THE CREATION OF A NEW TYPE OF MEAT PASTE WITH RADIOPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES

Fish is a valuable food product that has a high biological value, but spoils quickly because its muscle tissue contains a lot of moisture and can be contaminated with microflora through the intestines, mucus of the skin and gills. Insufficiently fresh fish can cause serious diseases: toxicoinfections and toxicosis, intestinal infectious diseases caused by Shigella, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Clostridia, various coccal microflora. The urgency of this problem encourages the study of sanitary-indicative microorganisms of fish and seafood to prevent foodborne infections. The purpose of the work was to study the microbial contamination of ready-to-eat fish and seafood sold in the retail chains of the city of Dnipro, to determine the compliance of product quality with sanitary requirements. Material and methods. 53 samples of fish and seafood of different brands were analyzed: 23 samples of low-salt products, among which were preserves from fish "Herring", preserves from mussels, salted low-salt and 30 dried products: dried squid, dried squid rings and dried bull. The number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, Escherichia coli bacteria, the presence of coccal microflora, mold and anaerobes were determined in each of the samples. Results and discussion. The results of the sanitary-microbiological study showed that 43.4% of the analyzed samples (23 samples) did not meet the normative indicators. The largest deviations from the norm were found in the content of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms and Escherichia coli bacteria. The study showed that in 39.6% of samples the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms was exceeded, and in 32.0% - the number of Escherichia coli bacteria. Most contaminated products were found among the samples of dried squid – 50% of samples, preserves from fish "Herring" – 36.4% and preserves from mussels – 36.4%, dried squid rings – 33.3%. It was found that 18.8% of samples of fish and fish products contained Staphylococcus aureus, 7.5% of samples – sulfate-reducing clostridia. Conclusion. The obtained results indicated the non-compliance of a large number of fish and seafood with the normative indicators. This may be due to the condition of the reservoirs in which the catch was made, improper processing of raw materials, non-compliance with storage conditions, transportation of the product. Therefore, it is important to further improve the quality of fish products by controlling raw materials, compliance of production technology with international and national standards. The solution of this problem is possible under the condition of state involvement in the process of quality control of fish products on the market of Ukraine. The results of research can be used to monitor the quality of fish and seafood sold in retail chains

Improving the quality and safety of milk and dairy products requires professional work on the technology and culture of production, improving the operating conditions of equipment and improving methods for influencing microbiological indicators. A method of electromagnetic influence on the microbial cell control system is proposed that allows reducing the growth rate of microorganisms, optimizing the quality and safety of milk and increasing the shelf life of products. The object of the study was the milk of cows of Kholmogorskaya breed, which were housed at loose (group 1) and tie barn (group 2) methods. It has been found that the method of housing animals does not affect the physical and chemical parameters of the milk under study, which meet the requirements for raw materials. Density, freezing point, acidity, and somatic cell content in milk have been affected by the season of the year. Changes in the quantitative composition of sanitary-indicative microorganisms of raw milk depend both on the method of housing and milking cows, and on the season of the year. The highest contamination of milk with microflora has been observed in the case of cows housing in tie barn. The maximum number of microorganisms has been observed in the summer with different methods of housing. There were no Salmonella in the milk of experimental groups of cows. Yeast and fungi have been registered in all milk samples. The influence of electromagnetic radiation on the development of certain types of microorganisms has been established. The largest number of Quantity of Mesophilic Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Microorganisms (QMAFAnM) was in raw milk without additional effects and amounted to 486 289 CFU/cm[sup]3[/sup] . When exposed to electromagnetic pulses the number of yeast and mold fungi has been decreased by 9 or more times.

The paper investigates the effect of vacuum packaging on the quality and safety of semi-finished meat products. The microbiological and organoleptic characteristics of a small-sized semi-finished product from pork pulp (goulash, pieces weighing 20-30 g) were studied, part of which was packed in GN 1/4 gastronorm containers, 0.5 kg each, the other part was packed in a vacuum package of 0.5 kg vacuum packer HVC-260T/1A (DZ-260/PD) using three-layer PA/PE bags (polyamide with polyethylene) with dimensions of 250x350 mm and a thickness of 90 microns. All semi-finished products were stored under the same conditions, in a refrigerator at a temperature of 4 °C. Comparative microbiological analysis showed that the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in semi-finished pork meat products stored using traditional technologies exceeds the semi-finished products stored in vacuum packaging. In terms of sanitary and hygienic indicators, the test products meet the requirements of TR CU 021/2011 and SanPiN 2.3.2.1078-01 for 8 days of storage at a temperature of 4 ± 2 ° C. In the investigated semi-finished products revealed shifts in pH (5.12-6.75) during storage and subsequent regeneration. Vacuum packing contributes to the preservation of organoleptic characteristics of meat semi-finished products, in comparison with semi-finished products that were stored traditionally. Analysis of the totality of quality and safety indicators for meat semi-finished products stored in vacuum packaging allows predicting an increase in shelf life up to 8 days. The shelf life of the investigated meat semi-finished products stored in vacuum packaging is 5 times longer than the shelf life established by SanPiN 2.3.2.1324-03.

