The Aeta – Pinatubo Loop

The Soyots (indigenous minorities) live in a remote mountainous area of the Baikal region within the limits of the Okinsky District, the Republic of Buryatia. The main type of economic activities of the soyots is the traditional use of natural resources. In this study, we have carried out economic and geographical analysis of the spatial organization of economic activity of the Soyots on the Eastern Sayan territory. Some researchers consider that the traditional use of natural resources by indigenous people is a vulnerable social and economic system, which requires state support and cautious attitude. Traditional farming and traditional lifestyle are the indispensable living conditions for indigenous people. The possibility of their survival and development in modern conditions is an important problem to be addressed. The study of the current form of the traditional use of natural resources is a priority and needs to be analysed, considering modern social and economic conditions. In a time of industrialization, large-scale development of natural resources of the Eastern Sayan resulted in disturbance of such territories. The Government of the Republic of Buryatia and administration of the Okinsky District have important tasks to preserve the unique area, where the Buryat and Soyot ethnic groups live and create conditions for rational use of natural resources. Unique climatic conditions in the Okinsky District are suitable for both reindeer breeding and cattle farming. The analysis of ethno-economic systems has revealed the areas characterized by the traditional use of natural resources and its spatial-temporal aspects on the Eastern Sayan territory.

Continuous urbanization and associated political influences of urbanites on rural activities stress a need for understanding urban attitudes toward use of natural resources. Our objective was to compare urban and rural residents' attitudes toward hunting, a culturally important rural activity that also is a key wildlife management technique throughout the world to control wildlife populations. Our mail survey (n = 6,818) revealed fewer nonhunters in the urban region of Stockholm (48%) expressed positive attitudes toward hunting than nonhunters in the predominantly rural northern Sweden (70%). Path analyses indicated that experiences with hunting or hunters, and especially consumption of game meat (Stockholm β = 0.25; northern Sweden β = 0.26), were associated with positive attitudes. Our results imply that finding ways to increase the distribution of game meat and associated social interactions to urban nonhunters will help maintain or increase support for hunting and enhance wildlife management.

Introduction: Supporting health and wellbeing of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North is one of the priorities of the regional policy in the Khabarovsk Krai. The centuries-long adaptation of the population to local conditions has created a unique system of the traditional use of natural resources and the most efficient forms and types of households. Despite all globalization processes, fishing, hunting and gathering remain essential elements of the lifestyle of northern indigenous peoples. Against the natural background, specific features of their behavior and nutrition create optimal conditions for helminth life cycles and intense transmission of endemic helminth infections. Objective: To assess effects of the traditional lifestyle of the indigenous population of the Khabarovsk Krai as a factor responsible for the spread of larval helminthiasis and endemic trematode infections. Materials and methods: In 2010–2020, questionnaire-based surveys were conducted and feces samples were collected from Nanai people in the villages of Dada, Sikachi-Alyan, Sinda, and Naikhin and from Udege people in the villages of Gvasyugi and Arsenyevo during expeditions. Results: Endemic trematode eggs were detected in stool samples from all the villages. Clonorchis sinensis eggs were detected in the samples from Dada, Sinda, and Sikachi-Alyan, while Nanophyetus salmincola schikhobalowi eggs were found in the dwellers of Arsenyevo and Gvasyugi. Metagonimus spp. eggs were also detected in isolated cases. The results of sero-epidemiological survey indicate a high frequency of contacts with Toxocara roundworms in all areas and with tapeworms of the Echinococcus type in the traditional villages located in forest areas. Conclusion: Original lifestyle and dietary habits of indigenous peoples in the Khabarovsk Krai pose a high risk of trematode infections (clonorchiasis, nanophietiasis, metagonimiasis) and larval helminthiasis (echinococcosis, toxocarosis). In combination with poor awareness of the population of appropriate preventive measures, this risk contributes to high incidence and prevalence rates of helminthiases in all surveyed national villages.

