THE ENTITY CONCEPT IN ACCOUNTING.

The article raises the issue of considering the economic entities in Russia from the legal standpoint. Such entities tobjectively existed, exist today and will certainly exist in the foreseeable future. At different historical stages of the Russian state development, they acquired various types. The main thing that united them was that they were not subjects of law, did not have legal personality. The goals and objectives of this study are to determine the configuration of these entities, to identify their full or partial economic basis, as well as to identify the negative consequences of their lack of legal personality. The author asks the question: which types of these entities can eventually form a proper legal personality, turning them into subjects of law? The methodological basis of this study was made up of general scientific research methods: dialectical-materialistic cognition, analysis, synthesis, generalization, as well as concrete scientific methods of cognition: formal-legal, historical-legal and comparative-legal. The results of the study. The problem of the real existence in the life of society of economic entities that have not reached the level of the subject of law is posed. This was done using existing examples: self-employed citizens, artificial intelligence, volunteer detachments, etc. Conclusions: the article suggests that it is necessary to withdraw from the " legal shadow" of economic non-legal entities, since without this they are defenseless in the matter of judicial protection of their rights and interests in case of their violation or challenge. At the same time, it is noted that it is not expedient to endow some of their types with legal personality.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to verify the mission paradigm using the activities of social economy entities: rural women's circles. An analysis of mission perceptions and values declared by women from rural housewives' circles in the study area was carried out. Then it was verified whether there are similarities in mission components in social entities compared to entities of the economic (classical) type. Design/methodology/approach: The main theme was respondents' perceptions of mission and values. This paper presents the results of the Author`s research, obtained through a questionnaire survey and the use of the field group interview method. All surveys were conducted among women active in rural women's circles. The hypothesis was developed and verified based on the deductive method. The results are presented in descriptive and tabular form. The thematic scope of the study includes issues of declaration and perception of the mission of the rural women's circles and declarations of values that guide women in their activities. Findings: The research confirmed the hypothesis adopted in the article, indicating the alternative nature of the mission paradigm in social economy entities, compared to the dominant paradigm of classical economics of heterodox economics (on the example of rural women's circles). This is primarily supported by the listed mission attributes and values, which differ significantly from classical economics. In social economy entities, the mission refers primarily to intangible values, rejects individualism in the mission, and does not aim exclusively (or at all) for economic profit. As a rule, social economy entities are based on collective action and social solidarity, which is in contrast to the market economic model, focused on individual success and competition. Research limitations/implications: Important limitations relate to the limited availability of data in the case of a survey of village circles. Another issue is the subjectivity of interpretation, occurring in qualitative or deductive research. The lack of standardization is also an important problem - in the case of the data presented in this article, it should be considered as case studies and not standardized data. Originality/value: The article verifies popular management theories and compares classical management concepts of capitalist economy entities with social economy entities - using the example of rural women's circles. The article brings a new perspective on selected aspects of heterodox economics, referring to management’s chosen tools (mission and values). Keywords: mission, rural women circles, paradigm. Category of the paper: Research paper.

Accountability is one of the main elements of the realization of good governance which is currently being pursued in Indonesia. The government is asked to report the results of the programs that have been implemented so that the public can assess whether the government has worked economically, efficiently and effectively. Accountability can be seen from an accounting perspective, a functional perspective and an accountability system perspective. This Scientific Journal uses normative legal research and uses a statutory approach and a legal concept approach. the development of the public service paradigm from a broad concept of accountability to a narrow concept of accountability in public sector procurement spending that uses providers of goods and services, both as business entities and individuals, is done through the selection of providers of goods and services. The power to set policies is exercised by the legislature, specifically in the policy of setting the state budget, known as budget rights. Meanwhile, the executive power in the field of state finances is known as the general power for managing state finances. Based on this, the concept of governance which emphasizes the mechanism in carrying out functions by actors involved in certain sectors has not shown a certain mechanism, as well as the principle of accountability which is an element of governance that is still an accountability concept with general evaluative character (umbrella concept). The very broad, general and evaluative, is very difficult to define practically and empirically because there are no operational standards for accountable behavior.