Актуальність. Солі важких металів негативно впливають на здоров'я населення та викликають розвиток патології окремих органів тасистем організму.Наднирники займають одне з ключових місць у регуляції та підтриманні основних функцій організму. Мета. Вивчення морфологічних адаптивних перебудов структурних компонентів кори наднирників статевозрілих щурів-самців за умов довготривалого впливу солей важких металів та негормональної корекції вітаміном Е залишається актуальною та недостатньо вивченою темою. Методи дослідження. Експеримент проведений на 24 білих статевозрілих щурах-самцях масою 200-250г, віком 5-6 місяців, які після довготривалого (90-денного) впливу комбінації солей важких металів: цинку (ZnSO4 · 7H2O) – 5 мг/л, міді (CuSO4·5H2O) – 1 мг/л, заліза (FeSO4) – 10 мг/л, марганця (MnSO4·5H2O) – 0,1 мг/л, свинця (Pb(NO3)2) – 0,1 мг/л та хрому (K2Cr2O7) – 0,1 мг/л на протязі 30-ти діб вживали звичайну питну воду з препаратом-коректором вітаміном Е (9,1 мг / кг 10% перорального масляного розчину). Застосовувалися загальноприйняті гістологічні методи дослідження. Результати. Антиоксидант L-токоферол, після надходження до організму комбінації солей важких металів, виявив достовірну стреспротекторну дію на всі структурні компоненти наднирника: стан судинної стінки, ядерного та секреторного апарату спонгіоцитів всіх зон кори. Підсумок. L-токоферол сприяє зменшенню токсичного впливу солей важких металів на кору наднирників, виявляє мембранопротекторну та стреспротекторну дію, послаблює прояви стадії виснаження загального адаптаційного синдрому, частково відновлює гормональну активність адренокортикоцитів. Але, 30-ти добовий термін корекції морфологічних перебудов, викликаних надходженням до організму солей важких металів, є недостатнім для повного відновлення стану судинної стінки, реологічних властивостей крові та секреторної активності клітин кори наднирника.

The proportion of infectious diseases in general avian pathology is known to vary significantly, while bacterial infections play a critical role in avian disease occurrence and incidence. Most of them are registered in the country’s large-scale poultry holdings, poultry farms and backyards and pose a serious risk in terms of epidemic and veterinary-sanitary aspects. This paper presents the results of analysis of avian colibacillosis and salmonellosis occurrence in 2018–2022, taking into account the number of outbreaks and diseased poultry for each disease. A retrospective analysis showed that these infections are registered annually in poultry farms of the Russian Federation, within a 5-year-period the number of poultry with colibacillosis ranged from 66.18% in 2018 to 0.15% in 2021 of the total number of diseased birds, and the number of Salmonella-infected poultry ranged from 65.91% in 2019 to 0.57% in 2021. In 2018–2020 219,020 samples of poultry meat and poultry products were tested for Salmonella, while Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella infantis were detected in 0.80% cases. It should be noted that in accordance with the requirements of Technical Regulations TR CU 021/2011 and TR EAEU 051/2021, no Salmonella is allowed in 25 g of poultry meat. According to the VESTA automated system, during the study period, incompliances with microbiological safety parameters were detected in 16.11% of poultry meat and poultry product samples, of which 10.98% of the samples contained mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, and 5.13% contained Escherichia coli. The data obtained indicate the need for a retrospective analysis of the occurrence of some avian bacterial infections in order to study the animal disease situation in poultry farms for the purpose of improving the set of measures to ensure the disease freedom in poultry industry, while addressing the laboratory test results.