Purpose is to determine directions for improving the implementation of control and supervisory administrative procedures in the field of use and protection of natural resources. Methods – analysis, synthesis, comparative law, sociological. Results. It is established that setting effective limits on the use of natural resources should be one of the effective administrative and legal means of public administration; in case of their excess to economic entities, administrative and economic sanctions are applied, in particular, such as termination of activity of the enterprise. It is emphasized that the limitation of the use of natural resources is carried out with the aim of forming special environmental funds, as well as in order to stimulate the introduction of new technologies by economic entities that contribute to the reduction of pollution of natural resources (atmospheric air, water resources, soils). Based on the conducted research, the feasibility of optimization in Ukraine of the use of the limitation mechanism in the field of natural resources is substantiated, accompanied by a number of administrative problems, the solution of which is an absolute guarantee of improving the efficiency of human rights protection for a safe environment. Searching for ways to optimize public administration was done by developing and conducting a poll. In order to determine public opinion on the effectiveness of public management in the use of natural resources, as well as to develop optimal ways of optimizing this activity, we conducted a sociological survey (sample size is 321 persons). The poll was attended by citizens of Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia and Kharkiv regions of Ukraine, that is, regions where a threatening ecological situation has developed and where the most environmentally-friendly enterprises are located. The subject of the study is defined as finding out the attitude of the population to the problem of efficiency of public management in the sphere of the use of natural resources and finding ways of its optimization. Conclusions. The results of the sociological survey confirmed the hypothesis that the majority of respondents determine the low efficiency of public participation in management decisions in the field of natural resources; in fact, its effectiveness, according to the population, is minimal. This is a confirmation of the existing existing practice of neglect on the part of public authorities and local self-government by the opinion of the population in adopting normative legal acts and actual leveling of the public opinion in the adoption of acts of public management of individual action. It is substantiated that one of the ways to increase the efficiency of the use of such administrative and legal means of public administration, as limiting pollution of natural resources, is to establish impossibility of prolonging the permit for pollution in case of non-implementation of measures for introduction of the latest technologies aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment. In addition, it is advisable to introduce additional financing measures for economic entities in the case of the introduction of new treatment plants that reduce the negative impact on natural resources.

Karim-Aly S. Kassam: Biocultural Diversity and Indigenous Ways of Knowing: Human Ecology in the Arctic

The purpose of the paper is to develop factor model of renewable natural resources management, specifying the assessment of the amount of resource, including the natural factor, consumption level and intensity of reproduction.Methodology.The survey is based on highlighting factors influencing the reproductive capacity of natural environment.It allows, on the base of taking into consideration reproductive abilities of resources and intensity of consumption, to substantiate three models for their use, including: heavy exploitation of renewable natural resources as the most commonly used model at the current level of development of society; model of reproductive use of natural resources, stipulating for the interference from the side of authorities and management, and the model of simple reproduction of renewable natural resources, at which the resource itself and the amount of its reproduction for the next period remain constant.Practical implications.The need is substantiated in implementation of the new model for determination of the processes of managing balanced use of natural resources, which will stipulate processes of reproduction in the sphere of natural management, form new approaches to environmental protection and promote the optimal ratio between the consumption and reproduction of natural resources.At this, the processes of natural reproduction are influenced by the amount of resource itself, intensity of its reproduction and level of consumption.The main objective of the managing bodies in the sphere of the use of renewable natural resources should be securing optimal ratio between consumption and reproduction of such natural resources.The efficiency of the implementation process and reproduction of natural resources presupposes providing their simple and extended reproduction, economic effectiveness and sustainability in allocation and use of such resources.This will have positive effect on ecological and economic security of the country as a whole and enhance implementation of basic provisions of the concept of balanced and sustainable nature management.Value/originality.Solving the problem of renewable natural resources preservation requires decreasing the level of consumption of natural resources to the level lower than their recovering capabilities are.Determination of the processes for securing reproductive capabilities of natural resources, their sustainable use and preservation substantiate the importance of the use of managerial approaches aiming to form favorable environment for their preservation and accumulation, and such way of using natural goods, that will provide for increase in consumption levels due to both advance growth of goods and their reproductive capabilities.The more the deviation between reproduction and consumption is, the more effective accumulation and reproduction processes will be, as well as consumption process in future.

The formation and development of legal regulation of the use of natural resources in economic activity is analyzed. It is established that certain aspects of the legal regulation of the use of some natural resources can be found in Ruska Pravda, which was carried out mainly for tax purposes. The development of legislation on the use of natural resources in the Middle Ages and during the stay of Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire is analyzed. It is established that the use of natural resources on Ukrainian lands during their stay in the Polish-Lithuanian principality was regulated mainly by customary law. Agrarian reform was carried out as a result of the adoption of the act “Ustav na Voloky” (1557). In addition, in 1567 the Forest Charter was adopted, which was one of the first acts in Europe in the field of forest protection and use. It is substantiated that until the twentieth century there was a rather fragmentary regulation of the protection and preservation of natural resources, mainly with a view to protecting the ownership of certain natural objects, especially land. The regulation of the use of natural resources in economic activity in the Soviet period and after the declaration of independence is studied. Among the first acts adopted after the revolution was the “Decree on Land” of November 8, 1917, according to which the land became state property. However, only since the 60 of the last century special laws have been adopted aimed at legal protection of nature. Normative-legal acts of independent Ukraine from the standpoint of regulating the use of natural resources in eco- no mic activity are systematized into three groups: normative acts regulating economic activity in general and certain aspects of natural resources protection; regulations that mainly regulate the protection of natural resources in general and estab lish certain principles of their use in economic activities; regulations governing the protection and use of certain types of natural resources, including in economic activities. In addition, the periodization of the historical development of legislative regulation of the use of natural resources in economic activity is suggested.

