The development of height and weight measuring instruments for web-based Anthropometric tests

The growth and development of a person's body can be affected by various factors such as hereditary factors, the environment and the type of food consumed. One method that can be used to find out the condition of a person's body growth and development is to compare weight and height. This analysis is known as Body Mass Index (BMI). To carry out this analysis, weight and height measurements must first be taken. With the tools developed in this study, the analysis process can be carried out easily. This developed tool is able to measure height and weight at the same time. Height measurement is carried out by placing the weight sensor (Load Cell) under the user's footing like a tire scale in general. As for height measurement, on the top of the patient's head, a laser-based distance sensor VL53L1X placed. In contrast to height measurement which uses a voice-based distance sensor with direct measurements on the surface of the patient's head whose measurement results are less accurate. This is due to the uneven surface of the head, different hair shapes, and diffused sound waves. With the Scale Bar method/plate that can move up/down automatically as the sensor measurement plane. Thus, the measurement results are better because the reflection plane is in the form of a flat plate so that the light reflection results from the laser sensor become more focused. From the results of measurements, weight and height in several patients, the results of measurements were obtained with an average difference of 0.3 cm for height and 0.09 kg for body weight measurement.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to show the frequency of significant correlations between body weight and height and the selected parameters of body posture within trunk in 14-18-year-old adolescents.
 Material and methods. The study conducted among randomly selected teenagers aged 14-18 years was carried out during the period of 3 years, in 6 half-year editions and enabled the author to record 2445 observations with regard to the measurement of 48 parameters describing trunk, body weight and height. The subjects involved in the study were enrolled from the Warminsko-Mazurski region. The photogrammetric method with the phenomenon of mora projection was used to measure the selected parameters.
 Findings. The frequency of significant correlations between body height and the features of body posture was 21.42% and with regard to body weight it was 14.28%. The frequency of significant correlations between body height within sex was 14.28%, and concerning body weight it was 4.76%, whereas among girls the figures were 7.14% and 9.52% respectively.
 Conclusions
 1. Among adolescents aged 14-18 years, body height revealed significantly more frequent correlations with the parameters of feet than body weight.
 2. Body height was reported to reveal more frequent significant correlations with the parameters of feet than body weight among boys. As regards girls involved in the study, the frequency of these significant relationships was similar and revealed lower values. Body weight and height showed more frequent correlations with the parameters of feet in children living in towns and cities than in their counterparts from the rural environment.
 3. Among boys, more frequent significant correlations between body height and the parameters of feet were observed in subjects living in the urban environment, and the correlations concerning body weight significantly differed from the percentage of the relationships regarding body height. Among girls living in the rural environment, the correlations between body height and the parameters of feet were more frequent than in the subjects living in towns, and regarding weight, these correlations were reported to be bigger in towns than in villages. The percentage of significant relationships was very low in the rural environment.

Baby weight and length measurement system has been designed based on ultrasonic and load cell sensors with data storage using MySQL database and website interface. This research aims to produce a baby weight and length measurement system with microcontroller NodeMCU ESP32. The system is designed with an ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 and four half-bridge load cells of 50 kg. The ultrasonic sensor works on the piezoelectric and inverse piezoelectric principles, while load cell sensors work on strain gauge principles. An ultrasonic sensor measures body length, while a load cell sensor measures body weight. According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia’s regulations, this system also has an LCD 20×4 to display measurement and nutritional status assessment results. The experiment used four doll objects with different lengths and weights. This research shows that the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 used in this research has an average error of 0.494% in length measurement. The load cell sensor and HX711 ADC used in this research has an average error of 0.949% in weight measurement. The designed system automatically assesses the nutritional status and stores the measurement result and nutritional status in the database to be displayed on the website.

