The Cambridge Platonists Trigger Pattern In Xvii Century

The article deals with the collection of artifacts (jewelry, household items) in the form of Christian symbols or with images of Christian symbols obtained during the study of archaeological sites of the Middle Ages in the Euro-pean North-East. All items date back to the 12thand13thcenturies and are kept in the funds of the Museum of Ar-chaeology of the Komi Scientific Center ILLH. The publication defines the typological and chronological composi-tion of the collection of 38 items, and provides analogies with the excavations in the European northeast and other archaeological sites of Russia.The artifacts are of great scientific interest for the study of historical and cultural pro-cesses that took place in the north and north-east of Europe at the beginning of the 2ndmillennium AD.The initial stage of distribution of products with Christian symbols can be divided into two sub-stages: 1. First half of the 12th century. Finds of coin-shaped pendants with the image of a cross. 2. Second half of the 12th–early 14thcentury. Var-ious types of pendants with images of a cross, household items with images of crosses. Wearable crosses and icons appear. The finds of these artifacts indicate the familiarity of the population with the traditions of Christianity. These archaeological finds suggest the spread of Christian ideas to the European North-East at an earlier time –dating back to the 12thand 13thcenturies. The Christianization of the region (as a historical process) begins with the Old Russian colonization at the beginning of the 12thcentury. The finds of objects of Christian worship testify to the familiarity of the population with Christian culture, and indicate contacts with the territory for which this culturewas characteristic. The distribution of the objects with Christian symbols and ideas of Christianity was associated with the inhabitants of large settlements founded by settlers from the territory of Russia.

The article deals with topical issues related to religious and cultural processes in the modern world. There is a comparative study of the concepts of local civilizations by N.Y. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, A.J. Toynbee. Their views on the essence of religion, its place, role and functions in different civilizational communities are examined. The author singles out the general and special in the views of these thinkers on religion; gives an assessment of the relevance of their theoretical and methodological ideas in modern times. The work reveals the origins, ideological and theoretical foundations and specificity of the civilizational approach to cultural and historical processes in the context of the classical and non-classical paradigms of scientific and humanitarian cognition. There is given a systematic description of early versions of the concepts of local civilizations, from the point of view of their theoretical, methodological and general cultural grounds. The work combines the diachronic approach (analysis of specific ideas and concepts in the context of their chronological sequence and theoretical-methodological continuity) with the synchronic approach (correlation and comparison of concept components as equivalent in logical and theoretical planes).

<p>La exposición personal de Gilbertto Prado y del Grupo Poéticas Digitais fue realizada en el Laboratorio Arte Alameda, LAA, de la Ciudad de México en junio/agosto de 2018. La muestra “Circuito Alameda” combinó una serie de obras <em>site specific</em> creadas para el LAA, en el antiguo convento de San Diego (Sec. XVI) en diálogo con trabajos personales del artista y el Grupo dispuestos en 5 salas distintas. La idea, y su partido conceptual, fue establecer diversos circuitos con/entre el espacio y los visitantes en su relación con las obras. Se pusieron en escena los diversos procesos históricos, entre las costumbres locales, la invasión, la colonización y evangelización, los choques culturales y sus vínculos del entorno urbano particularmente del vecino Paseo Alameda combinados con el relato de una trayectoria artística de varias décadas. La exposición fue curada por Jorge La Ferla. Este texto tratará de algunos apuntes sobre las obras Jardín Alameda, Encontros (Encuentros ) y Caja de Choque.</p>