The use of a rabbit meat is a perspective and accessible way of solving the problem of the shortage of domestic meat products in Georgia. Nowadays, there are sufficient on rabbit breeding in the country, but no data are available on the quality and technological properties of rabbit meat. Therefore, of scientific and practical interest is to study the quality indicators, safety, chemical composition and biological value of meat of different breeds of rabbits. The modern, standard, commonly accepted methods of the research have been used in performing this work, which are suitable for accomplishing the set tasks. Statistical processing of the results obtained and the evaluation of the reliability of the obtained data were carried out by the mathematical statistics methods using the Windows IBM SPSS Statistics software program. Based on the study of microbiological indicators of rabbit meat, it has been demonstrated that the number of mesophylic-aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms does not exceed the values established by the sanitary standards and rules, no bacteria of intestinal bacillus and pathogenic microorganisms were detected, including salmonella, which is also is in compliance with the biological and hygienic safety requirements and standards. The safety of rabbit meat is also indicated by a study of its toxicity. It has been established that the breeds of rabbit bred in the country are distinguished by a high meat productivity, high protein and moderate fat contents and low caloric capacity. The biological value of rabbit meat has been determined: it is distinguished by the number of all essential amino acids and the protein-quality index, it does not have limited amino acids, and all essential amino acids scores, especially of lysine, tryptophan and leucine, exceed the "ideal protein" score. The level of satisfaction of human daily needs is also high with amino acids. The resulting data point to the high quality and biological value of the meat of rabbits bred in Georgia, and made it reasonable to use as raw material for domestic high-quality meat production.

The results of Veterinary Expertise of food according to Zhytomyr Regional State Veterinary Laboratory (2014–2015rr.) And state laboratories Veterinary Expertise of household markets. Zhytomyr and Zhytomyr region. The main reason for culling offal 2014–2015 gg. Were invasive disease, including 658 (3.45%) patients in the study Fasciolosis products of slaughter cattle, 5033 – echinococcosis (3.59%) and 413 (0.29%) – Metastrongillosis in pigs. In terms of safety and quality (content of toxic elements, pesticides, mycotoxins, antibiotics) sausage and cooked sausage highest, grade 1 and 2 met the regulatory requirements. For sanitary indicators in 4.4% of samples of meat products were isolated Escherichia coli in 11.1% – mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms. They can, under appropriate conditions, cause food poisoning, so sausage wares have been directed to disinfection by evaporation and translated into lower grades. We conducted bacteriological tests of meat samples availability of enterobacteria, MAFAnM (mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria) and bacteria of the genus Salmonella immediately after slaughter showed that the number of microorganisms on the surface of the ink was: kind of Enterobacteriaceae 28,5 ± 1,1 × 105 CFU/cm2, mesophilic aerobic and optionally anaerobic microorganisms (MAPANM) – 38.8 ± 1.05 CFU × 103/cm2. Salmonella from carcass was not detected. The dairy product safety guarantor in Ukraine remains a system for monitoring sanitary hazards and residual amounts of toxic substances. In order to eliminate the risk of dangers to the consumer of dairy products, it is necessary to improve the control system of raw materials used for manufacturing products, according to safety indicators at all stages of production. Therefore, we consider it appropriate to draw the attention of specialists of veterinary medicine in the veterinary and sanitary conditions of milk and dairy products, gain control in government laboratories vetsanekspertizy household markets using antibiotics and in slaughtered animals to prevent a realization of substandard products, improve the sanitary condition of the storage and implementation of animal Products, prevention of invasive and non-contagious diseases in cattle and pigs.

