The Evidence for Ancient Mining

After the textual criticism of Yuan, Ming, and Ching Dynasties, it was confirmed that the ancient writings, ”Book of Documents”, were not the ancient books of Qin Dynasty. Most of the textural criticism experts considered Chu Hsi's opinions towards the ancient writings ”Book of Documents” as the enlightenment of differentiating false thought. However, some modern scholars clearly pointed out that Chu Hsi's analysis towards the ancient writings ”Book of Documents” actually did not involve the suspicion of the genuineness of ancient writings ”Book of Documents”, but focused on the doubt towards new writings ”Book of Documents”. This thesis investigated Chu Hsi's early writings in ”Yu Lei” and found that Chu Hsi even doubted about the source and non-damaged appearance of ancient writings ”Book of Documents”, and it mainly discussed the proposition of ”False Book”. Nevertheless, Chu Hsi did not continue the thought of ”False Book” because of the lack of thorough evidence, thus he focused on how to explain the difference of modern and ancient writings' difficulty. Consequently, Chu Hsi's suspicion towards the ancient writings ”Book of Documents” was a very indistinct concept, but it was not correct to say with certainty that he never doubted about ”Book of Documents”.

On the basis of their chemical composition, the Ilímaussaq ore minerals in pegmatites and hydrothermal veins have been subdivided into the following four associations: I Pb-Zn-Mo, II Cu-Sb (including two subtypes: IIA Cu-Sb and IIB Cu-Sb-S), III Fe-As and IV Fe-Ni-As-Sb. Accessory rock-forming ore minerals have been studied in heavy mineral concentrates isolated from the augite syenite and from the following agpaitic rocks: alkali granite, sodalite foyaite, naujaite, green lujavrite, medium- to coarse-grained lujavrite and black, red and white kakortokites. The ore minerals comprise sulphides (galena, sphalerite, molybdenite, pyrrhotite, troilite, marcasite, pyrite, chaIcopyrite and djerfisherite), native elements (tin, lead and iron), aIloys (seinäjokite [FeSb2] and unnamed Sn-Cu(-Pb)phase), arsenides (westerveldite and loeIlingite) and one antimonide (gudmundite). Oxides of iron, titanium and chromium have been identified. Native iron, native tin, unnamed Sn-Cu(-Pb)phase, decomposed wüstite and chromite may represent contaminated material. Some of the accessory rock forming ore minerals form two additional associations: V Fe-Cu and VI Fe-Ti-O. The accessory ore minerals in the agpaitic rocks crystallized relatively late compared to the silicate minerals. In the augite syenite the original pyrrhotite and associated chaIcopyrite crystallized from an immiscible sulphide phase. Correlation between accessory rock-forming ore minerals and bulk chemical composition of the major rocks is severely limited due to the lack of chemical data. The ore minerals in the rocks, pegmatites and veins crystallized at low sulphur and oxygen fugacities. The log αS2 and log fO2 ranges are semi-quantitatively estimated on the basis of published thermodynamic data.

Is atherosclerosis fundamental to human aging? Lessons from ancient mummies

Current publications and polemics attest to the on-going efforts to explain Evil and death to post-modern man ‘acceptably’/scientifically? – the theodicy that has already been grappled with in the ancient writings. The search for the origin of Evil is one of the numerous facets in this virtually impossible undertaking. In ancient times, a deeper meaning was attached to name-giving. The obvious starting point is in the names given to the Evil in the Ancient Writings. Various names are used in turn for the Evil One. Each name reflects an aspect of the Entity. However, it is interesting to note that the names do link with one another. A further line of tradition that is closely connected to the Two Spirits in the Zoroastrianism, is the choice that every person must make between Good and Evil. Thus the Two Spirits are placed within man and by his choice expanded into two cosmic powers. This research on the ancient writings attempts to contribute to the ongoing unravelling and wording of this burning question.