Introduction. In the economy of any country, the insurance sector holds a stable position as one of the significant financial instruments that effectively protects the property interests of all economic entities from risks that accompany them throughout life and are not a temporary phenomenon. As we can see, the last decade worldwide has been characterized by an increase in military conflicts and wars, which have caused significant human and material losses. Such military conflicts have a significant economic impact on all economic entities. Therefore, it is important in conditions of instability and threats to ensure security and provide financial protection for all economic entities. As financial intermediaries, insurance companies make a significant contribution and greatly impact economic stabilization. They can ensure security and provide financial protection to all those in need because insurance is an integral part of the entire economy of any country. The role of insurance in providing financial protection for the interests of individuals and legal entities is undeniable. Over a historically short period, radical changes have taken place in this field, which is sufficiently covered in the works of domestic scientists: T. Artyukh, V. Bazylevych, A. Baranov, O. Gamankova, S. Goryanska, S. Osadtsya, N. Prykazyuk, O. Kneysler, T. Kryvoshlyk, V. Stetsyuk, R. Pikus, V. Trynchuk, T. Tataryna, L. Shirinyan, T. Yavorskaya. It was their works that had a significant impact on the formation of insurance scientific thought and insurance culture, which is extremely important in terms of the socio-economic development of the country. However, these issues require constant further research, as life and health, and the country's infrastructure directly affect the development of the country's economy as a whole. Objective. To identify and systematize regulatory policy in the insurance sector as a crucial component of financial market stability and transparency, consumer protection, and the promotion of sustainable insurance market development. Methodology. The authors employed the abstract-logical method and the observation method to formulate theoretical propositions and conclusions; the structural method and the comparative method were used to analyze insurance operations. Results. This article investigates Ukraine's position among the world's largest insurance markets based on the volume of gross written premiums; examines the role of insurance for various consumers of financial services; analyzes regulatory policy in the insurance sector; considers the financial market in numbers, including insurance companies; analyzes the concentration of the insurance market based on gross written premiums, the level of payouts, and types of insurance; determines the loss ratio by type of insurance; and identifies indicators of consumer attractiveness based on assets, equity, insurance reserves, net earned premiums and insurance payouts.

Метою статті є обґрунтування способів удосконалення державного регулювання сільського господарства України в умовах активізації міжнародних інтеграційних процесів. Актуальність дослідження визначається несформованістю загальноприйнятих підходів до розроблення та здійснення державної регуляторної політики. Застосовувалися загальноприйняті методи досліджень. Монографічний метод використано для вивчення проблем розроблення регуляторної політики, статистичного аналізу – для дослідження волатильності цін на продукцію та їхнього впливу на обсяги її виробництва. Результати досліджень полягають у зіставленні різних способів державного регулювання сільського господарства. Обґрунтована доцільність сприяння державною регуляторною політикою формуванню саморегулівних економічних систем, у яких без прямого державного регулювання формувалися би прийнятні і стабільніші ціни. Практична значущість полягає у можливості використання запропонованих способів регулювання сільського господарства державними органами управління галуззю та суб’єктами господарювання.

