The analysis of image feature robustness using cometcloud

BackgroundClassification of breast ultrasound (BUS) images is an important step in the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for breast cancer. In this paper, a novel phase-based texture descriptor is proposed for efficient and robust classifiers to discriminate benign and malignant tumors in BUS images.MethodThe proposed descriptor, namely the phased congruency-based binary pattern (PCBP) is an oriented local texture descriptor that combines the phase congruency (PC) approach with the local binary pattern (LBP). The support vector machine (SVM) is further applied for the tumor classification. To verify the efficiency of the proposed PCBP texture descriptor, we compare the PCBP with other three state-of-art texture descriptors, and experiments are carried out on a BUS image database including 138 cases. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is firstly performed and seven criteria are utilized to evaluate the classification performance using different texture descriptors. Then, in order to verify the robustness of the PCBP against illumination variations, we train the SVM classifier on texture features obtained from the original BUS images, and use this classifier to deal with the texture features extracted from BUS images with different illumination conditions (i.e., contrast-improved, gamma-corrected and histogram-equalized). The area under ROC curve (AUC) index is used as the figure of merit to evaluate the classification performances.Results and conclusionsThe proposed PCBP texture descriptor achieves the highest values (i.e. 0.894) and the least variations in respect of the AUC index, regardless of the gray-scale variations. It’s revealed in the experimental results that classifications of BUS images with the proposed PCBP texture descriptor are efficient and robust, which may be potentially useful for breast ultrasound CADs.

Histogram refinement for texture descriptor based image retrieval

In this chapter, a content-based image retrieval technique based on the concept of region-based image retrieval has been described. This technique integrates color, texture, and shape features using local binary patterns (LBPs). In this technique, the image is divided into a fixed number of blocks and from each block LBP-based color, texture, and shape features are computed. The color and texture features are extracted using LBP histograms of quantized color image and gray-level images, respectively. Shape features are computed using the binary edge map obtained using Sobel edge detector from each block. All three features are combined to make a single completed binary region descriptor (CBRD) represented in the LBP way. To support region-based retrieval, an effective region code-based scheme is employed. In this technique, the spatial relative locations of objects are also considered to increase the retrieval accuracy.

We propose textural features, which are invariant to illumination spectrum and extremely robust to illumination direction. They require only a single training image per texture and no knowledge of illumination direction or spectrum. Hence, these features are suitable for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) of realistic scenes with colour textured objects and variable illumination. The illumination invariants are derived from Markov random field based texture representations. Our illumination invariant features are favourably compared with frequented features in this area - the local binary patterns, steerable pyramid and Gabor textural features, respectively. The superiority of our new invariant features is demonstrated in the illumination invariant recognition of the most advanced representation for realistic real-world materials - bidirectional texture function (BTF) textures.

This paper investigates the usefulness of multi-fractal analysis and local binary patterns (LBP) as texture descriptors for classifying mammogram images into different breast density categories. Multi-fractal analysis is also used in the pre-processing step to segment the region of interest (ROI). We use four multi-fractal measures and the LBP method to extract texture features, and to compare their classification performance in experiments. In addition, a feature descriptor combining multi-fractal features and multi-resolution LBP (MLBP) features is proposed and evaluated in this study to improve classification accuracy. An autoencoder network and principal component analysis (PCA) are used for reducing feature redundancy in the classification model. A full field digital mammogram (FFDM) dataset, INBreast, which contains 409 mammogram images, is used in our experiment. BI-RADS density labels given by radiologists are used as the ground truth to evaluate the classification results using the proposed methods. Experimental results show that the proposed feature descriptor based on multi-fractal features and LBP result in higher classification accuracy than using individual texture feature sets.

Local Binary Patterns (LBP) is an effective texture description operator and the histogram that it generates has been proved to be a very useful texture feature to adapt to rotation and illumination. Using the LBP features as feature vectors in adaBoost classifier for target identification has become a trend. But LBP is bound by the scale transformation, so it is not widely used in adaBoost face detector. This paper proposes a scale transform formula for Local Binary Patterns. Based on this formula, LBP features extracted from single fixed size templates can be trained to identify any size of faces. This paper also proposes a method to obtain particular detecting sub-areas called binary ring-shaped sub-windows, which can keep the LBP features rotation invariant. Experimental results show that the method we proposed here is feasible in face detecting.

