The Carpenter's Apprentice

Constants in Motion: Le Corbusier's "Rule of Movement" at the Carpenter Center

A Study on the Connection between Nature and Architectural Space in Le Corbusier’s Venice Hospital Project

Scholars have long stressed the problem of ornament and expression when considering Viennese modernism. By the first decade of the 20th century, however, the avant-garde had shifted its focus from the surface to the interior. Adolf Loos (1870–1933), together with Josef Frank (1885–1967) and Oskar Strnad (1879–1935), led this generation of architects to interpret modernism through culture and lifestyle. They were interested in the experience of architectural space: how it could be navigated, inhabited, and designed to reflect the modern way of life while also offering respite from it. The New Space traces the theoretical conversation about space carried out in the writings and built works of Loos, Frank, and Strnad over four decades. The three ultimately explored what Le Corbusier would later—independently—term the architectural promenade. Lavishly illustrated with new photography and architectural plans, this important book enhances our understanding of the development of modernism and of architectural theory and practice.

This paper looks into relations between repre-sentational methods and conceived architectural space on Le Corbusier's axonometric drawings.Conclusions are followings. 1) Axonometric drawings are made on and after La-Chaux-Fonds period, but military projection is conciously used nearly after 1925.2) Origins of using axonometric drawings are O. Choisy's “Histoire d'Architecture”and Exposition of De Stijl. 3) Time of starting to use military projection consciously corresponds to time of establishing modules on plan and using ‘polychromie’ as a design method. 4) By using ‘polychromie’, geometrical distances and sensuous distances are introduced into architectural design.We can understand that military projection is used not only to show exact geometrical distances between walls, but also to show sensuous distances by coloring walls.

The process of bringing in and landing aircraft at the nation's larger airports is under great pressure to be improved. The capacity of a runway, measured in operations per hour, is a parameter of special interest, particularly when the demand exceeds that figure. The paper discusses an investigation of the performance of two alternative methods of controlling the flow of aircraft in a terminal approach area. The basis for the development of the control strategies and a discussion of their inherent characteristics are presented, and runway capacity and other important measures of performance are investigated.

The paper proposes to debate through a main radiography, the field of creativity applied in spatial and temporal perception of urban, landscape and architectural space. In terms of transdisciplinary field, it is possible to integrate the related sciences of a field, in another field of science or art, and make a hybrid, a border between sciences and art, between different areas of specialty, with certain creative valences in the basic field. Creativity in the urban-landscape landscape is based on the sensitive reading of space and landscape, passed through the own and different perception of urban actors (specialists in the basic and related fields, people of different ages, tourists, public administration, politicians, users, etc.) The paper starts comparing form and history on hand of traditional or modern approaches in the 20th century. This is the outgoing point to look at different typologies in architecture beyond function, and the best example of architecture beyond function are the monuments. On the other hand, the different developments in the 20th century were influenced by technology. Iron and steel in architecture introduced engineering, and Le Corbusier industrial thinking to architecture. Industry also shaped cities, as the ideal city of Chaux shows. Returning to architecture beyond function, new technology made possible the new architecture of the museum, which brings memory of other functions, for example at Centre Pompidou. And today the memorials of the traumatic events of the 20th century, man-made or environmental, can be seen as a result of these considerations of presenting the unrepresentable.

Until now, only a few genetic and physical maps had been constructed for durum wheat, mostly from the gene pools of only few geographic regions. The Fertile Crescent, particularly southeastern Turkey, is thought to be the primary center of wheat domestication and diversity. In spite of the importance of the genetic diversity from this area, a severe lack of information on the genetic structure of the durum wheat gene pool from this region is evident. For example, thus far, no efforts have been made to understand the genetic structure of the Anatolian durum wheat gene pool, despite its importance in durum wheat breeding. This study aimed to provide a new insight into the genetic structure of the durum wheat from Anatolia. The present study represents the first genetic linkage map of durum wheat from Anatolia, containing one famous Turkish local cultivar Kunduru-1149. The genetic linkage map was constructed using a population of 141 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the Turkish cultivar Kunduru-1149 and ICARDA cultivar Cham1. Linkage analysis resulted in a final linkage map spanning 4853.8 cM, which comprised 395 polymorphic marker loci (213 simple sequence repeats [SSRs], 146 amplified fragment length polymorphisms [AFLPs], and 36 seed storage proteins [SSPs]). The detected loci were distributed over 15 linkage groups on 14 whole chromosomes of durum wheat. Most of the markers (70.7 %) used in this map segregated according to Mendelian laws. This linkage map represents a key starting point toward understanding the genome structure of Anatolian durum wheat to genetically evaluate important agromorphological and qualitative characteristics.