Cosmetics is as old as the history of human being. It has been present in human life since the times of the most ancient civilizations. Perfumery is one of the oldest branches of cosmetics. Valerian perfumes found from the Pharaohs’ pyramids, had maintained their aroma. Coriander, Mace oil, cardamom, cinnamon, and juniper were also the favorite materials used for perfumery in ancient Egyptian civilization. Perfumes were very popular in ancient Persian civilization (from more than 2500 years ago). Some animal-origin perfumes such as amber and musk, and also perfumes made from flowers such as rose, jasmine, and narcissus were favorites of those people. Various flower perfumes were among their exported materials in that era. Perfumes were also very popular in other ancient civilizations such as the ancient Greek, Rome, and Indian civilizations. From 1900 onwards, analysis of the natural perfumes found the fragrant components, and some synthetic fragrances were discovered and used in perfumery industry. At present, many old fragrances are still used at least as imitation synthetic fragrances. Even fighting the face wrinkles dates back to the ancient times. In ancient Egypt, there was a facemask made from Nile-mud and Alum, which was used for diminishing the wrinkles. A combination of wax, olive oil, and fresh milk was also used against wrinkles. Ancient Greeks used an ointment made of bread, milk, baked beans, and butter for diminishing the wrinkles. Today, discovering the mechanisms involved in skin aging has helped making modern anti-wrinkle products (some with herbal extracts) with a deep and real effect in fighting wrinkles. Today's modernized cosmetics is the natural progression of the ancient cosmetics throughout the years. It has made innovations by introducing new active materials, as well as novel cosmetic delivery systems (e.g. liposomal forms) for the new and traditional raw materials.

In this issue of Pediatrics, McCormick et al1 report on a multicountry observational cohort study in which children and parents were assessed multiple times from children's age 6 months to 6 years, collecting information on measures of socioeconomic status, infection, illness, maternal depression, positive parenting, and the home environment, with the outcome being child development as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at early ages and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence at 60 months. Five trajectories of cognitive development were determined by statistical analysis. Not surprisingly, variables that represented a supportive and nurturing environment, such as emotional-verbal responsiveness of the parents, behaviors and/or environment to support learning, and environmental safety, were most strongly able to differentiate the most and least positive trajectories. Of course, other important variables were adequate nutrition and less respiratory and diarrheal illness.There is a large literature on the relationship of interventions to support and enhance nurturing parenting as well as to improve the learning environment with better early childhood outcomes in both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries.2–5 We also know that children living in extreme poverty are likely to have poor developmental trajectories. In McCormick et al,1 the authors were puzzled that they were not able to demonstrate that their measures of wealth (household income and assets)6 differentiated better and worse developmental trajectories. They point out (and I agree) that in this study, the measurement of multiple aspects of the home environment and of parenting were likely mediators of the poverty level and therefore displaced the influences associated with the variance of wealth. In addition, one of the stronger variables of the home environment, environmental safety (based on items such as the stove being in a safe area, house being relatively light and neat, and play area being free of hazards), may be a direct proxy of important aspects of assets and income.7Understanding what assets and activities can be encouraged and supported that promote early child development is also an important task in low-income and middle-income countries. The Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys used by United Nations International Children's Fund include questions on the young child's experience and resources (eg, how many books and toys does the child have; how often is the child read to, played with, sung to, told stories by an adult).8 Use of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys questionnaire for children <5 could help us understand the experience of children living in poverty in low- and middle-income countries and suggest areas for intervention.9Although there has been a marked reduction in recent years in the numbers of children living in extreme poverty and/or with stunting (which lead to risk of poor early childhood development), the numbers are still alarming. Sixty-five percent of children <5 years of age living in low-income countries are at risk for poor development. Although the percentages are somewhat lower in middle-income countries, ∼250 million children living in either low- or middle-income countries are at risk for faulty early child development. This is 43% of all children <5 years of age across the globe. These calculations use the definition of living on <$1.25 (US dollars) per day for extreme poverty. If one broadens the definition to those living in "moderate" poverty (living on <$2.00 per day), the number of children at risk is a staggering 324 million or 56% of all children in that age group.10,11 Although progress has occurred, almost all the decreases in risk are either in India or in upper-middle-income countries such as China, Brazil, and South Africa. There has been no progress in low-income countries or most other middle-income countries.10 There are also large inequities within each country or region based on wealth that would need to be addressed if further progress is to be made. These inequities are largest in West and Central Africa and South Asia. For example, in Nigeria, there is a 37 percentage point difference in children on track for healthy early development between the richest 20% and the poorest 20% of the population. Similar inequities are seen in South Asia.11 There is still much more work to be done.In addition, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is now poised to obliterate any gains that have been made over recent years and plunge many low- and middle-income countries into increased poverty, with children being the innocent victims of economic downturns. As coronavirus disease 2019 spreads through these countries and their economies are depressed, it is estimated that there will be a 20% increase in extreme poverty leading to hundreds of millions sinking into the level of poverty they recently left. There may also be a massive increase in hunger, putting children at significant nutritional risk and leading to an increased incidence of stunting. The progress of decades could be erased in a matter of months, with dire consequences for children.12McCormick et al1 point to the way for us to monitor the trajectories of children globally and to improve their development with support for a nurturing and safe environment and adequate nutrition. We must be vigilant and keep our eyes on the prize: the continued improvement in healthy early childhood development wherever children live.