Face recognition is efficiently used in computer vision, pattern recognition, biometric, law enforcement, surveillance, criminal investigations, and missing person detection. However, face recognition is still a challenging task under variant illuminations, pose, expression, occlusion, and background. In this paper, we proposed a cascading of histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) and local binary pattern (LBP) feature extraction method on ORL face dataset, which can improve recognition rates while also addressing pose, scale, expression, and variant illumination issues. The facial recognition network was trained using various classifiers such as with KNN, SVM, and random forest (RF). The results have been shown that the accuracy rate of the combined LBP and HOG feature extraction method is better than individual LBP or HOG features for ORL database face recognition.

The Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and its variants are capable of extracting image texture and have been successfully applied to classification. However, LBP has not been used to extract and describe the texture of polarized images, and simple LBP cannot characterize the polarized texture information from different polarizations of angles. In order to solve these problems, we propose a new multi-angle orthogonal difference polarization image texture descriptor (MODP_ITD) by analyzing the relationship between the difference of orthogonal difference polarization images from different angles and the pixel intensity distribution in the local neighborhood of images from different angles. The MODP_ITD consists of three patterns: multi-angle polarization orthogonal difference local binary pattern (MODP_LBP), multi-angle polarization orthogonal difference local sampling point principal component sequence pattern (MODP_LPCSP) and multi-angle orthogonal difference polarization local difference binary pattern (MODP_LDBP). The MODP_LBP extracts local corresponding texture characteristics of polarized orthogonal difference images from multiple angles. The MODP_LPCSP sorts the principal component order of each angle orthogonal difference local sampling point. The MODP LDBP extracts the local difference characteristics between different angles by constructing a new polarized image. Then, the frequency histograms of MODP_LBP, MOD_LPCSP ,and MODP_LDBP are cascaded to generate MODP_ITD, so as to distinguish local neighborhoods. By using vertical and parallel polarization and unpolarized light active illumination, combined with the measurements at three different detection zenith angles, we constructed a polarization texture image database. A substantial number of experimental results on the self-built database show that our proposed MODP_ITD can represent the detailed information of polarization images texture. In addition, compared with the existing LBP methods, The MODP_ITD has a competitive advantage in classification accuracy.

In today's world with the increase in pollution and other lifestyle changes of people, many individuals are prone to various cancer types. Out of these many cancer types Skin Cancer is the most common. Skin cancer is of two types i.e., benign and malignant. Timely detection of the skin cancer may lead to proper treatment and thus reduce the cost of treatment and hence reduces the damage to the skin-saving patients' life. For detecting skin cancer with high accuracy and very fast compared to the traditional methods this paper proposed the method of using texture-based features descriptors such as Local Binary Pattern (LBP) and Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG). This research proposed the method of detecting skin cancer type from the RGB image of the target area of skin cancer. The proposed method used texture features of the image to detect skin cancer with help of LBP and HOG texture feature descriptors. Further Logistic Regression (LR) is applied for classifying whether skin cancer is benign or malignant. The results are very efficient as the accuracy achieved by utilizing LBP and HOG of RGB image data is 99.394%. A total of 3600 RGB Images have been used for such a study. The experimental analysis results obtained are compared with other techniques like Random Forest Classifier, Ada Boost Classifiers, and Logistic Regression and it is found that the proposed approach outperforms available algorithms.

Texture feature of the froth image is widely used in the working condition recognition of froth flotation. However, due to the complexity of the froth image, the current texture features vary greatly and are difficult to identify the work condition accurately. Therefore, we propose a dynamic texture feature named LBP on the TOP and GLCM Histograms (LTGH) which integrates the local binary patterns (LBPs) and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) histograms on the three orthogonal planes (TOP). First, we use the rotation invariant LBPs to enhance rotation invariance and illumination robustness. Then, we implement the TOP on the enhanced texture feature map to generate the multiple dimensional enhanced feature maps. After that, we calculate the GLCM and supplementary features (SFs) on the multiple dimensional enhanced feature map. Finally, we integrate the histogram of the GLCM and SFs to discriminate the texture feature. The LTGH feature considers the froth structures both in the macrolevel and microlevel and captures the temporal information between the froth images. Experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness and stability of the proposed texture feature for work condition recognition in froth flotation. Compared with other traditional texture features, the accuracy of the LTGH feature has been increased by at least 7.76%.

