The Creation of Moon: Comparative Analysis between Modern Sciences and Religious Studies

Notes on Contributors

This article analyses the role of science and scientific research in the modern world, highlighting the importance of scientific research methodology in the development of modern science. Science, along with education, is considered to be two of the most crucial spheres in society's future. Throughout history, mankind has employed knowledge to study and organize the world. The Renaissance period is recognized as a pivotal phase in the development of science, laying the groundwork for classical natural science and serving as the basis for the emergence of social sciences, known as "humanities." In the XVIII and XIX centuries, the philosophy of science emerged, focusing on the analysis of scientific activity and the scientific process itself. Theoretical and methodological principles of science were developed, scientific theory was examined, and distinctions were made between gnoseology, logic, and the methodology of science. Within the field of science studies, it is emphasized that professional scientists adhere to specific methodological principles in their research, particularly the dialectic interaction between empirical and theoretical knowledge. Fundamental and applied research represent different levels of the scientific pursuit of truth, employing diverse methodologies consisting of rules, principles, and research methods. Modern science encompasses a multilevel concept of scientific knowledge methodology, encompassing philosophical, general scientific, and partial research methods. These methods possess unique characteristics across different disciplines and hold varying significance for their respective development. Philosophical methods are universal and abstract in nature, while general scientific methods aid in the analysis of existing practices and the current state of theory development. Commonly recognized general research methods and techniques include analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and generalization, modelling, statistical methods, and analogy. Moreover, the interconnectedness of various scientific disciplines in contemporary times has led to the increased utilization of approaches and methods from one field in another, giving rise to intra- and interdisciplinary methods.

The science education literature suggests that the public and students often hold narrow stereotypical views of scientists and science. Here we argue that it is important that students and the public understand the basis on which scientists make scientific claims. The inquiry sought to develop an understanding of the scientific mind, explored through Gauld’s (2005) notion of ‘habits of mind’. The vehicle used to explore these ideas consisted of an inquiry into how scientists rationalise conflicts between scientific theories and religious beliefs which are not in agreement with consensually‐accepted scientific theories. Twenty scientists from different scientific disciplines and levels of seniority were interviewed using as a basis an instrument containing a series of religious‐based item statements that a panel of scientific and religious experts considered were in agreement with a variety of religious doctrines yet in disagreement with current scientific thinking, or for which there is at present no supporting evidence from a variety of scientific disciplines. These statements acted as an interview protocol and formed the basis for interactive discourse, which was audio‐taped, transcribed verbatim and participant‐validated. These data provide a window into scientific thinking as practiced by modern scientists, and helps develop a picture of these scientists’ ‘habits of mind’. The findings suggest that these scientists, unlike their stereotype, hold idiosyncratic views of what constitutes good scientific evidence and sound, credible testimony.

The War That Never Was: Evolution and Christian Theology

Historian of science Joseph Needham argued in various papers and books that the philosophy of organic materialism that informed classical Chinese science not only nurtured Chinese discoveries in areas such as magnetic studies, but also obstructed the emergence of early modern mechanical science in China. Nevertheless, the emergence of field conceptions in late modern science led him to see that Chinese organic materialism could combine with mechanical conceptions to enrich late modern science. Although much attention has been paid to Needham’s historical and sociological views of Chinese science, there has been hardly any systematic focus on understanding his conception of the philosophy of Chinese science. This article explains why Chinese organic materialism not only nurtured Chinese science in the past, and hindered the emergence of modern science in China, but can also be part of a synthesis of late modern science transcending early Western science.

Does aggression lead to hate? Detecting and reasoning offensive traits in hinglish code-mixed texts