Subject. This article considers the reliability of reporting information as one of the most important qualitative characteristics that ensure the usefulness of accounting data to interested users to make management decisions. Objectives. The article aims to articulate an issue of the implemented methodology of research in the field of accounting, aimed at improving the reliability of accounting data. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of analysis, systematization, comparison, and logical generalization. Results. The article presents various definitions of the category of Fairness of Accounting Statements. It finds that compliance with the statutory regulations determines the boundaries of the accounting methodology. However, the statements do not reflect all the accounting events of the enterprise, and what is reflected is not always recorded correctly. In this regard, the perception of reporting data and the interpretation of the results of analysis by users may differ from the meaning implicit in the data, determined by the implemented accounting methodology. This kind of discrepancy between the content of accounting statements, determined by the accounting methodology, and the perception of these data by users can cause a situation that was defined by Russian academic economist, professor Yaroslav V. Sokolov (1938–2010) as the Paradox of Accounting. Quite a number of research papers are devoted to this problem, but most of them are not verified in practice. Conclusions and Relevance. The article concludes that the financial statements, in reality, cannot be reliable, since they are just a simplified model of the financial and operating activities of the enterprise. The results obtained can be considered as a determination of the directions of further research in the field of the Accounting Paradox Theory by Yaroslav V. Sokolov.

The purpose of the article. Modern special psychology and pedagogy in Ukraine are aimed not only at preserving the acquired experience, but at transforming the acquired knowledge in order to create conditions for the realization of personality with intellectual disabilities today. The research in technologies of correction-compensatory work with persons with peculiarities of psychophysical development is becoming increasingly relevant. The relevance of the study of aspects of emotional intelligence of persons with intellectual disabilities is conditioned by the solution of the urgent need to develop effective technologies for the development of personality with special educational needs at different age stages of its formation. Methods. The complexity, lack of research and ambiguity of the phenomenon of the concept of «emotional intelligence» in adolescents with intellectual disabilities led to the choice of research method – modeling. Specific research methods, including psychodiagnostic methods, have also been used to solve problems and ensure the validity of propositions and conclusions. One of the components of emotional intelligence of adolescents with intellectual disabilities – emotional – was studied. The method «Testing the ability to recognize emotions based on pantomime masks of the human face» (adaptation of M. Lebedeva), the method «Determination of the ability to differentiate emotional states» (according by V. Matveev), conversations, observations were used in the article. The results of the research. In the course of psychodiagnostic, the attention was focused on determining the state of formation of the emotional component and the levels of representation of its indicators. These are important qualitative characteristics such as recognition, differentiation and verbalization of emotions. It was found that the emotional component in adolescents with mental disabilities is characterized by an average level of formation. This indicates that adolescents are capable of partial understanding, analysis, and comparison of emotional states with their own experience (3–4 states); partial identifying, measuring, verbalization of emotions (4–5 basic emotions) and their psycholinguistic description. Conclusions. In the course of the research an attempt was made to establish the specifics of the functioning of emotional intelligence of a teenager with mental development disorders through the selection of key components in order to further influence the formation of the personality of the studied category of adolescents. In particular, one of the components of the presented model of emotional intelligence was studied and the results of the study of one of the components were considered, in particular, the emotional component in the structure of emotional intelligence of adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Identified components, their research (emotional and other components), establishing indicators of their formation and establishing levels of emotional intelligence are the basis for further development of effective psychological support for adolescents with intellectual disabilities.

