The Evolution of Khuff Completion

Typical, numerical structural optimization is well established in improving structural design in its final design phase. The overall product topology is then already defined and structural optimization is “only” used to improve shape and size parameters, which have no influence on the global mechanical topology. Significant decisions have been made already in earlier development stages. However, it is desirable to expand this optimization capabilities to CAE based support for the definition and preliminary design of the general layout, geometrical and structural architecture, equipment configuration and functional requirements. For satellites such a support can be defined as follows: Finding the conceptual geometrical architecture of a satellite satisfying the basic geometrical, mechanical and thermal requirements within an automated optimization process. This includes mainly the (a) topology and geometry of the basic structural components, (b) placements of basic components and equipment and (c) preliminary concept evaluation (e.g. FEM, etc.) Intentionally, the satellite design engineering team should be supplied with a set of feasible or nearly feasible satellite configurations (satisfying the main geometric, mechanical and thermal requirements) serving as a good starting basis for satellite configuration development in early design phases. The design engineers investigate these preliminary conceptual satellite designs for the remaining, typically more specific and more locally acting requirements (e.g. fastening, piping, etc...). In this way the main basic effects guiding satellite design can be taken into account at the very early development stages and, moreover, can be compared with alternative designs to find the best tradeoff. This is a great advantage and progress compared to the traditional design process. Optimization now starts to enter the early and important design phases, the real significant design decisions can now be made by support of optimization techniques. It should be further noted, that our system is not proposed to substitute the design engineers, but to supplement and to enlarge the potentials of the design branch to reach a better design in a shorter time conforming to concurrent engineering issues. In this paper our approach for an automated satellite conceptual design method will be presented, and emphasis is put on demonstration and verification by the satellite GammaBus 1 (the carrier of the Galileo system) as well as other real space applications. Further some main aspects regarding discrete-continuous optimization for structural configuration tasks from an algorithmic point of view are discussed to round out this paper

Publication Rights Reserved Abstract Directional movement of injected water has been found to exist in many oil reservoirs in which water floods are being conducted. This paper discusses many of the ramifications of natural fractures and directional permeability in oil reservoirs being water flooded. Suggested steps to be taken in installing water floods in suspected areas are presented, and the importance of proper pattern selection after establishing the directional orientation of the fracture system or directional permeability is discussed. Presented in this paper is the case history of the W. A. Moncrief, Trousdale Unit Water Flood Project in Pottawatomie County, Okla., in which a directional fracture system was discovered in the 4,260-ft Calvin sand soon after the waterflood program had been installed. The adverse effects of the fracture system during the initial phase of the program and the results obtained by revising the injection pattern are shown graphically and are discussed in detail. Introduction Water flooding, in its simplest definition, is the displacement by water of the mobile or movable oil from an oil reservoir. A waterflood program should be installed only after sufficient study of an oil reservoir has been made to determine that an economically feasible amount of recoverable oil exists in the reservoir. The actual waterflood operation involves the injection of water into properly selected wells at a sufficient rate of injection to insure proper displacement of the oil from the reservoir in a reasonable length of time so that the optimum profit will be obtained. There are many natural and artificial conditions in an oil reservoir which can affect this displacement mechanism. If an oil sand were simply a homogeneous uniform sand matrix, it would be an easy task to fill the oil sand with water and to displace the mobile or movable oil to the producing wells. However, nearly all oil reservoirs are heterogeneous in nature. Within a single oil reservoir there is usually a wide variation in porosity, permeability, water saturation, and gas saturation, and also there may be a wide variation in composition throughout the sand section such as shale inclusions, lime streaks, gradations in lithology, etc. In addition to this, the oil sand may be overlain by a gas cap; it may be uderlain by a water zone; it may be faulted; it may contain natural fractures; it may be composed of a series of lenses which may or may not be in communication with one another; it may contain weak zones or there may be weak formations immediately above or below the sand; and a multitude of other adverse natural environmental factors may exist. In addition, artificial conditions such as very large sand frac treatments, poor cement bond between casing and formation, poor completions, mud invasion, and others may be present which could adversely affect the successful displacement by water of oil in the desired reservoir interval. The possible presence of these adverse conditions must be recognized from the start, and a program should be installed which will eliminate or at least minimize as many of these adverse conditions as possible so that a successful water injection program can be accomplished. DIRECTIONAL MOVEMENT OF INJECTED WATER This paper deals with one of the many possible adverse phenomena which can affect the success of the water injection program.