Modern science has its beginnings in Europe with the natural philosophy of Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton at a time when scientific theories became independent of the constraints of religion and theology. Moreover, with the foundation of scientific academies (notably the Accademia dei Lincei, the Royal Society and the Academie des Sciences) Europe returned to the ancient Greek ideal of a place where thoughts and theories could be exchanged without restriction. Since the 16th century, European science has been flourishing, largely because of its close ties with the humanities in a multicultural society. Scientific research and technological advances have made Western Europe one of the strongest economic powers on the planet. But a changing world, particularly population growth in the Third World, is creating hitherto unknown problems for European politics and society. To maintain its social and economic security, Europe will have no choice but to address and ultimately resolve these challenges. Science and technology will play an important role in this process, and the problem is that, unlike the USA, the EU has no long‐term strategy or vision of how to pursue research and use this knowledge on a European scale. > To maintain its social and economic security, Europe will have no choice but to address and ultimately resolve the challenges of a growing world population Scientific research has led to remarkable innovations and has been of great benefit to humankind. Many discoveries of the last century have radically changed our way of seeing the world and have influenced our daily life (Figure 1). Life expectancy has increased strikingly due to improvements in public health and cures for many diseases. Agricultural output has risen significantly to meet the needs of a growing population. Technological advances and the use of new energy sources have freed humankind from arduous …

Editorial

This article, based on the existing approaches to the interpretation of the category of methodology in modern legal science, identifies the appropriate theoretical tools for scientific research of the legal obligation of adult children to care for their disabled parents and the mechanism of its implementation. It is established that despite the rather long doctrinal search for the essence of the research methodology on the structure of the methodology, scientific discussions are still taking place. It is determined that the most optimal is the following structure of the methodology of scientific research: epistemological principles of knowledge, which are the fundamental ideas on which scientific research is based; scientific theories, which are a system of logically interconnected reasonable statements about the socio-legal phenomenon; method-ological approaches that determine the overall strategy of the study and its specific perspective; methods, which are a set of techniques and methods of cognition of any phenomenon of legal reality. Based on the scientific research, it was concluded that the methodology for studying the legal obligation of adult children to care for their disabled parents and the mechanism of its implementation are: a) the principles of comprehensiveness, completeness, objectivity, historicism; b) the theory of legal obligations, constitutional human responsibilities, the mechanism of realization of legal obligations; 3) dialectical, systemic, complex, axiological methodological approaches; 4) general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, structural-functional method and special-scientific research methods, namely: technical-dogmatic, comparative, comparative, legal modeling. It is emphasized that the key role in the study ofthe legal obligation of adult children to care for their disabled parents and the mechanism of its implementation is played by methods of scientific research.

Nowadays, there is a general penetration of ecology in other related sciences. Soil science is not an exception. To the evidence of this, the works of soil scientists may serve, that have appeared recently. It is shown that the ecology of soil is a broader area of the genetic soil science, than ecological soil science. In addition to the doctrine of the ecological functions of soil, modern soil ecology also includes the factor ecology and the doctrine of biosphere soil conservation. In modern soil science there are 2 main areas – fundamental, which aims to study all the features of soil as a natural body, and applied that examines various aspects of soil use by man. At the same time it should be noted that most of soil scientists until recently isolated a genetic soil science in two main areas – the genesis and the geography of soils. Academician L. I. Prasolov (1978) was the first who proposed to allocate soil ecology in a separate section of soil science, along with the above directions. V. R. Volobuev (1963) hold on to the similar views. I. A. Sokolov (1993) showed that the section «Soil ecology» is equal to such sections of soil science as the «Genesis of the soil» and «Geography of the soil». N. A. Gorin (2005) hold on to the similar point of view. On this basis, we offer the following vision of the place of soil ecology in the structure of modern soil science. This scheme is based on the allocation of basic research in the areas of soil science by the team of authors under the leadership of the Moscow State University V. A. Kovda and B. G. Rozanov (Pochvovedenie, 1988). The classification of the historic area of soil science is identified with the genesis of soil by us, and pedography – with the geography of soil. The scientific achievements of other fundamental areas (pedognostika, dynamic soil science, regional soil science, history and methodology of science) are widely used to address key issues of historical soil science and pedography. The structure of the direction «Ecology of soil» is developed by academician G. V. Dobrovolsky and E. D. Nikitin (2012). This doctrine of the ecological functions of soil, classification by B. F. Aparin (2012) is a fundamental direction, the theoretical basis of ecological soil science, related to the applied directions. After L. O. Karpachevsky (2005), who considers the ecological functions of soil subject as ecological soil science, we identify the ecological soil science with the doctrine of the ecological functions of soil in some extent. This view is confirmed by the definition of ecological soil science, formulated G. V. Dobrovolsky and G. S. Kust (2012) – «This is a direction in modern soil science, studied the role of soil as a unique habitat of plants, animals, microorganisms, and especially – in human life, in the functioning of the biosphere and the individual ecosystems». From the above definition, it is clear that in this case, the authors believe that the core of ecological soil science is ecological functions of soil, which manifest themselves through their specific role in nature and human life. The subject of the study of ecological soil science, as indicated by L. O. Karpachevsky (2005), is the ecological functions of soil. Modern physics of soil – is the area of soil science that studies the physical properties of the soil and the place in which physical processes are flowing (Voronin, 1986). As you can see from the definition, the ecological functions of soil caused by the physical properties of soil, remain outside the field of soil physics research. For this reason, there is a need for the provision and the development of ecological soil physics, which is based on theoretical and practical achievements of classical physics of soil, and will also pay close attention to research the ecological functions of soil.

