The difference between neuroscience and psychoanalysis: Irreducibility of absence to brain states

Implicit learning (IL) occurs unconsciously and without intention. Perceptual fluency is the ease of processing elicited by previous exposure to a stimulus. It has been assumed that perceptual fluency is associated with IL. However, the role of perceptual fluency following IL has not been investigated in temporal pattern learning. Two experiments by Schultz, Stevens, Keller, and Tillmann demonstrated the IL of auditory temporal patterns using a serial reaction-time task and a generation task based on the process dissociation procedure. The generation task demonstrated that learning was implicit in both experiments via motor fluency, that is, the inability to suppress learned information. With the aim to disentangle conscious and unconscious processes, we analyze unreported recognition data associated with the Schultz et al. experiments using the sequence identification measurement model. The model assumes that perceptual fluency reflects unconscious processes and IL. For Experiment 1, the model indicated that conscious and unconscious processes contributed to recognition of temporal patterns, but that unconscious processes had a greater influence on recognition than conscious processes. In the model implementation of Experiment 2, there was equal contribution of conscious and unconscious processes in the recognition of temporal patterns. As Schultz et al. demonstrated IL in both experiments using a generation task, and the conditions reported here in Experiments 1 and 2 were identical, two explanations are offered for the discrepancy in model and behavioral results based on the two tasks: 1) perceptual fluency may not be necessary to infer IL, or 2) conscious control over implicitly learned information may vary as a function of perceptual fluency and motor fluency.

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The Upside of Down: Disaster and the Imagination 50 Years On

无意识目标追求是指个体在无意识状态下追求自动激活的目标的行为。自动激活的目标能促使个体处于目标行为的无意识准备状态，同时通过个体对目标价值进行判断，二者相互作用引起个体的无意识目标追求。影响无意识目标追求的因素包括目标关联的重要他人、目标表征的积极情感，以及个体对目标的感受性差异、对目标的内隐态度、实现目标所需的技能等。 Much of contemporary psychology has come to recognize that a great deal of human functioning is rooted in unconscious processes as well—that is, those processes that do not require conscious control. According to the goal auto-motive model, the goal representation can become capable of automatic activation. The researchers have discussed a mechanism for unconscious goal pursuit and demonstrated that the activated goal can lead people to prepare feasible actions that make the goal attainable and evaluate the value of the activated goal unconsciously. The factors that influence the goal pursuit may be the representations of significant others, the positive affect, the individual’s susceptibility differences, own implicit attitude, and skills about the unconscious goal pursuit.

The concept of overdetermination offers a way of understanding the radical contingency of the human subject, history, and politics. Initially theorized by Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, in The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), the overdetermination of the manifest content of the dream, produced when our mind is free of conscious control, offers insights into unconscious processes in waking life. Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser took up Freud's concept in his critique of the Hegelian dialectic and economic determinism in contemporary Marxism. The theorization of these issues was developed further by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe in Hegemony and Socialist Strategy (1985). Their school of discourse theory, and related theoretical and empirical research drawing on Lacanian psychoanalysis, might be seen as the most productive contemporary fields building on Freudian and Althusserian conceptualizations of overdetermination. This ongoing theorization of overdetermination produces insights into the interplay between unconscious forces, discourse, and political change.

The paper examines the implications of conceptual critiques and empirical research on psychoanalytic formulations of unconscious processes. Different conceptions of unconscious processes and states are discussed: as markers for brain states, as unformulated and not-spelled-out fleeting experiences, and as implicit knowledge. The author notes and discusses the interpersonal and interactional aspects of unconscious processes in classical theory as well as in contemporary formulations. Representative examples of empirical research on unconscious processes are presented and their implications for psychoanalytic conceptions are examined. The author then discusses the conception of unconscious processes that emerges in view of conceptual critiques, empirical research findings, and clinical phenomena. Finally, the emphasis of both early and late Freudian theory on integration of various aspects of the personality rather than (or at least in addition to) on conscious versus unconscious is noted, and various ways of understanding what it means to make the unconscious conscious are discussed.