Abstract:The present paper deals with the palynological analysis of the Middle Pali sediments exposed along the Murna Nala section, Sohagpur coalfield, South Rewa Basin, Madhya Pradesh. Quantitative and qualitative analyses reveal the Dominance Datum (DODs) of Faunipollenites, Striatopodocarpites and Crescentipollenites in association with Rhizomaspora, Distriatites, Dicappipollenites, Gondisporites, Scheuringipollenites, Densipollenites, Sahnites, Parasaccites, Platysaccus, Plicatipollenites and Potonieisporites. The First Appearance Datum (FADs) of key taxa (e.g., Arcuatipollenites ovatus, Lundbladispora brevicula, Alisporites asanolensis, Goubinispora morondavensis and Weylandites circularis) suggest conclusive evidence for a Late Permian age. The present palynoassemblage of Pali Formation is indicative of palynozone R-1B of Raniganj Formation in Damodar Basin (Tiwari and Singh, 1986). Hence, the Murna Nala sediments have been dated Late Permian in age, which correlates with the Pali Formation (Middle Member) in the South Rewa Basin.

به منظور مطالعه مرجان‌های پرمین در شمال باختر ایران، برش چینه‌شناسی در کوه‌های علی‌باشی انتخاب و مورد نمونه‌برداری قرار گرفت. پس از مطالعه میکروسکپی برشهای طولی، عرضی و سریالی متعدد تهیه شده از بیش از 180 سنگواره مرجانی تعداد 12 گونه متعلق به 6 جنس از مرجان‌های روگوزا و تابولا شناسایی شد. توالی پرمین منطقه جلفا، قلمرو دو نوع فونای مرجانی است. قلمرو فونای واگینوفیلیده شامل جنس‌های شاخص مرجانهای کلنی حوضه تتیس مانند Ipciphyllum و Waagenophyllum به دیرینگی پرمین میانی؟ ـ پسین است. قلمرو فونای سیاتاکسونیا به دیرینگی پرمین پسین شامل نماینده‌های فیلوژنتیک آخرین مرجان‌های روگوزاست و غالبا دربردارنده جنس Pentaphyllum است که با فراوانی زیاد، تا نزدیکی حادثه انقراضی انتهای پرمین در رأس سازند علی باشی به حیات خود ادامه داده داده است. همچنین آخرین و جوانترین مرجان تابولا پیش از رویداد انقراضی پرمین پسین در منطقه جلفا، جنس Protomichelinia دانسته شده است. فونای مرجانی پرمین شمال باختر ایران به خوبی با فونای پرمین آباده در ایران مرکزی و فونای قفقاز جنوبی شباهت دارد. همچنین مرجانهای فونای واگینوفیلیده مشابه فونای هم سن در جنوب چین هستند، در حالی که مرجانهای سیاتاکسونیای پرمین پسین بوم‌گرایی بالایی را نشان می‌دهند.