The environmental science and technology aesthetics is a new interdisciplinary application aesthetic subject, which arises with the inspiration of contemporary ecological concepts, environmental ideas, and aesthetic thoughts. It is based on the theories of ecological ontology, ecological ethics and ecological value, and it is the perfect combination of science and technology and environmental aesthetics, and it is the science of the general laws in which science and technology are studied, innovated and developed in accordance with the principles of environmental aesthetics. It, from an aesthetic point of view, with the attitude, viewpoint and method of aesthetics, studies the environmental phenomena, environmental relationships and environmental laws between science and technology and nature, human and society. The environmental science and technology aesthetics is the concrete embodiment of the environmental ontology and aesthetics in the science and technology area. The environmental science and technology aesthetics has got rid of the Western traditional dualistic and opposing thinking mode, surpassed the modern tool reason and anthropocentrism, and promoted the environmental development of modern science and technology. It has great significance for us to maintain healthy, scientific and ecological development of modern science and technology, promote the construction of socialist environmental civilization, and build a beautiful China and a beautiful world. The environmental science and technology aesthetics is the concrete application of environmental aesthetics theory in science and technology area, while the innovation of environmental science and technology is the concrete embodiment of the environmental science and technology aesthetics in the modern science and technology innovation field. The environmental science and technology aesthetics is the important theoretical resource that guides the development of modern science and technology, and the only way to ensure the modern science and technology innovation develops healthily, scientifically and sustainably.

بدأ الباحث بملخص أظهر من خلاله قيمة بحث الآيات الکونية، ثم تناول موضوع البحث من منظور الإسلام والعلم الحديث، وفي کل مبحث على حدة قدم الباحث -بالدليل- القاطع دلالات القدرة الإلهية في المملکة النباتية بما يبين عظم الإعجاز الإلهي فيها، ثم أنهى بحثه بخاتمة اشتملت على أهم النتائج والتوصيات، تلاها ثبت المصادر والمراجع ثم فهرست الموضوعات. وفي هذا يذکر الباحث أن أول إشارة وردت في المملکة النباتية وردت في سورة الأعلى، فکانت المراعي والغابات أول صورة بيانية تنبه الإنسان إلى دلائل القدرة الإلهية في المملکة النباتية، ومما لا شک فيه أن من الأعمال الصالحة التي لها مکانتها الراسخة في حياة الأمم والشعوب: تعمير الأرض بالزراعة، ولم لا! وهي عامل رئيس من عوامل رقيها ورخائها، وقوتها وحضارتها، بل وأمنها، والذي يتدبر القرآن الکريم يجد أنه قد تناول- في الکثير من آياته- الحديث عن الأشجار ومنافعها، والزراعة وفوائدها، وعن النبات ودلالته على وحدانية الله تعالى وقدرته، وعن الحدائق والبساتين التي تملأ النفوس بهجة وسرورا، وعن الفواکه التي تسقى بماء واحد ومع ذلک تتفاضل في مذاقها فسبحان الخلاق العظيم. The researcher began with a summary in which he demonstrated the value of researching the cosmic verses، then he addressed the topic of the research from the perspective of Islam and modern science، and in each research separately the researcher presented with definitive evidence the evidence of divine power in the plant kingdom, showing the greatness of the divine miracles in it, then he ended his research with his conclusion that included the most important Findings and recommendations followed by proven sources and references, then indexed topics. In this، the researcher mentions that the first reference in the plant kingdom was mentioned in Surat Al-A'la, so the pastures and forests were the first graphic image to alert the person to the indications of divine power in the plant kingdom. The land is cultivated and why not? It is a major factor in its advancement and prosperity. its strength and civilization، and even its security. Whoever ponders the Noble Qur’an finds that in many of his verses he has covered the talk about trees and their benefits, agriculture and their benefits, about plants and their indications of the oneness and power of God Almighty، and about gardens and orchards that fill souls with joy. And with pleasure, and on the fruits that are watered with one water, yet they differ in their taste, so glory to the great Creator.