This paper proposes a face recognition algorithm based on the combination of local binary pattern (LBP) texture features and extreme learning machine (ELM). The face image is divided into several regions, and the LBP features are extracted from these regions and combined together to form a feature vector which will be the input data of ELM. It shows that ELM performs well in classification applications, and ELM and support vector machine (SVM) are equivalent from the optimization point of view. But ELM has milder optimization constraints and much less training time. Our experiments are carried out on two well-known face databases, and the results show that compared with compared to PCA+NN, PCA+SVM and PCA+ELM the proposed method can achieve higher recognition rates.

We investigated the feasibility of using multiresolution Local Binary Pattern (LBP) texture analysis to reduce falsepositive (FP) detection in a computerized mass detection framework. A new and novel approach for extracting LBP features is devised to differentiate masses and normal breast tissue on mammograms. In particular, to characterize the LBP texture patterns of the boundaries of masses, as well as to preserve the spatial structure pattern of the masses, two individual LBP texture patterns are then extracted from the core region and the ribbon region of pixels of the respective ROI regions, respectively. These two texture patterns are combined to produce the so-called multiresolution LBP feature of a given ROI. The proposed LBP texture analysis of the information in mass core region and its margin has clearly proven to be significant and is not sensitive to the precise location of the boundaries of masses. In this study, 89 mammograms were collected from the public MAIS database (DB). To perform a more realistic assessment of FP reduction process, the LBP texture analysis was applied directly to a total of 1,693 regions of interest (ROIs) automatically segmented by computer algorithm. Support Vector Machine (SVM) was applied for the classification of mass ROIs from ROIs containing normal tissue. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to evaluate the classification accuracy and its improvement using multiresolution LBP features. With multiresolution LBP features, the classifier achieved an average area under the ROC curve, , z A of 0.956 during testing. In addition, the proposed LBP features outperform other state-of-the-arts features designed for false positive reduction.

Recently, the research in multispectral face recognition has focused on developing an efficient framework that is capable of capturing and fusing the salient features from different spectral bands. However, few studies have explored the texture description to analyse the multispectral data. The local binary pattern (LBP) operator is one of the most powerful, attractive, and simple texture descriptor showing excellent results in terms of accuracy and computational complexity in many empirical studies. Motivated by the efficiency of this texture descriptor, we propose an extension of the basic LBP to evoke multispectral imagery analysis for face recognition. The proposed descriptor, called Multispectral Local Binary Pattern (MSLBP) captures the mutual relationships between the pixels in the different spectral bands. First, Gradient face is applied to address the variation in face images illumination. Then, the resulting MSLBP method provides input to PCA, LDA, and KFA classifiers for face recognition. These systems are implemented and compared with existing Local Binary Pattern face recognition systems. The obtained results show that the use of the proposed texture descriptor approach permit to achieve high recognition rates.

This paper proposes a texture feature which is applied on human breast Optical Coherence Microscopy (OCM) images to classify different types of breast tissues. Inspired by local binary pattern (LBP) texture features, a new variant of LBP feature, block based LBP (BLBP) is proposed. Instead of representing intensity differences between neighbors and a center pixel, BLBP feature extracts the intensity differences among certain blocks of the neighborhood around a pixel. Two different ways are proposed to organize the blocks: the spokes and the rings. By integrating spoke BLBP with ring BLBP features, very high classification accuracy is achieved using a neural network classifier. In one of our experiments which classifies 4310 OCM images into five tissue types, the classification accuracy increased from 81.7% to 92.4% when new features are used instead of the traditional LBP feature. In another experiment which classifies 46 large field OCM images as either benign or containing tumor, a classification accuracy of 91.3% is reached by using multi-scale BLBP features.

With huge and ever-growing products in the factory, image retrieval can help the worker retrieve the same, or similar, existing products rapidly and accurately to guide production. In this paper, an effective method based on Fourier transform and local binary pattern is proposed to improve the retrieval efficiency of wool fabric. After capturing the fabric image, histogram equalization was implemented on the value of the Hue, Saturation, Value (HSV) mode to enhance the contrast. Subsequently, Fourier transform together with local binary pattern operator were performed to obtain the frequency spectrum and the local binary pattern, respectively. Each frequency spectrum was divided into 22 rings with the same width, and the standard deviation of the frequencies in each ring was calculated as a Fourier feature. Distinct output values of each local binary pattern were counted and normalized as local binary pattern features. Finally, Euclidean distance was adopted to measure the similarity based on the Fourier feature and local binary pattern feature. Twenty thousand wool fabric images were captured to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Experimental results indicate that the framework is effective and superior for image retrieval of wool fabric, providing referential assistance for the worker in the factory and improving retrieval efficiency.