The monograph presents a theoretical generalization and scientific solution of a comprehensive study of the structural components state of the mature rats adrenal cortex under conditions of adaptation to the long-term influence of heavy metal salts and correction with L-tocopherol. The experiment was carried out on 24 white sexually mature male rats at the age of 7-8 months. The animals of the experimental group consumed ordinary drinking water for 30 days with the corrector drug L-tocopherol after 90 days of receiving water saturated with a combination of salts of heavy metals: zinc (ZnSO4 7H2O) – 5 mg/l, (CuSO4 5H2O) – 1 mg/l, iron (FeSO4) – 10 mg/l, manganese (MnSO4 5H2O) – 0.1 mg/l, lead (Pb (NO3)2) – 0.1 mg/l and chromium (K2Cr2O7) – 0.1 mg/l. The keeping of animals and all manipulations over them were carried out in accordance with national and international bioethical standards. To study morphological rearrangements in the adrenal cortex, histological, morphometric, immunohistochemical and biochemical research methods were used. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Einarson, and Van Gieson’s. The expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and the heat shock marker 90 (Hsp90α) was determined on dewaxed sections 4-5 μm thick according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The restoration of the histostructure of the adrenal cortex testified to the development of adaptive and regenerative processes in the organ, aimed at neutralizing the stress response and a number of hypoxic phenomena caused by the longterm influence of heavy metal salts. Adaptive rearrangements affected morphological changes in all structural components of the adrenal glands of experimental animals: stromal, vascular, and parenchymal. The corrector drug L-tocopherol had a bright protective effect on the structural components of the adrenal glands, taking into account its antioxidant properties, membrane-protective effect, etc. The positive adaptive morphological rearrangements in the adrenal glands can include a slight compensatory hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex, an increase in the functional activity index of the glomerular and reticular zones, a decrease in the severity of the fibrous component of the connective tissue of the stroma, the disappearance of stromal edema, stabilization of the circulatory system and rheological properties of the blood, improvement of the cytoarchitectonics of all zones cortex, the appearance of mitotic figures in the cells. There was a significant improvement in the state of the chromatin network of the nuclei of corticocytes and the appearance of nucleoli in most of the nuclei. The mechanisms of endocrine regulation of adaptive processes after prolonged exposure to salts of heavy metals in the body of experimental animals also worked due to the activation of the synthesis of sex hormones. An increase in Hsp90α expression in adrenal corticocytes also indicated active adaptive processes in their cytoplasm aimed at restoring synthetic activity. Despite the positive rearrangements in the adrenal cortex, negative signs should also be noted, namely: stromal edema and moderate vascular plethora were still present in the reticular zone, although the severity of these morphological rearrangements decreased in comparison with the indicators of animals with a 90-day period of consumption of heavy metal salts. The positive dynamics of the development of adaptive processes in the adrenal glands suggests that in the future, an increase in the timing of readaptation with the use of L-tocopherol can positively affect the achievement of homeostasis in the organ and lead to full or partial compensation for the action of the damaging agent on the organism of experimental animals.

Single DNA molecules can be rendered visible in the electron microscope by "staining" with water-soluble salts of heavy metals. The best results were obtained with lanthanum nitrate, uranyl acetate, and lead perchlorate. The molecules appear as filaments approximately 20 A wide. Their length was not determined, but it could be shown that it varied with the molecular weight of the DNA used. The same heavy metal salts will preferentially "stain" the nucleic acid in a protein-DNA complex. Evidence is provided for the possibility of a partial separation of a double-stranded molecule into single strands on adsorption to the supporting film.

Water-soluble heavy metal salts injure health when they leach into water supplies. It is important that students who may later be employed in industries generating aqueous solutions of such salts are aware of the methods that can be used to recover the metal salt or transform it to non-health threatening products. The research was in the management of small quantities of hazardous wastes, such as are generated in school, college, and university teaching laboratories; in research laboratories; in industrial quality control and testing laboratories; and in small industries. Methods for the recovery of silver, nickel, and cobalt salts from relatively small volumes of aqueous solutions of their soluble salts were developed and tested. Where it was not practical to recover the metal salt, the practice has been to convert it to a water-insoluble salt, often the sulfide. This requires the use of highly toxic reagents. It was found that a number of heavy metal salts can be precipitated as the silicates, returning them to the form in which they are found in the natural ore. These salts show similar solubility properties to the sulfides in neutral, acidic, and basic aqueous solutions. The work has determined the conditions, quantities, and solution acidity that result in the most effective precipitation of the heavy metal salt. The concentration of the metal ions remaining in solution was measured by AA and ICP spectrometry. Specific methods have been developed for the conversion of salts of mercury and chromium to nonsoluble products.

Rapid and robust quality monitoring of the composition of meat pastes is of fundamental importance in processing meat and sausage products. Here, an in-line near-infrared spectroscopy/micro-electro-mechanical-system-(MEMS)-based approach, combined with multivariate data analysis, was used for measuring the constituents fat, protein, water, and salt in meat pastes within a typical range of meat paste recipes. The meat pastes were spectroscopically characterized in-line with a novel process analyzer prototype. By integrating salt content in the calibration set, robust predictive PLSR models of high accuracy (R2 > 0.81) were obtained that take interfering matrix effects of the minor and NIR-inactive meat paste recipe component “salt” into account as well. The nonlinear blending behavior of salt concentration on the spectral features of meat pastes is discussed based on a designed mixture experiment with four systematically varied components.