A satisfying solution to the problem of demarcation remains elusive, but, regardless, we shouldn't be content with dismissing any theory, study or method simply because it doesn't fulfil a particular definition. Empiricist attitudes towards the sciences emphasize both observations and certain forms of reasoning, but the basic empiricist picture could easily lead to confusion about how sciences work. Our experiences are not always reliable indicators of how things are. We should be wary of placing too much emphasis on how things appear. Biases in subjective experience can be overcome through improved experimental design. There might be very good reasons for ignoring certain data, but those reasons may not always be immediately apparent to those who lack relevant training and education. Certainty is not something sciences achieve, but absence of certainty is consistent with having lots of compelling evidence for given conclusions. We continue to learn about how past experiences can better predict future events. Scientific methods are themselves appropriate objects of criticism and refinement, and the introduction of new methods may be entirely justifiable. All theories confront anomalies, so anomalies alone can't be adequate reasons to dismiss a theory. Theories are pursued, in part, because they offer the most promise for purposes of furthering our understanding. Kuhn's suggestion that scientists work within something like a paradigm has historical plausibility, but this need not imply strong incommensurability between paradigms. Scientific progress is contingent, shaped in part by what problems scientists choose to engage, what technology becomes available, as well as broader socio-economic and political factors. Nevertheless, such contingencies are quite consistent with scientists achieving substantive results relative to the objectives they set. The arguments from underdetermination and discontinuity within the sciences are each reminders of scientific fallibility. Neither provides compelling reasons to deny particular scientific theories or conclusions that some people may find inconvenient or objectionable. Scientific communities may be a more appropriate object for explaining scientific authority. Sciences are not value free, but the role of values in sciences need not compromise scientific authority. It is appropriate to criticize scientific conclusions, methods and theories, but we should remember that some criticisms may be entirely misguided. Worthwhile criticisms are precise and well-supported.

The most likely scenario for the Moon formation is given by calculations of the Giant Impact (GI) of the ProtoEarth with a protoplanet with a mass close to Mars. During the GI, gases and silicate fragments with a total mass of about 55 to 70% of the mass of the Moon go to infinity, but infinity for the runaway particles is infinity in the terrestrial reference frame. In the Solar System, these fragments go into finite orbits with periods both less and more than a year. The most important feature of their orbits is that they all pass through the region of the Earth’s orbit where the GI occurred. A concentrated gas–dust flow was formed there with a fading intensity; it existed for about a million years. Numerically solving the three-body problem yields numerous fragment trajectories. The probabilities of fragments colliding with the Earth and the Moon are estimated as a function of time after the GI. The scenario of fragments falling into the L4 and L5 triangular Lagrange points and the trajectories of their evolution is considered. The most important geophysical consequence of these collisions was the formation of the terrestrial atmosphere and ocean from the concentrated gas–dust flow.

The article provides an overview of activity of the department of logic and methodology of science of the H.S. Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy, National Academy of Science of Ukraine. This activity includes scientific research, translation of philosophical literature, organization of seminars on urgent problems of modern philosophy. Research projects, on the one hand, are based on scientific traditions formed over the years in the Institute, and on the other hand, they focus on the transformations in scientific cognition and science, and build the projections for the future. It presents methodological backgrounds of the project «Semiotic analysis of cultural phenomena» (2018–2020), and outlines research tasks of the projects «Communicative transformations in modern science» (2020–2021) and «Logical, ontological and axiological dimensions of modern scientific knowledge» (2022–2024). Involvement of young scholars in research in logic, methodology and philosophy of science is the major challenge for the department.