentation. 2) The citrus tree photosynthetic parameters were all affected by different water supply treatments. The greater the degree of water stress, the lower the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and Sc of the leaves. 3) In the three Sc prediction models, The KNR model, which was constructed by combining image texture features and VI had the optimum prediction effect (training set: R2 = 0.91076, RMSE = 0.00070; validation set; R2 = 0.77937, RMSE = 0.00165). Compared with the KNR model, which was only based on VI or image texture features, the R2 of the validation set of the KNR model based on combined variables was improved respectively by 6.97% and 28.42%. This study provides a reference for large-scale remote sensing monitoring of citrus Sc by multispectral technology. Moreover, it can be used to monitor the dynamic changes of Sc and provide a new technique for gaining a better understanding of the growth status and water stress of citrus crops.

Stroke is frequently associated with delayed, long-term cognitive impairment (CI) and dementia. Recent research has focused on identifying early predictive markers of CI occurrence. We carried out a texture analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) images to identify predictive markers of CI occurrence based on a combination of preclinical and clinical data. Seventy-two-hour post-stroke T1W MR images of 160 consecutive patients were examined, including 75 patients with confirmed CI at the 6-month post-stroke neuropsychological examination. Texture features were measured in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex and compared between patients with CI and those without. A correlation study determined their association with MoCA and MMSE clinical scores. Significant features were then combined with the classical prognostic factors, age and gender, to build a machine learning algorithm as a predictive model for CI occurrence. A middle cerebral artery transient occlusion model was used. Texture features were compared in the hippocampus of sham and lesioned rats and were correlated with histologically assessed neural loss. In clinical studies, two texture features, kurtosis and inverse difference moment, differed significantly between patients with and without CI and were significantly correlated with MoCA and MMSE scores. The prediction model had an accuracy of 88 ± 3%. The preclinical model revealed a significant correlation between texture features and neural density in the hippocampus contralateral to the ischemic area. These preliminary results suggest that texture features of MR images are representative of neural alteration and could be a part of a screening strategy for the early prediction of post-stroke CI.

Inspection of paddy seed varietal purity using machine vision and multivariate analysis

An unsupervised texture segmentation system using texture features obtained from a combination of spatial filters and nonlinear operators is described. Local texture features are evaluated in parallel by a succession of four basic operations: (1) a convolution for local structure detection (local linear transform); (2) a first nonlinearity of the form f(x)= mod x mod /sup alpha /; (3) an iterative smoothing operator; and (4) a second nonlinearity g(x). The Karhunen-Loeve transform is used to reduce the dimensionality of the resulting feature vector, and segmentation is achieved by thresholding or clustering in feature space. The combination of nonlinearities f(x)= mod x mod /sup alpha / (in particular, alpha =2) and g(x)=log x maximizes texture discrimination, and results in a description with variances approximately constant for all feature components and texture regions. This latter property improves the performance of both feature reduction and clustering algorithms significantly. >

Fusing features from different feature descriptors or different convolutional layers can improve the understanding of scene and enhance the classification accuracy. In this article, we propose a hierarchical deep texture feature fusion network, abbreviated as HDTFF-Net, aiming to improve the classification accuracy of high-resolution remote sensing scene classification. The proposed HDTFF-Net can effectively combine the shallow texture information from manual features and the deep texture information by convolutional neural networks (CNNs). First, for deeply excavating the multiscale and multidirectional shallow texture features in images, an improved Wavelet feature extraction module and a Gabor feature extraction module are designed by fully fusing the structural features into the backbone neural network. Then, to make the output texture features more discriminative and interpretative, we incorporate the above texture feature extraction modules into traditional CNNs (Tra-CNNs), and design two improved deep networks, namely Wave-CNN and Gabor-CNN. Finally, according to the Dempster-Shafer evidence theory, the designed Wave-CNN and Gabor-CNN are fused with the Tra-CNN by a decision-level fusion strategy, which can effectively capture the deep texture features by different feature descriptors and improve the classification performance. Experiments on high-resolution remote sensing images demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HDTFF-Net, and verify that it can greatly improve the classification performance.