Problem setting. As a result of open Russian aggression and hostilities on the territory of Ukraine, significant amounts of Ukrainian land, water and underground sources, and other natural resources have been withdrawn from economic circulation. These circumstances have a significant impact on the state of operations and innovative behavior of entities that use natural resources. Therefore, mechanisms of investment, innovation and state support for both entire industries and individual business entities that are appropriate to these circumstances are in demand. Under the above conditions, the problem of introducing the latest management technologies as a factor of manifestation of the initiative of innovative activity from the outside, which is directed at the subjects of economic use of natural resources, is becoming relevant. Analysis of recent research and publications. S.V. Solodchenko’s dissertation argues that not only state control should contain a social component, but also non-state control. He summarizes foreign experience and positively assesses the system of reporting on sustainable development indicators. Y. Brairaktar substantiates the stages of formation of nonfinancial reporting of enterprises, I. Vasylchuk considers non-financial reporting as a tool for managing the sustainable development of corporations, T. Sikorska and O. Osadcha predict the ways and consequences of integrating non-financial indicators into the reporting of a business entity. Target of the research is to study the problems of harmonization of the provisions of legislation on the use of natural resources in the field of economic activity on the basis of economic and legal approaches in order to formalize the procedure for certifying by economic entities their contribution to improving or intending to improve in the future the economic, environmental and social situation, as well as the processes and trends of economic development at the local, regional and global levels. Article’s main body. The modern system of reporting on sustainability indicators was developed by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and was positively received by representatives of big business, transnational campaigns, nongovernmental organizations, investors, regulatory organizations and others. The article is devoted to the study of the issue of relevance of innovation activity depending on the presence of a social component in the approaches to the selection of an investment object/subject. The author presents the results of studying the experience of legal support for the growth of the economy of enterprises in ways that are environmentally sustainable. Reporting on environmentally sustainable ways of economic growth of enterprises becomes an information and communication tool for taking the initiative for innovation activity (introduction of the latest management technologies). The current state of research into the issues of legal support for the growth of the enterprise economy in environmentally sustainable ways is characterized by an extremely low level of development of a conceptual approach to the interpretation of knowledge about the synergistic effect of the interaction of the main directions of economic, legal and environmental policy of Ukraine. The author substantiates two topical issues in solving the problem of influence on innovation activity in relation to economic entities using natural resources: (1) selection of an atypical incentive for manifestation of the initiative of innovation activity from the outside, namely, orientation towards its manifestation depending on the presence of a social component in the approaches to the selection of an investment object/subject; (2) determination of the methodology for selecting criteria for harmonization of Ukrainian legislation on the use of natural resources by economic entities. The author outlines the prospects for studying the impact on innovation activity in relation to economic entities using natural resources, namely, specification of the public law regime of such objects as soil, subsoil, water, etc. as a result of a detailed delineation of the exercise of Ukraine’s sovereignty over territorial and economic systems. Conclusions and prospects for the development. It should be considered a high degree of evolution of the consciousness of investors who choose to invest their capital in those companies that report on environmentally sustainable ways of growing the economy of their enterprises. The public manifestation of innovative activity, depending on the presence of a social component in approaches to the selection of an investment object/subject, needs to be popularized in Ukraine. The tendency to cover non-financial macro-level indicators in the reporting of a business entity affects the growth of ratings of organizations that evaluate their activities by environmental, social and governance indicators when selected by investors.

The growth of business activity of foreign economic activity entities leads to an increase in illegal transactions. Accordingly, there is a need for greater control over the international activities of enterprises. This control can be exercised both at the state level and at the business entity level through an audit. A comprehensive audit system of foreign economic transactions should solve the problem of the tax base of export-import transactions. Incorrect determination of the tax base leads to an understatement of tax amounts, which leads to a decrease in the country's financial security. Negative consequences for foreign economic activity entities due to unconfirmed tax transactions caused in the form of fines and distortions of financial indicators lead to a decrease in financial confidence in the company by foreign users of information and investors and buyers. Therefore, the issues of auditing foreign economic activity are relevant to improving the economic security of the state and the entity. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical and methodological approaches to the organization and business entities' foreign economic activity audit. To achieve this goal, scientific abstraction, dialectical, logical generalization, analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction were used. The main results of the study: 1) based on a comparative study of several scientific sources, it is established that today there are three types of audit of foreign economic activity: domestic, independent foreign, and state; 2) systematized the main tasks, so the essential purpose of each of the types of audit of foreign economic activity; 3) it is established that today there is a growing demand for independent audits, the result of which is an independent audit opinion because independent control has the most positive impact on the company's image and its development at the international level. Conclusions: comprehensive audit of foreign economic activity is an ongoing process, which includes three components: 1) internal audit of current foreign economic transactions, the primary purpose of which is to obtain reliable and complete information on financial statements to make sound management decisions; 2) independent external audit during the growth of foreign economic activity of the enterprise, the primary purpose of which is, on the one hand, to increase the confidence of external users in the financial statements of foreign economic activity, and on the other - to avoid potential penalties and, consequently, increase financial security ; 3) state audit, the purpose of which is constant control over the correctness of accrual and payment of taxes by the subjects of foreign economic activity. Carrying out a full-fledged audit of foreign economic transactions requires constant monitoring of various types of factors that affect the emergence of risks in foreign economic activity.

this article focuses on the rights to transactions that relate to the right of individuals, legal entities and other economic entities that are subjects of international economic law to participate in certain types of international economic exchanges in order to realize their economic interests, the right to governance, or the right to national economic governance, relate to state intervention in international economic exchanges and their management. The object of management law is the transaction rights of individuals, legal entities and other business entities in transnational economic exchanges. It can be said that the private law of the rights of participants in a transnational economic exchange is mainly the consequences of property rights, limited management rights; in the field of law, the concept of law always reflects a certain society between specific parties.