Urology and the Scientific Method in Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was one of the greatest civilizations to have arisen, becoming the cradle of scientific enquiry and social development over 3 millennia; undoubtedly its knowledge of medicine has been vastly underestimated. Few artefacts survive which describe the medical organization, but from the extent of the diseases afflicting that ancient populus there would have been much to study. Evidence from papyri, tomb bas reliefs and the writings of historians of antiquity tell of an intense interest in the sciences, humanities and medicine born of an educated society which had overcome the superstitions of its nomadic ancestors.

”Wen-Xin-Diao-Luong” and ”Zhao-Ming-Wen-Xuan” are books of the same generation. The representative articles of ”Feng-Shan” chapter in ”Wen-Xin-Diao-Luong”, also be elected into ”Zhao-Ming-Wen-Xuan”, but were called as ”Fu-ming”. ”Feng-Shan” was considered as the most important ritual when the emperor ascended the throne and offered sacrifices to God on the mountain. Therefore, ”Feng-Shan” articles being written out, and are closely related and historical and cultural background. This study observed from ”Feng-Shan” of the historical context and cultural angles,to explore on the formation of literary genres, heading, the author's motives, foreword, order of the genre choreography and which's relationship. I think that ancient writers looking forward to writing ”Feng-Shan” for a class of articles, can get excellent reputation. But when ”Feng-Shan” genre of articles have been changed to ”Feng-shan” genre, implying that editing is bad for the works of evaluation.

Votive offerings, sacrificial rituals, tattoos, and an icon procession. There are many different legacies between Coptic and ancient Egyptian practices.This study aims to shed light on the origins of some current Coptic ritual practices and compare them to ancient Egypt by presenting some inherited rituals that have survived from ancient Egypt to the present day. The analytical documentation approach will be used with a tourism study to achieve the objectives of this thesis.The objectives of this thesis reveal that the Coptic legacies inherited from ancient Egypt contribute to understanding the cultural and historical heritage of Egypt and linking the past to the present, as these legacies reflect the overlap of the Ancient Egypt and Coptic civilizations, as these rituals continued through the ages, providing an opportunity for a deeper understanding of the social and religious development in Egypt.

Part 1 Introduction: awareness of time - time and civil life, our sense of time, time and mankind describing time - time, language and number, time and natural bases of measurement, time in contemporary society. Part 2 Time in antiquity and the Middle Ages: time at the dawn of history - prehistory, ancient Egypt, Sumeria and Babylon, ancient Iran time in classical antiquity - classical Greece and Hellenistic civilization, ancient Israel, Imperial Rome and early Christendom time in the Middle Ages - medieval Europe, the Islamic world, the periodization of time and millenarianism, the measurement of time time in the Far East and Mesoamerica - India, China, the Maya. Part 3 Time in the modern world: the advent of the mechanical clock - the invention of the verge escapement, the social influence of the mechanical clock time and history in the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution - reform of the calendar, the pendulum clock and the clocklike universe, attitudes to time and history in the 16th and 17th centuries time and history in the 18th century - the invention of the marine chronometer, the discovery of historical perspective evolution and the Industrial Revolution - the evolutionary universe, the role of time in modern industrial society rival concepts of time - instant and duration, relativistic and cosmic time civilization as progress? - time and belief in progress, time, history and the computerized society. Appendices: 1 - leap years 2 - the metonic calendrical cycle 3 - the calculation of Easter. References. Index.