The continuous development of the oil-manufacturing industries causes the necessity of improving extraction technologies. In this case, the specific interest is focused on the control systems of screw presses. Among a great variety of such machines, the small household presses are in significant demand among consumers. Various seeds and kernels require different technological conditions to be provided in order to maximize the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the extracted oil. Therefore, the main objective of this research is developing and testing the control system allowing for automation of the oil extraction process. Particularly, the temperature parameters of the pressing chamber, extracted oil, and electric motor are to be monitored and limited. In addition, the consumer should be able to predefine the mass of the oil to be extracted. Considering the small household screw press LiangTai LTP200, the general algorithm (block diagram) of the control system operation is proposed and the corresponding experimental prototype is developed. The latter is based on the Arduino Mega microcontroller and is equipped with three temperature sensors, two coolers (fans), one heater, and one mass sensor. The proposed control system allows for continuous monitoring and limiting of the pressing chamber, oil, and electric motor temperatures, as well as the mass of the extracted oil. The experimental data show that the pressing chamber preheating process lasts for about 3 min (170…190 s) and its maximal temperature does not exceed 44°C. The temperature of the extracted oil does not rise over 61°C. The motor temperature changes within the range of 69...71°C. The oil extraction productivity is as follows: 1.2 kg/h (sunflower seeds), 1.06 kg/h (walnut kernels), 0.9 kg/h (almond kernels), and 0.78 kg/h (peanut kernels). The obtained results can used in further investigations focused on analyzing the influence of these parameters on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the extracted oil.

According to IFRS, if financial information is to be considered useful to users, it must have certain quali- tative characteristics, such as relevance and faithful representation. Complementary features are compa- rability, verifiability, timeliness and understandability. These features are designed to meet the infor- mation needs of the users who are indicated by IFRS as priority groups when high quality of financial statements needs to be ensured. Bankruptcy proceedings create new groups of stakeholders who have specific information needs. In this article, an assumption was made that the loss of the ability to continue operations and the provisions of the Bankruptcy Law in Poland may determine the information needs of the main users of the financial statements of a company in bankruptcy, and thus affect the hierarchy of quali-tative features of the financial statements. In the case of bankruptcy, the stakeholders that use information contained in financial statements are primarily the court, judges, commissioners, trustees and creditors. The purpose of this paper was to determine the hierarchy of the importance of qualitative features of financial statements, specific to insolvency proceedings. In order to fulfill this goal, questionnaire surveys were car-ried out among specialists in the field of bankruptcy. The methods of mathematical statistics were used, which helped in the interpretation of the obtained results. A hierarchy of qualitative characteristics of fi-nancial statements specific to the insolvency proceedings was built as a result of the conducted research. Despite the specificity of bankruptcy proceedings, the opinions of bankruptcy specialists indicate a differ-ent, though partially similar, approach to the one presented in the IFRS Conceptual Framework. As the most important qualitative characteristics of financial statements, bankruptcy specialists indicated three: understandability, faithful representation and relevance. In their assessment, the least important qualitative characteristic of financial statements is comparability of financial data between entities. The significance of differences in the assessment of individual characteristics was shown in the study.

The article „Pilgrimage to Aglona: Audio-Visual Codes” is dedicated to Aglona pilgrimage, which is considered a significant element of intangible cultural heritage of Latvia. The importance of this tradition has been acknowledged by its vitality: in spite of the historical complexities, the tradition of Aglona ritual pilgrimage has survived for more than a century and in due course has strengthened its value in practice and social memory of the community. At the same time it is not a rigid value based in the past; instead it exists on its own and develops according to the dialectical patterns of ritual.The aim of the article is to investigate the most significant audio-visual codes featured in Aglona pilgrimage, by revealing the most distinctive expressions of identity among pilgrims and by highlighting the diachronic development of audio-visually perceptible attributes relevant to the pilgrimage. The subject of the research is a specific part of the pilgrimage ritual – presentations of pilgrim groups on Assumption Day of the Virgin Mary into Heaven on August 14, which are staged during the holy mass dedicated to pilgrims and youth. Typologically presentations staged by pilgrim groups are being viewed as a closure phase (postliminal rite) of a transition ritual (liminal rite).The article examines 93 presentations prepared by pilgrim groups in 2014, 2015 and 2016. For data acquisition an on-site observation was applied, which falls under the definition of the sensory anthropological meaning (Howes 2003:54). Analysis of presentations staged by pilgrims was conducted by means of structurally semiotic approach that allows defining the specific symbolic language of the pilgrimage while displaying sensory perceptible ritual codes of the pilgrimage – visual and audial codes, i.e. the visual attributes of pilgrim groups and verbally musical representations with their characteristic performative and reproduction elements.The visual code of pilgrimage refers to various aspects of social identity. The affiliation to religious identity has been presented by such religious symbols as cross, flags belonging to various congregations, religious movements or separate Christian communities, tablets with images of pilgrimage patrons and visualisations of the intent of participation in pilgrimage; locally patriotic identity has been attested by the flag of the country, region, municipality or city. The research confirms that religious symbols (especially cross) and the related ceremonies are becoming more modest, whereas locally patriotic representations are expanding, thus marking the geographical circumference of the pilgrimage and confirming Aglona as a sanctuary of international significance. The clothing of participants reflects either their professional identity (National Armed Forces, clergymen, nuns) or affiliation to a specific interest group (European Guides).The audial codes are explored within the repertoires of pilgrim presentations, appearing in the form of performance and reproduction. Metonymically, the audial codes in pilgrim presentations contain the most essential functions related to the ritual in general and demonstrate such inherent features of the postmodern culture as interplay of the traditional and the innovative. The traditional values have been represented by sacred symbols and topics, but the innovative by artistic performance techniques: method of exact dating, typological generalizations directed towards community identity generation, stylization of texts drawn from other cultural areas (folklore, pop culture). The verbal codes of pilgrim groups in turn manifest ambivalence that is inherent to the pilgrimage ritual in general and marks not only the text, but also a the dialogue among generations and values. The audio-visual codes being organically embedded in the symbolic system of pilgrimage ritual language reveal multi-layered dialogue on cultural values, which is present within the ritual at subject, text and action level.