Interpretation of the Last Chance thrust, Death Valley region, California, as an Early Permian décollement in a previously undeformed shale basin

Fluvial sand frameworks have magnificent oil and gas reservoirs far and wide. The reservoir sands are exceedingly compartmentalized by the broadened fault framework. So, to distinguish the thin beds of gas-bearing facies is an assessment for band-limited stratigraphic investigation. To conquest this issue, we execute the progressed seismic ascribe methods to the 3D seismic information of the Miano area of the Indus Basin, SW Pakistan. Apparatuses, for example, the seismic amplitude and coherence are discovered less exact for reservoir description. Sweetness analysis indicates the gas-bearing reservoir facies, which are compartmentalized by the NNW–SSE oriented normal fault system. Yet, the continuous wavelet transforms (CWT) of spectral decomposition (SD) separates the thick and thin sand beds of channel sand and point bars, which were not unsurprising utilizing the band-limited seismic properties. 22 Hz demonstrates the best amplitude tuning cube, which recognizes the profitable clastic (sand-filled barrier bars) sequences. The net-to-gross (N/G) examination uncovers the barrier bars as the chief hydrocarbon-bearing facies. 22 to 37 Hz frequencies confirm the occurrence of hydrocarbon sands. The acoustic impedance (AI) wedge model settles the thin beds of barrier bars sands, which are encased inside the shales, and affirm the suggestions for gas-bearing stratigraphic traps.

This paper discusses the role reservoir simulators play in formulating initial development plans, history matching and optimising future production and in planning and designing enhanced oil recovery projects. The Hibernia Field in Canada and the Hassi R'Mel in Algeria illustrate how simulation can be used to assist in initial reservoir development. The Lookout Butte Rundle (Alberta) and others are cited to exemplify optimisation of future production plans with the aid of simulation. Finally, applications to several reported EOR projects are briefly discussed with major emphasis concentrating on the Bati Raman Field in Turkey.

A comprehensive investigation of SAGD steam chamber in dual horizontal well pairs: Expansion angel and connection characteristics

Fluvial reservoirs host significant volumes of hydrocarbons. They comprise a significant reserve base in areas and formations as diverse as the San Jorge Basin, Argentina, the Lagunillas Formation, Venezuela, and Cano Limon Field, Colombia. Effective development and reservoir management required detailed sedimentological characterization because fluvial reservoirs, irrespective of age and geographic location, are characterized by considerable variability in geometry and internal heterogeneity. This paper presents models of braided and meandering reservoirs in selected Tertiary and Cretaceous fields of South and North America, based on sedimentological characterization using conventional cores and wireline logs. Fieldwide (macro-scale) and inter-well (meso-scale) heterogeneity is determined through detailed evaluation of facies distribution, particularly the distribution and maturity of paleosol horizons (e.g. calcretes). Within a given reservoir, micro-scale variations in porosity, permeability and saturation are fundamentally related to depositional environment. Effective permeability to hydrocarbons varies with environment and bedding style. The size of meandering and braided channel reservoirs is predicted using empirical geological equations. Predicted dimensions are compared with the independent results of reservoir simulation analysis for the same sand bodies. Engineering and sedimentological predictions of reservoir size and heterogeneity are similar, particularly in reservoirs where median permeability to hydrocarbons is > 1 md. The size andmore » heterogeneity of productive channel reservoirs can be predicted at an early stage in field development is channel style and channel depth are known. Determination of these two fundamental parameters required sedimentological characterization at the macro-, meso-, and micro-scale using wireline logs and cores.« less

Permian charophytes are known from the Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Germany, Saudi Arabia, China, the USA, Brazil, Paraguay and India. Most of these records are of Middle- Late Permian Age and are the basis of local biostratigraphic zonation in southern Russia and China. Development of a robust Permian charophyte biostratigraphy will require a more extensive record. Triassic charophytes are known from Germany, Sweden, Poland, Slovenia, Bulgaria, the Ukraine, Russia, Morocco, Congo, the USA, Argentina, Kazakhstan and China. This encompasses records from all Triassic stages and has been the basis of detailed biostratigraphic zonation in southern Russia-Kazakhstan-eastern Europe. Permian and Triassic charophyte biostratigraphy at the level of genus does not provide detailed correlations beyond local or regional schemes. Nevertheless, it does identify some important evolutionary datums that constrain the timing of important biotic events in the Permian-Triassic evolutionary history of the Charophyta, including: (1) Early Permian extinction of the Palaeocharaceae; (2) Late Permian extinction of the “Trochiliscales” (Moellerinales); (3) Carboniferous origin of the paraphyletic Porocharaceae, soon followed during the Permian by the origin of the multicellular basal plate; and (4) an important generic turnover of charophytes across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, though there are insufficient data to identify this as a mass extinction.