As environmental and economic pressures converge with demands to achieve sustainability development goals, low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) increasingly require strategies to strengthen and scale-up evidence-based practices (EBP) related to family planning (FP). Implementation science (IS) can help these efforts. The purpose of this article is to elucidate patterns in the use of IS in FP research and identify ways to maximize the potential of IS to advance FP in LMIC. We conducted a systematic review that describes how IS concepts and principles have been operationalized in LMIC FP research published from 2007-2021. We searched six databases for implementation studies of LMIC FP interventions. Our review synthesizes the characteristics of implementation strategies and research efforts used to enhance the performance of FP-related EBP in these settings, identifying gaps, strengths and lessons learned. Four-hundred and seventy-two studies were eligible for full-text review. Ninety-two percent of studies were carried out in one region only, whereas 8 percent were multi-country studies that took place across multiple regions. 37 percent of studies were conducted in East Africa, 21 percent in West and Central Africa, 19 percent in Southern Africa and South Asia, respectively, and fewer than 5 percent in other Asian countries, Latin America and Middle East and North Africa, respectively. Fifty-four percent were on strategies that promoted individuals' uptake of FP. Far fewer were on strategies to enhance the coverage, implementation, spread or sustainability of FP programs. Most studies used quantitative methods only and evaluated user-level outcomes over implementation outcomes. Thirty percent measured processes and outcomes of strategies, 15 percent measured changes in implementation outcomes, and 31 percent report on the effect of contextual factors. Eighteen percent reported that they were situated within decision-making processes to address locally identified implementation issues. Fourteen percent of studies described measures to involve stakeholders in the research process. Only 7 percent of studies reported that implementation was led by LMIC delivery systems or implementation partners. IS has potential to further advance LMIC FP programs, although its impact will be limited unless its concepts and principles are incorporated more systematically. To support this, stakeholders must focus on strategies that address a wider range of implementation outcomes; adapt research designs and blend methods to evaluate outcomes and processes; and establish collaborative research efforts across implementation, policy, and research domains. Doing so will expand opportunities for learning and applying new knowledge in pragmatic research paradigms where research is embedded in usual implementation conditions and addresses critical issues such as scale up and sustainability of evidence-informed FP interventions.Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42020199353.

In The History of Archaic Rome, Dionysius purposely viewed Roman history as an embodiment of all that was best in Greek culture. Gabba places Dionysius's remarkable thesis in its cultural context, comparing this author with other ancient historians and evaluating Dionysius's treatment of his sources. In truth, the last decades B.C. made the historian's task an enormous challenge. On the one hand, the ancient writers knew Rome to be the greatest empire the world had seen, seemingly impregnable in military power and still capable of expansion. On the other hand, they were acutely aware that it recently had barely survived half a century of civil strife. Gabba recalls to us how little was confidently known of Rome's actual origins in an illuminating examination of Dionysius's methodology as a historian.

The (Rain)bow after the deluge (Gen 9:12-17)The Hebrew word which is used for “rainbow” in Genesis 9:13,16 can also be translated as an archer’s “bow”. It is interesting to note that all the ancient writers used the latter meaning (“war bow”) in their interpretation of the Noah account, and not the meaning of “rainbow”. The ancients often depicted God as a warrior God who had a bow and shot arrows at those whom He wanted to punish. After God had punished the people for their sins, he hung up his bow. The bow in the clouds is without a bow string, and this is to remind the people that God is now at peace with them. In this article the prevalence of this interpretation in the ancient world, is shown. The writings of the Church Fathers are also scrutinized for their remarks on the (rain)bow. To conclude, the translation of this symbol in various Bible translations is also discussed.

Writing and Power in the Roman World: Literacies and Material Culture