Texture feature of the froth image is widely used in the working condition recognition of froth flotation. However, due to the complexity of the froth image, the current texture features vary greatly and are difficult to identify the work condition accurately. Therefore, we propose a dynamic texture feature named LBP on the TOP and GLCM Histograms (LTGH) which integrates the local binary patterns (LBPs) and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) histograms on the three orthogonal planes (TOP). First, we use the rotation invariant LBPs to enhance rotation invariance and illumination robustness. Then, we implement the TOP on the enhanced texture feature map to generate the multiple dimensional enhanced feature maps. After that, we calculate the GLCM and supplementary features (SFs) on the multiple dimensional enhanced feature map. Finally, we integrate the histogram of the GLCM and SFs to discriminate the texture feature. The LTGH feature considers the froth structures both in the macrolevel and microlevel and captures the temporal information between the froth images. Experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness and stability of the proposed texture feature for work condition recognition in froth flotation. Compared with other traditional texture features, the accuracy of the LTGH feature has been increased by at least 7.76%.

In this paper, we propose an artwork retrieval based on similarity of touch using convolutional neural network. In the proposed system, a convolutional neural network is learned so that images can be classified into a group based on a touch, with saturation and value and the histogram of saturation and value as input data, and the trained network is used to realize the retrieval. Using the learned convolution neural network, feature vectors are generated for all images used for learning. The output of the full-connected layer before the soft-max layer when each image is input is obtained and normalized so that the magnitude becomes 1.0 is used as the feature vector. Then, the image and the normalized feature vector corresponding to the image are associated and stored in the database. A retrieval is realized by inputting an image as a retrieval key to the input layer, generating a feature vector, and comparing it with feature vectors in the database. We carried out a series of computer experiments and confirmed that the proposed system can realize artwork retrieval based on similarity of touch with higher accuracy than the conventional system.

Lung cancer, the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, usually presents as solid pulmonary nodules (SPNs) on early diagnostic images. Classification of malignant disease at this early timepoint is critical for improving the success of surgical resection and increasing 5-year survival rates. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT has demonstrated value for SPNs diagnosis with high sensitivity to detect malignant SPNs, but lower specificity in diagnosing malignant SPNs in populations with endemic infectious lung disease. This study aimed to determine whether quantitative heterogeneity derived from various texture features on dual time FDG PET/CT images (DTPI) can differentiate between malignant and benign SPNs in patients from granuloma-endemic regions. Machine learning methods were employed to find optimal discrimination between malignant and benign nodules. Machine learning models trained by texture features on DTPI images achieved significant improvements over standard clinical metrics and visual interpretation for discriminating benign from malignant SPNs, especially by texture features on delayed FDG PET/CT images.

Image texture features are effective at characterizing the microstructure of cancerous tissues. This paper proposes predicting the survival times of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients using texture features extracted in multi-contrast brain MRI images. Texture features are derived locally from contrast enhancement, necrosis and edema regions in T1-weighted post-contrast and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) MRIs, based on the gray-level co-occurrence matrix representation. A statistical analysis based on the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test is used to identify the texture features related with the overall survival of GBM patients. Results are presented on a dataset of 39 GBM patients. For FLAIR images, four features (Energy, Correlation, Variance and Inverse of Variance) from contrast enhancement regions and a feature (Homogeneity) from edema regions were shown to be associated with survival times (p-value <; 0.01). Likewise, in T1-weighted images, three features (Energy, Correlation, and Variance) from contrast enhancement regions were found to be useful for predicting the overall survival of GBM patients. These preliminary results show the advantages of texture analysis in predicting the prognosis of GBM patients from multi-contrast brain MRI.

Classification of tough and tender beef by image texture analysis