1956of Pacific Coast Geographers23 CULTURE AND THE IDEA OF NATURE Clarence J. Glacken University of California, Berkeley Generations of modern scientists have tried to understand the processes of nature as revealed—not in the whole creation—but in the living and inert matter appearing in the countless variety of landscapes on earth. Students of man have made equally great efforts to understand human society by observing the evidence of historical records or of archeological discovery. The most puzzling questions have arisen when attempts have been made to discover relationships existing between human cultures and the natural environment. In modern times, conceptions of these relationships have been influenced by the idea of nature which has been widely accepted by the scientific thinking of an age. Since the seventeenth century ideas of nature and of man's relationship to it have changed greatly, although a continuity of thought from that time to the present is clearly discernible. The dominant theme among the seventeenth and eighteenth century thinkers was that nature, of which man and his works were a part, was an all-embracing harmony. In the nineteenth century this unity of thought was lost and various interpretations of nature replaced it; some thinkers emphasized the struggle for existence, others the complex interrelationships in nature, still others the modifications of nature made by human activities. In our own times, the idea of conscious control of nature through science and the idea of nature as a delicately poised balance which is easily disturbed by human interferences have been widely used in general discussions of cultural and environmental change. Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Thought Toward the end of the seventeenth century the dominant conception of nature^and the one which has been emphasized in histories of science—was the mechanistic view which owed its widespread acceptance to the prestige of mathematics and to the scientific and philosophical works of men like Galileo, Descartes, and Newton: the universe of which the earth was a part was like a great machine. Nature owed its orderliness to an underlying mechanical order far removed from the bright and colorful beauties of external nature. A. N. Whitehead in a famous passage in Science and the Modern World thought this conception of nature to be characteristic of seventeenth century thought.1 Whitehead's characterization applies however to only one segment of seventeenth century thought, for it neglects the scientists in natural history who, far from accepting the dismal implications of the mechanical view, emphasized —with the inspiration and prestige of an idea probably as old as Western civilization itself—that the earth was a divinely designed environment, fit for the living together of the countless variety of beings, from the simplest to the most complex organisms, which were widely distributed among the different environments of the earth. This idea, with its roots strong in Greek philosophy, 24Yearbook of the AssociationVol. 18 in the elaborations of the Stoic philosophers, and in Christian theology, and with an emphasis on anthropomorphism and teleology which later science was to find so distasteful, at least called forth (what the abstract mechanical view did not) an appreciation of the beauties of nature, and stimulated study of the interrelationships existing in it, for by so doing one not only learned more about nature but found in these discoveries further evidences of the wisdom of God. The works of the famous botanist John Ray are excellent examples of this point of view because they discuss in much greater detail than do other contemporary works the biological nature of the earth; they also bring out clearly conflicts in contemporary beliefs concerning the nature of the earth. Ray not only dismissed the mechanistic view which I have already described, but also the notion, revived from classical antiquity, that the earth was subject to decay and that the force and vigor of nature had declined from previous ages. In criticizing this notion, Ray and other contemporaries of like mind revealed the optimistic tone of their thinking: God would not create a world whose vigor declined with age; there was a constancy in nature, the result of the divine plan, upon which mankind could rely. To these men, the areas occupied by human...

Gender is, as distinct from sexuality, identified by society and culture that individual was born in. Just as people congenitally have some roles depending on their biological differences, they also have some other roles given by society and behaviour patterns expected to exhibit. It has diversely appeared in all periods of time and societies that to express of such roles, statuses and behaviour patterns. Throughout history, one of the most significant demonstrations of woman’s gender was to be veiling. Veiling is a socio-cultural practice that can be traced back to the earliest times in human history. In ancient societies, people, especially women, have differentiated each other through various forms of covering, which symbolize the status and roles they are placed in society. In the historical process, due to various social, economic, religious, cultural and political transformations experienced, the differentiation that took place in the social status of women led to some changes in the practices of covering. In archaeological finds belonging to ancient Anatolian societies, such as in the tombstones, women are sometimes depicted as a noble wife, sometimes a temple official, sometimes as a servant. In fact, some Anatolian societies have portrayed their master goddesses in an implicit way, including their heads. It is known that the depictions of the mother goddess cult (Magna Mater, Kybele, Artemis, Hera and Mary cults) are depicted as garnished in Old Anatolian societies in the later stages due to the interaction of eastern and western civilizations. It is known that the depictions of Mother goddess cult without clothes are depicted as garmented in Old Anatolian societies due to the interaction of eastern and western civilizations in later stages. In this article, some sociological determinations and evaluations are made about the practice of veiling in the light of some archaeological findings related with ancient Anatolian civilizations.