Introduction. Sprouted grain can cause food poisoning, since inappropriate conditions can promote the growth of pathogenic microorganisms on the grain surface. As a result, products of long-term storage use thermally-treated sprouted grain, the parameters of which depend on the initial bacteria content. There are different ways to reduce bacterial contamination of sprouted grain, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. Natural substances with antimicrobial properties, such as medicinal herbs, can serve as decontaminators. However, no scientific research has been performed so far to determine the exact temperature of grain sprouting to minimize its microbiological contamination. The research objective was to investigate the effect of antimicrobial agents and sprouting conditions on the microflora of wheat and buckwheat grain.
 Study objects and methods. The study featured wheat grain and green buckwheat grain. A set of experiments was performed to define the effect of antimicrobial agents and sprouting conditions on the quantity of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFAnM), molds, and yeasts. During sprouting at 10–30°C for 90 h, the grain was irrigated with distilled water, potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4), calendula infusion, and celandine i nfusion. QMAFAnM and the count of molds and yeasts were determined by standard methods; the qualitative analysis of the microflora was based on their morphological and cultural characteristics.
 Results and discussion. Microflora development during sprouting of wheat and buckwheat grains was controlled by selecting appropriate conditions and grain treatment methods. The herbal infusions for sprouting reduced the total microbial insemination of grain during sprouting by 52–68%; the calendula infusion reduced the contamination with molds by 47–51%, yeasts – by 100%.
 Conclusion. The research revealed the total microbial count and the count of mold and yeast colonies in dry sprouted grain. The optimal temperature of sprouting wheat and buckwheat was 20 ± 2°C in the infusion of medicinal herbs: it minimized the microflora of sprouted grain and reduced the sprouting time to 46 h. Calendula infusion could be recommended for commercial use in order reduce the microbiological contamination of sprouted grain. The initial microbial population of the product was found to affect the mode of heat treatment in long-term storage products.

The administration of the investigated metabiotic feed additive to calves demonstrated a positive impact on growth performance. The inclusion of this additive into the diet, which comprised culture fluids with metabolites from Bacillus pumilus B-13250 and Kluyveromyces lactis in a 50:50 ratio, resulted in a statistically significant increase in the live weight of the experimental group compared to the control group. By the end of the first month, the experimental calves were heavier by 4.5 kg (7.2 %, p < 0.05). This difference increased to 7.6 kg (9.3 %, p < 0.05) at the end of the second month and reached 15.2 kg (14.7 %, p < 0.001) by three months of age. The average daily gain (ADG) during the initial application period (0–1 month) was significantly higher in the experimental group by 123.8 g (20.3 %, p < 0.01). From the first to the second month, the ADG remained significantly elevated by 100.0 g (16.2 %, p < 0.01), and between the second and third months, the ADG in the experimental group was 995.2 g, which exceeded the control by 257.1 g (34.8 %, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the calf survival rate was 100 % in the experimental group, compared to 90 % in the control group. The specific metabolite ratio from B. pumilus and K. lactis also positively modulated the gut microbiota in the large intestine, leading to a 6.7 % increase in mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, a 93.5 % rise in lactic acid bacteria, alongside a 52.2 % reduction in coliform bacteria and a 16.7 % decrease in microscopic fungi.

The paper studies the biological properties of film coatings created on the basis of polysaccharides (xanthan and carboxymethylcellulose) for use in various branches of the agro-industrial complex. It was found that samples of these film coatings completely decomposed in the soil in 7 days, and did in the aquatic environment in an average of 3.5 h. The effect of these film coatings on the organism of laboratory animals (rats) was studied by adding them to animal feed (experimental group). During the experiment, no deviations in behavior were noted in the experimental group of rats; no death in both the control and experimental groups of animals occurred. The studied film coating had no negative effect on the large intestine microbiocenosis and the animals’ weight. It was shown that the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in the experimental group was 3 times less than in the control one, and the number of lactic acid bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus was 3.3 times higher than in the control group. The results obtained indicate the biological safety of the use of the studied film coatings.

The use of plant proteins as sources of essential nutrients in the development of new products for people with specific dietary needs is of growing interest to the food sector. The aim of the present research was to design emulsion products i.e. mayonnaises supplemented with encapsulated rice and pea proteins and enriched with thyme oil extract as a source of bioactive compounds. The physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the products were monitored during refrigerated storage at 4 °C for 20 days. The values of the emulsifying activity index and the emulsion stability index showed that the emulsion base was stable during the storage period. Regarding their microbiological quality, they retained a low number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms, yeasts and fungi, which were within the permissible limits (5×102 cfu.g-1) on the 15th day of storage in all samples. The results from the sensory evaluation showed very good acceptance by the consumers. Therefore, the newly designed mayonnaises enriched with rice and pea proteins, and thyme as a source of bioactive compounds can be considered as products with improved quality and functional features, which can be used by people with specific dietary requirements.