As a cultural movement, the Enlightenment can be viewed as a significant driver in both the development of techniques for probabilistically considering future outcomes and a shift in dominant perspectives regarding the amenability of the future to human planning and control. The refinement of mathematical approaches towards future uncertainties was accompanied by a transition from perceiving the future as lying in ‘God’s hands’ towards an increasing faith in human-made technologies. Yet while technological developments have brought an increasing number of domains under the auspices of measurement, planning and probabilistic prediction, so has the intractability of uncertainty and the limits of control have become ever more evident. The focus of this chapter is on recent theories of risk and uncertainty within the domains of sociology and anthropology. All share certain preoccupations with one another, though the nature of risk, the position of experts in relation to experiences of risk and the novelty attributed to these configurations differ greatly.

Throughout the entire history of our multiethnic state, Soviet patriotism has played an extremely important role as one of the powerful factors in the cohesion, development, and defense of the socialist fatherland. Patriotism is an inseparable feature of the new historical, social, and international community of people—the Soviet people—and one of the fundamental principles of communist morality. Such a status demands a sedulous attention to the patriotic and international upbringing of youth and of all workers, which is in turn an important condition for the perfection of developed socialism.

Hash functions are one-way functions that map arbitrary-length input to fixed-length output. Moreover, they have many cryptographic applications, such as integrity checks, password storage, and signatures. Cryptographic hash functions have some additional properties that can be formulated as hard problems: pre-image resistance, second pre-image resistance, and collision resistance. A significant technological development in this area is unlikely. Standardized hash functions are considered secure, and open-source implementations can be used at no cost. To conclude, the security properties required from hash functions depend on the intended purpose.

To further our understanding of the function of conscious experience we need to know which cognitive processes require awareness and which do not. Here, we show that an unconscious stimulus can trigger inhibitory control processes, commonly ascribed to conscious control mechanisms. We combined the metacontrast masking paradigm and the Go/No-Go paradigm to study whether unconscious No-Go signals can actively trigger high-level inhibitory control processes, strongly associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Behaviorally, unconscious No-Go signals sometimes triggered response inhibition to the level of complete response termination and yielded a slow down in the speed of responses that were not inhibited. Electroencephalographic recordings showed that unconscious No-Go signals elicit two neural events: (1) an early occipital event and (2) a frontocentral event somewhat later in time. The first neural event represents the visual encoding of the unconscious No-Go stimulus, and is also present in a control experiment where the masked stimulus has no behavioral relevance. The second event is unique to the Go/No-Go experiment, and shows the subsequent implementation of inhibitory control in the PFC. The size of the frontal activity pattern correlated highly with the impact of unconscious No-Go signals on subsequent behavior. We conclude that unconscious stimuli can influence whether a task will be performed or interrupted, and thus exert a form of cognitive control. These findings challenge traditional views concerning the proposed relationship between awareness and cognitive control and stretch the alleged limits and depth of unconscious information processing.

Beginning in the 21st century, e-business enterprises need to take vigorous tactics in facing greater challenges in a booming cyber commerce era. In today’s e-business environment, innovative interface technologies change with each passing day, customers’ (users’) satisfaction are more and more discerning, and market demands can fluctuate unpredictably. While facing constant changes in the lower-profit and high customer-service cyber commerce environment, it is important to know how to break through the current Information Technology (IT) industrial situation, maintain the enterprises’ owned advantage and continuously make a profit under a booming transition. In this research, nineteen sub-criteria are categorized into five factors (criteria) by the measurement of factor analysis. Three basic types of innovative business websites (portals, cyber commerce and social community) in an e-business environment are then evaluated by nineteen assessable criteria of five characteristics of innovation interface technology through the use of the Analytical Network Process (ANP) approach. The specific feature of the ANP model is to establish a pairwise comparative matrix and furthermore, to calculate the priority vector weights (eigenvector) of each assessable characteristic, criteria and sub-criteria. The factor analysis can utilize more measure matrix to benefit the deviation of ANP approach due to less data from expert’s opinions. Additionally, in the content, the analytical hierarchical relations are definitely expressed in four levels among each characteristic of innovative interface technology (IIT), criterion and sub-criteria. Moreover, based on the empirical analysis, the enterprises are able to choose the best potential business website with highest economic value added (EVA) through this research in order to maximize financial profits and benefits from an innovative perspective. Finally, some suggestions for managers and researchers are inductively formed to further determine the best development of innovative interface technologies in a thriving cyber commerce environment.