Changes in the atrium buildings in the functional and compositional aspects in diff erent historical periods infl uenced the typology and features of the use of atrium spaces in modern architecture. This study is based on a comprehensive analysis of the development of atrium buildings and a synthesis of the obtained qualitative characteristics of atrium spaces with trends in the formation of functional-composite components in modern architecture. The purpose of the article is to identify typological features of atrium spaces that form the visual integration of internal and external spaces. Artistic expressiveness and variability of the use of atrium in modern architecture are prerequisites for the systematization and identifi cation of the features of the formation of atrium spaces. The author considers the formation of atrium spaces as an aspect of visual-spatial connections with the environment.

Timeliness of financial report submission is one of the important qualitative characteristics that financial reports must fulfill, as timely information has higher predictive and feedback value for stakeholders. Delays in submitting financial reports can reduce information relevance and increase information asymmetry. In this research, three factors that can influence the timeliness of financial statement submission, including financial distress, institutional ownership, and board size.The objects of this research are property and real estate sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2019-2023. Samples were obtained based on the purposive sampling method, resulting in 260 samples from 52 companies during the 2019-2023 period. The data analysis used in this research is logistic regression using SPSS 26 software.The findings of this research indicate that financial distress and institutional ownership do not have a significant influence on the timeliness of financial statement submission. However, board size has a significant positive influence on the timeliness of financial statement submission. This research contributes to strengthening previous research and identifying whether these factors have significant interactions in influencing the timeliness of financial statement submission.

The issues of ensuring economic security are discussed as one of the most important qualitative characteristics of logistics systems, which determine the ability to establish parameters of material flows in the process of commodity movement during the introduction of digital systems and technologies. The analysis of modern risks and threats characteristic of the development of digital ecosystems of transport and logistics services is carried out. The key factors of ensuring economic security and their importance in logistics from the point of view of operational control over compliance with established key indicators of commodity movement are investigated. The definition of the concept of “economic security” is given from the point of view of the protection of the business entity from external and internal threats to increase the level of competitiveness and stability of the enterprise in the market. The issues of ensuring the parameters of commodity movement within the established thresholds are addressed in order to achieve optimal functioning of the commodity distribution system and ensure the economic activity of the enterprise with all necessary resources. Logistics systems are being investigated for the effective organization and management of material flows aimed at ensuring the reliability of the functioning and implementation of the strategy of economic entities. The necessity of using modern digital technologies to increase the level of economic security in logistics systems and transparency, controllability and traceability of material flows in the field of commodity circulation is substantiated. The fact of digitalization of cargo delivery processes is considered from the perspective of the ecosystem paradigm and platform concept. The patterns of transformation of traditional logistics operators into providers of digital logistics services are substantiated. A model of a cyberphysical ecosystem in logistics has been developed that provides end-to-end management of business processes and data exchange in the process of product distribution.