Background: We investigated the relationship of data from the pulmonary function test and 6-minute walking test (6MWT) to maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and predicted VO2 max in patients with pneumoconiosis, with the goal of being able to evaluate the functional status of pneumoconiosis patients with a test, which is less expensive and much safer for the patient. Methods: This study included 37 patients with pneumoconiosis who had performed the 6-minute walking test, and resting pulmonary function test, and from whom the VO2 max was obtained from an exercise cardiopulmonary function test. Lineal regression analysis of multiple variables, involving body height (BH), body weight (BW), patient age, DLCO, DLCO/VA, distance walked during the 6MWT, changes in SpO2 (△SpO2), changes in heart rate (△HR) during the 6MWT, Borg scale, FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC, was done. Results: The distance of the 6MWT was the strongest independent variable to predict VO2 max, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.644 (p＜0.001). The predicted equation was VO2 max = 2.488 x distance of the 6MWT - 85.85. The factors of greatest correlation to predict VO2 max were the distance of the 6MWT, FVC, DLCO, BH,△SpO2, and BW with a R of 0.874 (p＜0.001). The equation was VO2 max = 1.484 x distance of the 6MWT + 105.242 x FVC + 9.138 x DLCO + 7.484 x BH + 26.756 x△SpO2 + 3.563 x BW - 1316.316. Conclusions: The distance of the 6MWT can be used to predict VO2 max in patients with pneumoconiosis. The addition of the patients’ body height and weight, and data from the pulmonary function tests, can increase the accuracy of predicting VO2 max.

INTRODUCTION: Accurate body weight and height estimation is crucial for pediatric healthcare, nutrition assessment, and forensic investigations. Traditional methods often rely on direct measurements, which may not always be feasible, especially in emergency or resource-limited settings. The present study aimed to develop regression equations for predicting body weight and height from the length of the second and fourth digits in male and female children in Nigeria. METHODS: 318 male children and 336 female children between the ages of 7-15 years selected from three primary schools in Zaria local government, Kaduna state, Nigeria, were used in the study. The height of each participant was measured using a stadiometer, while body weight was measured using a bathroom scale. The length of the second digit (2D) and fourth digit (4D) of both hands in each participant was measured as the distance from the basal crease of the digit to the tip of the digit using a Vernier Calliper. RESULTS: The result revealed that female children have significantly (P<0.05) longer 2D and 4D in both hands when compared to male children. It also showed that the body weight and height of children can be significantly (P < 0.001) predicted from the lengths of right and left 2D and 4D. CONCLUSION: Body weight and height can be estimated from the lengths of the right and left 2D and 4D.

Background: Leptin is associated with body weight (BW) regulation in adults and adolescents. Decrease in adiponec- tin in obese adults and adolescents may be associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance. This study investigated the relationship of plasma leptin and adiponectin levels to changes in BW and body mass index (BMI) over fi ve years among adolescents in Taiwan. Methods: This was a prospective study involving school adolescents aged 12 to 15 years. Demographic data, anthropometric variables, and blood specimens were collected from 1500 adolescents at baseline. Body height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated at baseline, and after fi ve years in 580 ado- lescents. Plasma leptin and adiponectin levels were measured using radioimmune assay (RIA). Results: Baseline serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were higher in girls than in boys. Baseline plasma leptin levels correlated positively, and adiponectin levels negatively with BW and BMI at baseline and after fi ve years. Plasma leptin levels were negatively as- sociated with fi ve-year changes in BW and BMI both in normal-weight boys (β= -0.57, p < 0.01, and β= -0.25, p < 0.001, respectively) and girls (β= -0.28, p < 0.001, and β= -0.11, p < 0.001, respectively). The correlation between plasma adiponectin levels and fi ve-year change in BW and BMI in both genders was not statistically signifi cant. Conclusions: In Taiwanese adolescents, plasma leptin levels were negatively and signifi cantly associated with the changes in BW and BMI during the fi ve-year follow-up period in both genders, but adiponectin levels were not. Such fi nding suggests that plasma leptin levels may be a negative marker of body weight gain over time.