Northern British Columbia (BC) and Alberta are sparsely populated forested lands under provincial jurisdiction (also known as Crown land) which are under intensive oil & gas exploration and pipeline development. Local Aboriginal people continue to implement traditional practices that maintain viable land and productive ecosystems by annual rotation of trap lines, hunting and gathering areas and similar activities. Aboriginal people can exert tremendous influence on pipeline projects through various means. Regulators and enlightened pipeline companies recognize the value of assessing traditional knowledge that has been collected over generations and passed down from the Elders to contribute to final routing, siting and project design identifying effects on environmental resources and traditional land and resource use and developing mitigation opportunities. Traditional knowledge includes experiential and secondary knowledge as well as accepted scientific research in the context of environmental assessments. Robust applications consider sources from all land users while being mindful of the intricacies inherent with Aboriginal engagement in order to gather substantive input for projects on Crown land. This paper explores the contribution of Aboriginal Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in the environmental assessment process on selected case studies involving recent natural gas pipeline projects in northern BC and Alberta from a balanced perspective. It also describes the evolution of a program developed by the author from its initial emphasis on Traditional Land Use (TLU) studies to the present day application of TLU studies, and TEK studies, focusing on lessons learned and regulatory and engagement challenges and successes.

Usually for non-Jewish readers the most difficult passages of the five Books of Moses are those containing the numerous commandments given by the Torah. However, careful examination of many of the commandments and precepts reveals: (1) a deep understanding of ecological processes by the authors of the Torah, which probably was unique for their time, and (2) the fact that this knowledge was used to set rules for the proper use of natural resources. This will be shown by an analysis of the commandments and precepts which regulate (1) the proper food; (2) the use of land; (3) the use of water for cleaning. The main goal of the pertaining commandments and precepts of the Torah with regard to the use of land and natural resources is always the same: (1) to avoid overuse and destruction of the land; (2) to maintain around the cultivated fields a high diversity of animal species suitable for the biological control of pests. These facts, which are obvious from the reading of the Bible, make it possible t...

Coffee farmers, members of Kramatjaya Forest Farmers Group in Garut Regency West Java, use Perhutani’s land to cultivate Arabica coffee. Apart from being a conservation area, this land is also arable volcanic soil and requires proper management that prioritizes coffee agribusiness aspects as well as ecological aspects, based on local and modern knowledge. This study implemented a knowledge management approach to reveal an understanding of local and modern ecological knowledge management in community coffee business practices. Empirical data were obtained through in-depth interviews and FGD. The research results show that for the last 10 years farmers have been utilizing Perhutani’s land to cultivate Arabica coffee by implementing modern coffee equipment and also adopting local ecological knowledge in each sub-system. Local knowledge in the production sub-system is demonstrated by terracing systems. In the sub-processing system, local knowledge is used in coffee processing using traditional methods, along with uses modern equipment. The study also shows that knowledge generation derived from external and internal sources, knowledge transfer came from the role of community leader and field school training, and knowledge application of coffee processing used modern technology through community leader networks.

The National Folklore Collection of Ireland (NFC) is an archive containing 740,000 pages of traditional knowledge (TK), collected by school children from their elders in 1930’s post famine Ireland. The NFC provides a rich source of traditional medicinal knowledge (TMK), comprising of medicinal cures and practices that were orally passed down through generations. The archive can be accessed at Duchás.ie. The Boglands of Ireland which mainly constitute raised bogs and blanket bogs, offer unique biodiversity. The flora of the boglands have been used traditionally as medicines and much of the local healing knowledge of these plants is recorded in the NFC. In this study we have analysed the content of the archive to identify herbal medicines derived from bogland species. Searching the term ‘bogs’ using the website search engine, we retrieved 1,218 transcripts with the mention of boglands across 26 geographical regions. Examination of these transcripts resulted in 643 separate entries of TMK, which fell into several categories: 'religious’, ‘ritual’, ‘animal’, ‘plant’, ‘natural substance’, and ‘other’ uses [1] [2]. Focusing on ‘plant’ entries, our analysis was comprised of three separate steps. (i) identification of all bogland species from our data along with their ethnopharmacological use, (ii) categorisation of the data counts into specific disease classification associated with the ailment, (iii) analysis of the top 6 cited bogland species through the geographical distribution of the entries and their traditional use. The top six species identified included Bog Bean, Bog onion, Coltsfoot, Broom, Bog onion and Yellow iris. The correlation of use of traditional medicinal use of these plants, with the current understanding of their chemical composition and bioactivity of these plants, offers support their use as healing plants in post famine Ireland.