The article considers project management in state and municipal management, and notes the limitations of its application at the regional and municipal levels. Most municipalities have formed municipal project offices, but the work is carried out exclusively within the framework of the implementation of national projects and is more formal than practical. There is a complexity of perception of new approaches in management. Despite the active widespread introduction of digitalization in municipalities in recent years, there has been a tendency to increase the information closeness of government bodies and departmental structures from each other. The existing system of interdepartmental electronic interaction is currently focused mainly on obtaining the necessary information by the authorities in order to provide individuals and legal entities with state and municipal services. In the field of state and municipal project management, there is a certain information vacuum that prevents various project management participants from effectively performing their functions in the project implementation process. As a solution to this problem, it is proposed to lay the basis for improving the project management system a single digital platform for interdepartmental electronic interaction, combining information about both citizens on the basis of the portal of state and municipal services, and about economic entities (legal entities and individual entrepreneurs), as well as real estate objects accumulated on the basis of the portal of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation, which will allow state authorities and local governments to receive complete information, necessary for the correct management decision - making, including in the field of project management.

At the present stage of development of financial and economic relations, lending is one of the most popular sources of covering the lack of financial resources necessary, in particular, to start the activity of an economic entity, expand production, eliminate the liquidity gap, etc. At the same time, enterprises operate in a changing environment, under the influence of permanent, as well as unpredictable risks and threats. Thus, intending to get a loan from a bank, a legal entity cannot always guarantee their timely return in full. In a crisis, legal entities often have significant losses, and therefore take loans to pay current liabilities. When providing loans to economic entities, banking institutions must be sure of their return. For this purpose, the creditworthiness of the borrower-legal entity is assessed, which ensures minimization of the risk of non-repayment of the bank’s loan funds. The article discusses modern models for assessing the creditworthiness of a borrower, as well as their characteristics and advantages and disadvantages. Taking into account the theoretical and methodological aspects of assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers makes it possible to reasonably propose ways to improve them so that banks can further minimize credit risk in their activities, and the banking system remains financially stable. The study of existing methods for assessing the creditworthiness of a borrower-legal entity led to the conclusion that in order to obtain accurate and objective assessments of the creditworthiness of an enterprise, complex methods should be used. At the same time, the methodological support for assessing the creditworthiness of a borrower-legal entity, used by domestic banking institutions, requires further improvement in terms of developing tools for assessing the qualitative characteristics of an enterprise’s creditworthiness. The article discusses the latest approaches to the methodology for assessing the creditworthiness of legal entities, such as credit rating, innovative credit scoring, including those based on the use of alternative data, based on the effective use of modern digital technologies: BigData, artificial intelligence, machine learning.

The concept of a legal entity as an independent legal entity, independent distinctiveness of its participants was formed gradually. In the Fatherland Law, it reached its climax in the Soviet era. It was then that such classical features of a legal entity were formulated as organizational unity, property isolation, and independent responsibility. The economic system drove this approach. In a planned socialist economy, an individual could not be the owner of the means of production, and therefore the legal personality of an enterprise was maximally alienated from a person's personality, which was reflected in its characteristics. For a long time, by inertia in Russian law and legislation, this alienation of the shareholder's personality from the legal entity's personality was preserved. The reason for the revision of this approach was the abuse by limited liability participants of legal entities controlled by them, using such a person as a "mask" for their activities and leading to a violation of creditors' interests. In this regard, with Russia's transition to market relations, an interest arose in the foreign theory of corporate law, which developed mechanisms to combat such abuses, studies of corporate forms of a legal entity, and mechanisms for bringing controllers and beneficial owners to justice were updated. The article examines the dynamics of the transformation of a legal entity's theory from dependence to independence and again to its dependence. It is argued that the shareholder's connection with the legal entity is preserved, and complete separation of the legal personality from the shareholder's personality is impossible, which is confirmed by the doctrine, law enforcement practice, and trends in the development of legislation on legal entities.