Sports talent may be identified from young children when they show interest in different sports. Anthropometric, physical, cardiorespiratory fitness and lipids profiles contribute to selection procedures. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anthropometric, physical, cardiorespiratiory fitness and lipids and lipoprotein profiles of 10-16 yrs children, in order to identify sports talent in them. A total of 225 male children of 10-16 yrs age volunteered for this study; were divided equally into 3 groups (i) Prepubertal (age-11.0 ± 0.8yrs, n=75); (ii) Pubertal (age 13.5 ± 0.5 yrs, n=75); (iii) Postpubertal (age 15.5 ± 0.5 yrs, n=75). Selected anthropometric, physical and cardiorespiratiory fitness variables were measured for each group. A significantly (P<0.05) greater height, body mass, BSA, LBM, mid upper arm circumference, hip and trunk flexibility, grip strengths, abdominal strength, elastic leg strength, maximum speed, peak power, VO2max, FVC, FEV1, PEFR, blood pressure and serum HDL-C level were observed in Postpubertal children when compared to Prepubertal and Pubertal children. However, a significantly (P<0.05) lower percent body fat, reaction time, maximal heart rate, recovery heart rates and serum triglyceride level were noted in Postpubertal children when compared to Prepubertal and Pubertal children. The waist- hip ratio of pubertal children was noted significantly higher (P<0.05) when compared to prepubertal and postpurbertal children. No significant change was reported in BMI, resting heart rate, serum total cholesterol and LDL-C levels among the groups. Identification of children at early stage of their growth and development may produce elite athletes in the future. Talent identification also can be used as a counseling technique that helps to discover and explore areas of talent for particular athletes.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations and body composition, hematological indices and lipid profile parameters in adults. The study involved 95 volunteers (BMI from 23.3 to 53 kg/m2). Anthropometric parameters were measured: body weight and height, waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat mass (BMF), subcutaneous and visceral fat mass (SFM, VFM), lean body mass (LBM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM). In serum we determined adiponectin and leptin concentrations, extracellular hemoglobin, total bilirubin, as well as lipid metabolism (TCh, HDL-Ch, LDL-Ch, TG). Mean adipokine levels were significantly higher in women (p ≤ 0.01), adiponectin significantly negatively correlated with body height and weight, systolic blood pressure and absolute LBM and SMM values. The same relation was observed for erythroid system indicators and lipid indicators. A positive correlation was exceptionally found between adiponectin and HDL-Ch. LEP negatively correlated with some percentage rates (%LBM, %SMM). Only in women, we observed a positive correlation between LEP and body weight, BMI and WHR. Studies on ADPN and the ADPN/LEP ratio as a valuable complementary diagnostic element in the prediction and prevention of cardiovascular diseases need to be continued.

Objective: To determine the effect of high altitude on systemic blood pressure (BP) among children. Subjects and Methods: About 145 school children from high altitude and 155 from low altitude were included in this study. Measurements of normal BP, body weight and height, triceps skin fold, waist circumference, and hematocrit value were made. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from body weight and height, and the percentage of fat mass (FMP) was calculated from triceps skin fold measurement. Results: There was no difference in the mean age for high altitude and low altitude groups (12.46 ± 1.56 12.41 ± 1.52, respectively). Body weight and height were significantly higher in high altitude children than their counterparts at low altitude. The mean BMI values were not significantly different between the two groups. Children living at high altitude had significant higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), hematocrit value, triceps skin fold, waist circumference, and FMP than those living at low altitude. There were positive significant correlations between SBP and DBP on one hand and body weight and height, BMI, FMP, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, and hematocrit values on the other hand. Conclusion: The significant difference in BP between the two groups was attributed to high body weight and height, body fat, and hematocrit value in the high altitude group.

The author measured the physical status and skinfold thickness of school children who entered two primary schools in Numazu, Japan, in 1967 and 1968, during the following six years until their graduation. This study was made of the course of growth and development from the point of view of obesity which has in recent years been creating problems, with reference to the data obtained by measuring the builds of the school children by longitudinal section over the six years. The school children comprised 198 boys and 197 girls; and the boys were aged 7.02 and the girls, 7.03 on the average. The results of analysis of the data are presented below. I. General growth status of school children chosen subjects 1) The mean body heights, body weights and chest circumferences by ages and sexes which were measured by the author were mostly consistent with the means for the corresponding ages in 1968-1973 which were published by the Japanese Ministry of Education, but with a six-month lag. 2) The mean skinfold thickness of the upper arm, back and abdominal were commonly in the sequence of upper arm > the abdominal > the back and alterations with aging showed an abrupt increase at the age of 9 in both the boys and girls. II. The author classed the children by the rates of alterations in body weight by body heights into the following four groups; group A by not less than +10% ; group B by 0+9.9% ; group C by -0.1 to -9.9% ; and group D by not less than -10%. The growth statuses by these groups may be summarized as follows; 1) The mean magnitudes of body heights and body weights at the age of six tended to be in the sequence of group A >group B >group C >group D in both boys and gials, while only the body lengths of girls were in the sequence of group D > group C. The mean body heights of groups A and B were tested for singificant difference ;and it was revealed that there was a significant difference in mean body lengths at any of the ages of from six to 11 between the boys of the two groups, but a significant difference only at the age of ten between the girls of the two groups. 2) The mean skinfold thickness of each of the measured regions (upper arm, back and abdominal) of group A was far greater than that of any of the other three groups. 3) The rate of children judged as obese during the six pears was highest in group A, with 75.0% of boys and 60.0% of girls of this group judged so. This finding means the necessity of taking early measures to prevent the school children with a tendency to obesity at the age of six from getting obese. III. Twenty-five boys and 26 girls who were judged as obese during the six years were classed to the obese group, and the growth course of this group is presented below. 1) The mean body heights and body weights of this group at lower ages were smaller than the counterparts of group A by the rates of alterations in body weight by body heights, while those at higher ages tended to be greater than those of group A. 2) Alterations in the mean skinfold thickness of the upper arm, back and abdominal regions were such that the skinhold thickness increased sharply and markedly at ages of 8 to 9. 3) Alterations in annual increase in body length showed that both the boys and girls of obese group tended to be mature earlier than those of group A. 4) The incidence of obesity was high at lower ages of six to nine in both the boys and girls. Out of these children, the status of improvement of obesity at the of 11 was poor in the children judged as obese at the age of s6x. 5) The correlation coefficient between the rates of increases in body weights by body heights and the skinfold thickness (upperm arm+back) was as low as r= +0.47 in the girls at ages of 9 to 11, which appears to indicate the influence of the growth accelerating stage.