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A pictorial reference for the identification and location of the filaments and electrical contacts for common motor vehicle dual filament sealed beam headlamps and dual filament replaceable headlamp bulbs is presented. The filaments and contacts shown in the reference photographs are clearly identified to facilitate comparison to headlamps or bulbs under investigation.</div>

Food product innovations are characterized by high flop rates. In an early development stage, manifold product formulations seem feasible. To determine the most promising product option, market research can help, but is frequently considered too costly and complex. We assess the applicability of the van Westendorp approach, an inexpensive and simple method, for guiding early product design and pricing decisions for novel foods. Findings from a between-subject experiment for meat substitutes consisting of different shares of micro-algae indicate that micro-algae, while a cost driver, has little effect on price preferences. Implications for novel food product design, market research, and retailing are discussed.

The acquisition of gas in mud data while drilling for geological surveillance and safety is an almost universal practice. This source of data is only rarely used for formation evaluation due to the widely accepted presumption that they are unreliable and unrepresentative. Recent developments in the mud logging industry to improve gas data acquisition and analysis has led to the availability of better quality data. Within a joint ELF/ENI-Agip Division research program, a new interpretation method has been developed following the comprehensive analysis and interpretation of gas data from a wide range of wells covering different types of geological, petroleum and drilling environments. The results, validated by correlation and comparison with other data such as logs, well tests, PVTs etc, enable us to characterise: lithological changes, porosity variations and permeability barriers, Seal depth, thickness and efficiency, Gas diffusion or leakage, gas/oil and hydrocarbon/water contacts, vertical changes in fluid over a thick mono-layer pay zone, vertical fluid differentiation in multi-layer interval, biodegradation. The comparison between surface gas data, PVT and geochemistry data clearly confirms the consistency between the gas show and the corresponding reservoir fluid composition. The near real time availability, at no extra acquisition cost, of such data has led to: the optimisation of future well operations (logging, testing, ….), a better integration of while drilling data to the well evaluation process, a significant improvement both in early formation evaluation and reservoir studies especially for the following applications where traditional log analysis often remains inconclusive: very low porosity reservoirs, thin beds, dynamic barriers and seal efficiency, low resistivity pay, light hydrocarbons. Examples show both wellsite quicklook with simple lithological and fluid interpretations and more complex reservoir and fluid characterisation applications in varied geographical and geological contexts that demonstrate how GWD data is integrated with more standard data sets.

The Gudao field is a large oil field formed in a small faulted basin. The source of hydrocarbon accumulation is in Miocene rocks draping over a graben and horst structure. The source of the oil is Oligocene continental deposits. Secondary oil and gas reservoirs in the Neogene section were formed when faulting breached the Paleogene reservoirs. Several problems exist in the field including viscous oil, sand production, and poor water drive for reservoir recovery. These problems required well-planned water flooding and sand control in the early stages of development. Injection fluids and the injection pattern have been successful in lowering the viscosity of oil.

This paper describes the development of a new tool called hdrscope that enables users to perform qualitative and quantitative lighting analysis via perpixel methods. Using a simulated and photographically captured lab space as a case study, per-pixel analysis methods are described, challenges associated with per-pixel lighting analysis are discussed, and hdrscope analysis techniques are demonstrated. hdrscope is intended to lower the entry barrier for lighting professionals, and to facilitate the utilization of lighting analysis in early design and development stages as well as post occupancy. It also provides a user friendly tool for lighting experts while filling in the gaps among the current lighting analysis tools.