Актуальность данного исследования заключается в многообразии и сложности организационных структур различных хозяйствующих субъектов и необходимости поиска оптимальной системы управления для каждой конкретной организации с учетом присущих ей рисков. Исследование имеет практическую направленность. Целью является проведение анализа взаимосвязи структуры организации и рисков хозяйственной деятельности (на примере ПАО «НК «Роснефть»). Для объективного и качественного анализа в статье представлены теоретические аспекты по вопросам организационной структуры управления в организациях. Проанализированы материалы Д. В. Жаворонкова, В. И. Авдийского и др. На основе имеющихся теоретических знаний проведен анализ организационной структуры ПАО «НК «Роснефть» с разных позиций (холдинг в целом, взаимодействие с дочерними обществами, отдельное юридическое лицо и проектная деятельность), перечислены характерные черты определенных видов структур, перечислены основные риски хозяйственной деятельности, которым подвержена компания. В заключение даны рекомендации по совершенствованию процессов корпоративного управления в ПАО «НК «Роснефть». The relevance of this study lies in the diversity and complexity of organizational structures of various economic entities and the need to find an optimal management system for each specific organization, taking into account its inherent risks. The research has a practical focus. The purpose is to analyze the correlation between organizational structure and risks of economic activities (on the example of PJSC «NK «Rosneft»). For an objective and qualitative analysis, the article presents theoretical aspects on the organizational structure of management in organizations. The materials of D.V. Zhavoronkov, V.I. Avdiyskiy and others are analyzed. Based on the available theoretical knowledge, the analysis of the organizational structure of PJSC «NK «Rosneft» was carried out from different positions (holding as a whole, interaction with subsidiaries, a separate legal entity and project activities), the characteristic features of certain types of organizational structures are listed, the main risks of economic activity to which the company is exposed are mentioned. In conclusion, recommendations are given on improving the corporate governance processes in PJSC NK Rosneft.

This paper analyses the corporate entity theory and the lifting of the corporate veil in Ghana. Two major principles form the basis of the analysis. First, a company is a separate legal entity with the powers of a natural person of full capacity. Secondly, members of the company usually have limited liability. The paper notes that there are many inroads into these principles. In some situations, the Companies Code 1963 (Act 179) enforces corporate debts and liabilities against the company. In other situations, the Companies Code enforces the company's debts and liabilities against corporate officers who knowingly allowed the commission of wrongful acts. This paper therefore concludes that, under the Companies Code, a company is both a separate corporate person and an economic entity. To this end, the courts can treat the acts of corporate officers as either those of the company itself or those of the officers themselves. This paper also urges the courts to abandon lifting the corporate veil and suggests that the courts should admit remedies based on well known business principles in agency, contract, conveyance, industrial law, insolvency, tort, and trust.

Systems of systems typically contain many technical systems but also span across and affect different legal and economic entities (e.g., companies, public bodies, etc.). The economic entities are involved in exchanges of goods, services and value. To develop an envisioned or to understand an existing system of systems, systems engineers should also be able to model and analyze these value exchanges and the business interactions related to them. Business interactions are strongly related not only to the requirements on the systems of systems, but also on the systems within them. In this paper we propose to use business models, business process models and value network models to analyze business interactions in the context of systems engineering, and to elaborate how they can be related to requirements. We examine our proposal on an example system of systems: a smart grid.

The purpose of the article is to develop a conception for the formation of an institutional environment for energy security management, taking into account factors of external and internal influence. According to the results of the carried out study, it can be said that the transformation of the State system and the economic system, accompanied by centrifugal tendencies in the spheres of institutional management and the economy of the fuel and energy complex, has led to the emergence of a number of general, interrelated tendencies, among which are: changing the role of defining and expanding the conceptual mechanisms of market interaction between business entities; decentralization of service management in general, transfer of powers to the regional level; liberalization of prices for goods and services; change in qualitative and quantitative parameters of the functioning of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex. It is determined that along with the development of the enterprise, there is an objective need to eliminate the state of uncertainty and establish control over risks, and with the achievement of maturity, the business entity is «included» in the process of forming a conceptual institutional environment. The activities of economic entities in the modern economy cannot be analyzed from the point of view of neoclassical theory, since its methodological and categorical basis is insufficient for adequate analysis and explanation of economic phenomena in dynamics, for this it is necessary to form an institutional approach. It is determined that the systematization of institutions as elements of the institutional environment of economic entities of the fuel and energy complex allowed to identify their conceptual multilateral and multi-level nature.