To examine the influence of body height, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) on optic disc parameters in a population-based study. The Singapore Malay Eye Study examined 3280 persons of Malay ethnicity, aged 40 to 80 years, of whom 2329 (71.0%) had reliable retinal scanning confocal laser tomography images for analyses. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was ascertained by Goldmann applanation tonometry. Body height and weight were measured with standardized protocols; BMI was calculated as weight (kilograms)/height squared (meters). Sociodemographic information was collected in an interviewer-administered questionnaire. In univariate analyses, body height, weight, and BMI were significantly associated with optic cup area, rim area, and cup-to-disc area ratio (all with P < 0.05) but none of the anthropometric parameters was significantly associated with optic disc area (all with P > 0.05). In multiple regression analyses after adjustment for age, sex, optic disc size, axial length, education, family income, and IOP, each SD increase in body height was associated with a 0.042-mm(2) decrease in optic rim area and a 0.020 increase in optic cup-to-disc area ratio; each SD decrease in body weight was associated with a 0.013-mm(2) decrease in optic rim area and a 0.010 increase in optic cup-to-disc ratio; and each SD decrease in BMI was associated with a 0.021-mm(2) decrease in optic rim area and a 0.010 increase in optic cup-to-disc ratio. Persons who are taller or have lower BMI have a smaller neuroretinal rim area and a larger optic cup-to-disc area ratio.

IntroductionMonitoring anthropometric characteristics such as body height and body weight, as well as body mass index (BMI) is central to understanding biological develop¬ment and population health. Montenegro is known for exceptionally tall stature, which is also reflected in other mentioned variables, yet historical national-level data on adolescent growth during the second half of the 20th century have been limited. The aim of this study was to examine secular trends in body height, body weight, BMI, and nutritional status among male adolescents in Montenegro using nationwide archival data from mandatory military medical examinations con¬ducted between 1979 and 1987.MethodsThis retrospective cross-sectional study included 83,274 male adolescents born between 1961 and 1969. Data were obtained from digitized archival medical records collected during standardized pre-recruitment examinations in the former Yugoslav People’s Army. The mean age at exami¬nation was 18.06 ± 0.52 years (range: 16.5–25.9), supporting the application of adult BMI classification criteria. Body height, body weight, and BMI were analyzed by birth cohort using analysis of variance and linear regression models, while trends in nutritional status categories were assessed using chi-square tests for trend.ResultsThe mean body height of the total sample was 176.76 ± 6.91 cm, confirm¬ing that Montenegrin adolescents belonged to one of the tallest populations in Europe during the study period. Although statistically significant differences across cohorts were observed due to the large sample size, effect sizes and regression analyses indicated no meaningful secular changes in body height, body weight, or BMI. Nutritional status analysis showed that 85.9% of participants had normal BMI, while the prevalence of overweight (7.2%) and obesity (0.6%) was low. A modest but statistically significant increase in overweight and obesity prevalence across cohorts was identified.DiscussionThis study provides the first compre¬hensive national overview of anthropometric characteristics and nutritional status of male adolescents in Montenegro during the late 20th century. By establishing a relevant historical baseline based on standardized nationwide archival data, the findings provide an essential reference for future analyses of long-term secular trends and contemporary public health comparisons.