Fats and Oils as Renewable Feedstock for the Chemical Industry

The judicious use of natural resources is a crucial prerequisite for sustainable growth not only in developed countries, but even more so in the Third World. To a substantial degree, natural resource use is determined by the tax structure governing a country''s economic activity. When a tax constitution can be designed which stimulates the judicious use of natural resources, an important step towards achieving sustainable growth has been made. Designing such a constitution is not a simple task, however. For third world countries, the task is further complica ted by at least three factors. On the one hand, the tax system has to be exceedingly simple, since both number and quality of tax instruments available to third world governments tend to be limited. Secondly, the legal system tends to mirror the state of economic development. This limits not only the tax structure an economy can bear; it also limits a government''s ability to regulate natural resource use by legal means. Thirdly, the more elaborate a legal system, the more diversity it affords its country for economic activity, including opportunities for the division of labour. The essay has eight sections. It starts with the discussion of the use of the environment and the natural resource endowment from the point of view of public finance theory. This point of departure is central, as it serves to identify the net product (le produit net) of economic activity after full consideration of the use of natural resources in the process of production. From this point of view, the question of what constitutes spillover effects or externalities in a market economy can be seen in the broad public finance perspective developed in section two. Section three discusses some standard problems in designing a tax constitution for a third world country. Section four explores possibilities for creating a framework in which the sustainable use of the natural resource endowment can take place. Central to the sustainable use is the notion that the environment has to be put to different uses, which raises the issue of the reversal of use dealt with in section five. The possibilities of ensuring reversibility of the use of natural resources is discussed in section six and a specific procedure is developed which is designed to ensure that reversibility of use can be achieved with simple administrative means, i.e. means that are available to third world governing authorities. The essay ends with some concluding observations.

Protected areas for conservation and poverty alleviation: experiences from Madagascar Charlie J. Gardner*, Martin E. Nicoll, Tsibara Mbohoahy, Kirsten L. L. Oleson, Anitry N. Ratsifandrihamanana, Joelisoa Ratsirarson, Lily-Arison Ren e de Roland, Malika Virah-Sawmy, Bienvenue Zafindrasilivonona and Zoe G. Davies WWF Madagascar and Western Indian Ocean Programme Office, BP738, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK; D epartement de Biologie, Facult e des Sciences, Universit e de Toliara, Toliara 601, BP 185, Toliara, Madagascar; Blue Ventures Conservation, Level 2 Annex, Omnibus Business Centre, 39-41 North Road, N7 9DP London, UK; ESSA-D epartement Eaux et Forets, Universit e d’Antananarivo, BP 175 Antananarivo, Madagascar; and The Peregrine Fund, BP 4113 Antananarivo, Madagascar

Studies on managing natural resources are currently attracting high interest in research. This is driven by the desire to find solutions to the problems that arise in managing natural resources to meet the needs of human life. Population increase and growth have caused the use of natural resources to be increasingly depleted, even close to scarcity. This research aims to reveal the forms of traditional wisdom of the people of Palembang in managing their natural resources to achieve their food sovereignty. The study was conducted on the people of Palembang City in December 2018. The research method is a qualitative descriptive method based on the analysis of data obtained in the field. The study results show that there is traditional wisdom in Palembang related to utilizing natural resources, including lebak lebung, bekarang iwak, ngaben, culinary pempek, and bekasam. This conventional wisdom is closely related to natural resource management, which increases food sovereignty. Traditional knowledge in Palembang society has two forms which are described as follows. First, local wisdom is in the form of Bekarang Iwak and Lebak Lebung. Conventional wisdom every year is still carried out by the people who live along the river as a form of natural resource management. Second, traditional knowledge in the form of culinary, which plays a role in fulfilling national food needs, namely pempek and bekasam culinary.