Mentality is an important ethnopsychological phenomenon, which is an integral ethnopsychological feature of nation and determines its essential features. It is a certain psychological structure, which forms the value system and norms of life as an individual, as the nation. It appears as the integral valuable characteristic of social community. It Includes a set of values, symbolic, conscious and subconscious feelings, ideas and leads to the appropriate patterns of behavior, activities, lifestyle of the group.Habits, desire, symbols tradition, intuitive unconscious belong to mentality and they exist at the level of unconscious mental processes. It combines rational features and irrational ones. This is the way, the type of thinking, which is revealed in cognitive, emotional and volitional processes.The structure of mentality consists of three components: emotional, cognitive and behavioral. Emotional component of mentality consists of emotional states and experiences. Emotional component gives some energy charge to mentality, stimulates the cognitive and behavioral activity.Cognitive component of mentality consists of knowledge of objects and the situation of life, which are the result of an individual life experience and learning. It allows people to navigate in different situations. Behavioral component — is a component, which is expressed in action and acts of ethnic group. Due to behavioral component the values of ethnic group are implemented.So mentality is a system of ideas and values that stimulate and regulate the behavior in the socio-cultural realities of being, it is a specific reflection of reality, which caused by the process of life of ethnic group in specific geographic, historical and cultural conditions.

Development of a digital technology has transformed the way in which an individual, a social group or community, i.e. a state, interacts in their domains of interest. The application of a digital technology, especially ICT, has caused the need to review whether the existing legislative solutions correspond to such news, or whether it is necessary to change or supplement the legal system of the state with new regulations. One of such issues refers to the creation of new types of assets identified as digital assets or the assets based on the creation of a digital technology. The subject of the research paper is the analysis of the institute of digital property with a special reference to the legislative domain of the way of issuing digital property. In his work, the author affirmed the issue of the importance of the legislative challenge in the standardization of relevant social phenomena and relations in the age of the intensive development and application of a digital technology. The aim of the work was achieved in the domain of the conducted normative analysis of the relevant provisions of the Digital Property Act in the part referring to the legislative approach to standardizing the concept of the digital property institute, as well as the particular issues from the domain of issuing digital property

Artificial intelligence (AI) is viewed as one of the technological advances that will reshape modern societies and their relations. While the design and deployment of systems that continually adapt hold the promise of far-reaching, positive change, they simultaneously pose significant risks, especially to already vulnerable people. This work explores the meaning of AI, and the important role of critical understanding and its phenomenological foundation in shaping its ongoing advances. The values, power, and magic of reason are central to this discussion. Critical theory has used historical hindsight to explain the patterns of power that shape our intellectual, political, economic, and social worlds, and the discourse on AI that surrounds these worlds. The authors also delve into niche topics in philosophy such as transcendental self-awareness, post-humanism, and concepts of space-time and computer logic. By embedding a critical phenomenological orientation within their technical practices, AI communities can develop foresight and tactics that can better align research and technology development with established ethical principles — centering vulnerable people who continue to bear the brunt of the negative impacts of innovation and scientific progress. The creation of a critical–technical practice of AI will lead to a permanent revolution in social, scientific, and political communities. The years ahead will usher in a wave of new scientific breakthroughs and technologies driven by AI research, making it incumbent upon AI communities to strengthen the social contract through ethical foresight, a capability which only phenomenology can deliver, ultimately supporting future technologies that enable greater well-being, with the goal of delivering practical truths. A Critical Understanding of Artificial Intelligence: A Phenomenological Foundation is an essential read for anyone interested in the complex debate and phenomenology surrounding AI and its growing role in our society.

Basic scientific research and technological development have had an enormous impact on innovation, economic growth, and social well-being. Yet science policy debates have long been dominated by advocates for particular scientific fields or missions. In the absence of a deeper understanding of the changing framework in which innovation occurs, policymakers cannot predict how best to make and manage investments to exploit our most promising and important opportunities. Since 2005, a science of science policy has developed rapidly in response to policymakers' increased demands for better tools and the social sciences' capacity to provide them. The Science of Science Policy: A Handbook brings together some of the best and brightest minds working in science policy to explore the foundations of an evidence-based platform for the field. The contributions in this book provide an overview of the current state of the science of science policy from three angles: theoretical, empirical, and policy in practice. They offer perspectives from the broader social science, behavioral science, and policy communities on the fascinating challenges and prospects in this evolving arena. Drawing on domestic and international experiences, the text delivers insights about the critical questions that create a demand for a science of science policy.