The purpose of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics in German amateur soccer players based upon their ranking in the championship table and the position of the players. Seventy-two male Fifth Division soccer players from four clubs volunteered for this study. The examination of the teams was conducted within 10 days of the preparation period for the second half of the season when teams A through D were ranked 6 th , 5 th , 2 nd and 11 th in the Division. Anthropometric measurements included body weight and height, skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, calf), biepicondylar humerus and femur breadths, upper arm (flexed and tensed), thigh and calf girths. Somatotypes were calculated using the Heath-Carter equations.No differences were found between the means of the different anthropometric variables of the four teams (p <.05). In all groups, the somatotype means of the soccer players were mesomorph-endomorph. Compared to field players, goalkeepers showed higher values for body height, body weight and arm girth (p <.05).This study showed that there were no anthropometric and somatotype differences between the soccer teams of different club ranking. Compared to field players, goalkeepers showed higher body height and weight, higher biepicondylar femur and humerus breadths, hig8her arm, thigh and calf girths, and higher mesomorphy. Discriminant function analyses were unable to separate the players’ position on the basis of body composition or somatotype. No differences were found between the means of the different anthropometric variables of the four teams (p < .05). 1)gan

Miichthys miiuy Basilewsky is a commercially important marine fish in China. To understand the relationship between body mass and morphometric traits of M. miiuy, body mass (Y, g) and other eight morphometric traits (cm), e.g., total length (X1), body length (X2), head length (X3), trunk length (X4), tail length (X5), tail handle length (X6), tail handle height (X7), and body height (X8) of 524 individuals of about 12-month-old M. miiuy were measured in this study. The methods of correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and path ana-lysis were used to analyze the data. Also, the best model reflecting the relationship between morphometric traits and body mass were obtained through model fitting screening. The results showed that the correlation coefficients between every two traits ranged from 0.834 to 0.941, and all reached significance level (P<0.01). And body length was ruled out from the multiple regression analysis by the method of multicollinearity diagnosis. We established a regression equation using the rest morphologi-cal traits as variables and body mass as dependent variable, in which direct and indirect path coefficients and determinant coefficients were calculated. Four morphometric traits achieved highly significant levels (P<0.01), and they were the main decisive morphometric traits linked to body mass. The multiple linear regression model equation was established as Y＝-444.188 +7.943X1+12.861X4 +38.254X7 + 42.722X8. Among them, the trait with the strongest direct effect on body mass was the body height (0.351), then the total length (0.335). In addition, the best model fitted for the individuals was y=0.013 x2.891 for total length, y=2.028 x2.751 for body height. The method of model fit test showed the accuracy of total length estimated body mass was higher than that of body height. This research may provide an important reference for the effective use of morphological traits for breeding of M. miiuy.

To investigate the possible association between body stature (height) and corneal thickness and radius in younger-adult Caucasians, especially within the context of previously published literature. Body height and weight were measured in 109 healthy subjects, with an average age of 24 ± 6 years (mean ± SD). Subjects underwent an ophthalmic assessment including anterior segment imaging by Scheimpflug topography and specular microscopy. Central and peripheral corneal thickness and corneal radius were analyzed. The relationship between body stature and corneal parameters was assessed using simple and multiple regression analysis. Effect size was determined by generating regression and correlation coefficients. Body height ranged from 1.54 to 1.86 m (mean ± SD 1.67 ± 0.08 m), central corneal thickness from 465 to 629 μm (554 ± 33 μm), whereas corneal radius measured between 7.16 and 8.49 mm (7.75 ± 0.24 mm). Body height was weakly associated with central corneal thickness and peripheral corneal thickness (r ≥ -0.180), and moderately with corneal radius (r = 0.351). Based on the regression equations, central corneal thickness decreases by 8 μm, whereas corneal radius increases by 0.11 mm for each 0.1-m difference in body height. No significant correlations were found for similar assessments using body weight or body mass index. Differences in corneal radius and corneal thickness can be linked to body stature. However, effect sizes were consistently small and no more than 13% of the variability in corneal curvature could be explained by variations in body stature.