The article attempts to substantiate the approach to law as a socio-cultural phenomenon as decisive for its interpretationтin the historical process. P. Bourdieu’s formula «law is cultural capital» is offered as a starting point. Attention is drawn to law as a socio-cultural phenomenon, legal values as cultural and spiritual values, legal tradition, etc. Attention is drawn to some provisions of Dvorkin’s interpretive theory regarding the conditionality of the content of legal norms by political (strategies pursued by legislators through norms) or moral (principles implemented by judges in resolving conflicts in society) factors. It is concluded that to interpret the law in historical retrospect, when it comes to mastering the legal experience of a society accumulated over the centuries, the most productive, considering and researching law as a socio-cultural phenomenon. Culture, the core of which is values, as a collective programming of consciousness, which distinguishes members of one group or type of people from another (according to G. Hofstede), which includes law, determines the level of implementation and collective life of people in society / state, their social integration and social reproduction in general during a certain historical period. Keywords: law, socio-cultural phenomenon, cultural-historical process, interpretation.

In the last few decades many investigations have been devoted to theoretical models in new areas concerning description of different biological, sociological, and historical processes. In the present paper we suggest a model of the Nazi Germany invasion of Poland, France, and the USSR based on kinetic theory. We simulate this process with the Cauchy boundary problem for two-element kinetic equations. The solution of the problem is given in the form of a traveling wave. The propagation velocity of a front line depends on the quotient between initial forces concentrations. Moreover it is obtained that the general solution of the model can be expressed in terms of quadratures and elementary functions. Finally it is shown that the front-line velocities agree with the historical data.

This article argues that the systems theory of Niklas Luhmann prepares the ground for a genuinely sociological theory of human rights. Through a presentation of Luhmann’s work on human rights, it describes the historical and sociological processes that make visible why human rights emerge as a central feature of modern society. It is argued that the emergence of fundamental freedoms and human rights can be related to the dominant structure of modern society, that is, functional differentiation. Human rights are considered as a social institution, whereby modern society protects its own structure against self‐destructive tendencies. By giving inalienable and equal rights to all human beings, society ensures that the differentiation between different functional subsystems is maintained and at the same time institutionalizes specific mechanisms to increase stability and protection of the individual. The article first examines some features of the systems‐theoretical framework that are used to describe and analyse the issue of human rights. Next, it presents a brief overview of the semantic evolution of human rights. This reconstruction focuses on the question how the modern semantics of human rights can be linked to a specific structural societal transformation. The second part of the essay is devoted to the social function of human rights. After focusing on the general function, it makes a distinction between ‘fundamental freedoms’ on the one hand, and the ‘rights of equality’ on the other.

The purpose of the article is to review modern scientific works of a monographic nature, created on the basis of dissertation research, which is one of the main directions of scientific thought on the development of native wind music and performance in the history of European musical culture. The research methodology is based on the dialectical interconnection of historical, sociological and analytical methods; it allows the analysis of scientific achievements in the study of the development of wind music. The scientific novelty of the article is to identify the main scientific approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to research on historical and sociological processes that affect the development of Russian brass music against the background of European musical art. Conclusions. The current state of scientific and theoretical thought on the development of wind music and performance on wind instruments is characterized by four main areas, which cover the subject: the history of wind instruments development; improvement of game techniques and performance; vocational training of spiritual wind musicians and prospects for the development of wind music and its role in the world of music. Modern scientific works of a monographic nature, created on the basis of dissertation researches – is one of the main directions of research of the history and theory of wind music.

In the seventeenth century, there was a lively debate in the intellectual circles with which Locke was familiar, revolving around the question whether the human mind is furnished with innate ideas. Although a few scholars declared that there is no good reason to believe, and good reason not to believe, in the existence of innate ideas, the vast majority took for granted that God, in his infinite goodness and wisdom, has inscribed in human minds innate principles that constitute the foundation of knowledge, both in practical and in theoretical matters. It was in opposition to the latter group, which included Descartes, leading Anglican divines, and the Cambridge Platonists, that Locke directed his attack upon innate ideas in the first book of the Essay . In the minds of those who weighed in on one side or the other, the importance of the controversy related to epistemological, moral, and religious doctrines. At the epistemological level, innatists (or, as I will also call them, nativists) held that all knowledge of the natural and supernatural world available to humans is based on fundamental “speculative” axioms, theoretical principles that neither require nor are capable of proof. These principles, such as the causal principle (that nothing comes from nothing) or the principle of noncontradiction (that nothing can both be and not be at the same time), were taken to be both universal and necessary, and hence impossible to derive from experience. To the mind of an innatist, if these principles are not based on experience and are not (as chimerical ideas were thought to be) constructed out of simpler elements by acts of volition, then they are neither acquired nor constructed, and hence must be built into the mind ab initio .

The article is devoted to the historical and pedagogical analysis of the essence and specifics of the ethical and aesthetic principles of the development of the personality of future teachers of Ukraine in the early modern times (XVI-XVII centuries). Based on the historiographical analysis of literature and old prints, the author proves the thesis that due to the urgent need for self-preservation and self-development of the Ukrainian nation, the need to combat Catholic expansion, Ukrainian educational institutions trained highly educated, moral, ethical, and aesthetically perfect mentors-teachers. Significant progress in the problems of ethical and aesthetic principles of the development of the mentor-teacher's personality was made by Ukrainian brotherhoods that opened schools of an advanced type in the cities of Ostroh, Lviv, Lutsk, Kyiv, and others. As shown in the text of the article, the fraternal schools were distinguished not only by their democracy, but also sought to instill in their graduates, future figures of church and secular education, the traditions of the Ukrainian people, moral and ethical traits that distinguished the Ukrainian ethnic group from other ethnic groups, based on the best European traditions of education and upbringing. The article analyzes a number of documents that allow us to state unequivocally the importance of the ethical and aesthetic component in the system of professional training of future mentors-teachers of that time. In particular, the Statute of the Lviv Brotherhood School (1586), the Statute of the Kyiv Brotherhood School (1620), as well as the written monuments “Spiritual Alphabet” and “School Decency” characterize the significant progress of the fraternal schools of the early modern era in Ukraine in terms of aesthetic skills of graduates, their moral and ethical perfection in interaction with students, parents, residents of cities and villages of Ukraine of that time. The author of the article advocates the idea of extrapolating the creative achievements and historical experience of ethical and aesthetic training of future teachers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries into the modern practice of reforming the educational sector of Ukraine, in particular the need to introduce elements of music and performing arts, recitation, and mastery of the aesthetics of the living word into the system of vocational education to form a high level of pedagogical skills, improve the ethical and aesthetic experience of the modern teacher.

In continuation of the first article, we provide a detailed analysis of the consequences that had the revolution of 1917 to the country's history. The subject of attention of the authors is the ontological nature of the Soviet system, which is positioned as the industrial, with elements typical for Russian economic relations traditionalism. In the Soviet years he acquired the character of planned production, which is partly consistent with the trends that prevailed in the management of economic processes in the West. Stadial similarities between the USSR and the West is revealed by the authors also with respect to parallel changes in the mental character of the people of both systems, expressed in the secularization, desacralization of tradition, the increasing number of population with higher education, the spread of consumer values. The problem of choosing the historical path of the Soviet time, according to the authors, were reactualized after the detection system behind Western countries in connection with their accession to a new stage - post-industrial society. As in 1917, this gap was tried to solve through mental assimilation with Western civilization. This attempt was made on the active wave of anti-Sovietism and total denigration of their own history. The "victim" was not accepted that once again, opinion the authors of the article, put before science the problem of choice: Russia is a country of retarded modernization in the way universal for all peoples of the world historical process or it represents a distinct civilization with its own logic of historical development? In recent years, the science and the public a priority tend to choose the second alternative. This approach actualizes the task of finding the internal, core reasons for the Russian society, its universal civil values. The authors believe that the success of these searches will depend on how successful will be the fight of the Russian authorities with challenges and problems that hinder the flow of the modern historical process.

The purpose of the paper is to clarify the place and role of religious and secular education in the process of intercultural dialogue in the formation of the legal culture of the transitional period in the state, in particular the period of activity of the First Czechoslovak Republic. Methodological basis - the basis of the methodology of the research is the general theoretical methods, principles and approaches to the definition of the constitutionally-legal consolidation of the state and church status in the First Czechoslovak Republic. In particular, the formal-logical method was used to study the conceptual apparatus defined by the article's theme. Functional and comparative legal methods are used for comparative analysis of legal culture and legal consciousness in the First Czechoslovak Republic. In the process of studying legal culture and legal awareness as an element of culture in the state a structural and functional method was used. The most important is the historical-retrospective method. This method has allowed to specify the previously mentioned methodological principle of historicism and to know the laws of the genesis of legal culture and legal consciousness in the First Czechoslovak Republic. Scientific novelty consists in the systematic analysis of the factors that influence the cultural and educational process in the formation of a citizens' sense of justice. At the same time, it was first established that the main factor of the historical and cultural process in the First Czechoslovak Republic, the formation of legal culture and legal consciousness was Catholicism. It was he who also influenced the constitutionally-legal consolidation of the right to education and upbringing, a change in the educational ideal took place: the spiritual life of man became the subject of in-depth study and acquired the highest priority of religious significance. Conclusions. In the First Czechoslovak Republic, the cultural-educational process served as a paradigm of intercultural dialogue for people of different ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds. The role of education in this context is defined as a strategic resource for improving the well-being of individuals in the formation of tolerance and mutual respect in the process of observance of fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. Intercultural dialogue, in this case, is a combination of components, in particular spiritual and secular education, in shaping a person's respect for language, religion, culture, and world outlook.

Sympathy, in the sense of the ability to suffer with or for the other, entered English usage toward the end of the sixteenth century. This marks an important moment in Western culture, the birth of a new artistic sensibility nourished by the Aristotelian notion of poetic compassion. This article delineates strategic points in the emergence of this sensibility and the forms and contexts of its presence in art during the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth century. The primary thesis is that sympathy thrived where mimetic illusion failed. In the figurative terms of the period, this amounted to the substitution of Echo, the compassionate nymph,for Narcissus, the self-centered deity. This analysis is informed by the fate of these cultural figures as well as by theoretical discussions of sympathy/compassion in antiquity (Plato and Aristotle) and in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (primarily Descartes and Rousseau). Against this background the article examines certain artistic enactments of sympathy and tries to identify the values and beliefs that underlay them. Here music played a central role. The phenomenology of the auditory and of contemporary musical language in particular lent themselves to various manifestations of sympathy without trespassing on the domain of deceptive illusion. The wedding of music and sympathy opened up the possibility for musicians to re-cover faith in communication across differences and distances. Although the focus of this essay is primarily on music, related tendencies in the other arts (literature and painting) that contributed to a new awareness of the role of sympathy in the universes of the modern individual and society also are examined.

The chapters in this volume explore, engage and expand on the key thinkers and ideas of the Austrian, Virginia, and Bloomington schools of political economy. The book emphasizes the continuing relevance of the contributions of these schools of thought to our understanding of cultural, social, moral and historical processes for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences and humanities. An analysis of human action that deliberate divorces it from cultural, social, moral and historical processes will (at least) limit and (at worst) distort our understanding of human phenomena. The diversity in topics and approaches will make the volume of interest to readers in a variety of fields, including: anthropology, communications, East Asian languages & literature, economics, law, musicology, philosophy, and political science.