The Formal Understanding Models

Basketball is considered an open-surface game that requires the player to deal with the variables of the match according to the movement or stability of the opponent and in the form of motor responses and accuracy and the arrival of the balls to the different playing areas in which the teammate is present to obtain an appropriate opportunity for the process of possession and control of the course of the game that qualifies the team to win the game. Or achieve the required points in the matches. The response is the motor ability that a basketball player needs. It takes a short time to execute, provided that this execution is distinguished by the element of accuracy, which comes from the mental arrangement of cognitive processes through which information related to the details of the technical performance of skills, especially the skill of lateral shooting in basketball, is prepared. The research aims to identify the role of mental arrangement in cognitive processes and prepare information for the accuracy of performing the skill of shooting from both sides of the basket among young players. It is assumed that there is a statistically significant correlation between mental arrangement in cognitive processes and preparing information for the accuracy of performing shooting from both sides of the basket for the youth group, and it was the research sample was 30 young players from the Al-Zafaraniya Youth and Sports Center, Diyala Bridge, and the municipalities in Baghdad - Al-Rusafa. The descriptive approach was adopted using the method of correlational relations, and the researcher used statistical methods, percentages, correlation coefficient (Pearson), arithmetic mean, and standard deviation to reach the results, and the results were presented. Analyzing and discussing the results, and arriving at the most important conclusions, there is a significant correlation between the mental arrangement in the cognitive processes and processing of information and the accuracy of shooting from both sides of the basket for the youth group. It is recommended to emphasize the mental arrangement in the cognitive processes and processing of information, provided that it is coupled with the accuracy of shooting side tackles with the ball. Basketball for young players.

Following considerations for some general issues of ERP research on human information processing, recent advances in this field are elaborated by reviewing the literature on selective attention. Sections in this review deal with following subjects: (1) two landmark contributions of Hillyard, Hink, Schwent, & Picton (1973) and Näätänen, Gaillard, & Mäntysalo (1978); (2) the endogenous, attention-related negativity ("Nd" wave), which is considered to consist of three possible components, a modalityspecific Nd, a centrally-maximal, controlled-search negativity, and a frontally-focused Nd; (3) the spatial attention effects on the exogenous components in visual and somatosensory modalities; and (4) the organizations of stimulus selection processes indicated by the latency and interrelations between those ERP components.

Social cognition has received growing interest in many conditions in recent years. However, this construct still suffers from a considerable lack of consensus, especially regarding the dimensions to be studied and the resulting methodology of clinical assessment. Our review aims to clarify the distinctiveness of the dimensions of social cognition. Based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements, a systematic review was conducted to explore the factor structure of social cognition in the adult general and clinical populations. The initial search provided 441 articles published between January 1982 and March 2017. Eleven studies were included, all conducted in psychiatric populations and/or healthy participants. Most studies were in favor of a two-factor solution. Four studies drew a distinction between low-level (e.g., facial emotion/prosody recognition) and high-level (e.g., theory of mind) information processing. Four others reported a distinction between affective (e.g., facial emotion/prosody recognition) and cognitive (e.g., false beliefs) information processing. Interestingly, attributional style was frequently reported as an additional separate factor of social cognition. Results of factor analyses add further support for the relevance of models differentiating level of information processing (low- vs. high-level) from nature of processed information (affective vs. cognitive). These results add to a significant body of empirical evidence from developmental, clinical research and neuroimaging studies. We argue the relevance of integrating low- versus high-level processing with affective and cognitive processing in a two-dimensional model of social cognition that would be useful for future research and clinical practice. (JINS, 2018, 24, 391-404).

Two factors that are critical aspects of complex system performance are system design and operator training. The contribution of each of these factors becomes paramount as increases in system complexity demand more sophisticated operator timesharing skills to monitor and control system operations safely and efficiently. In order to increase human operator skill levels, improvements in system design must be achieved to make aspects of monitoring and controlling tasks more commensurate with human abilities. Secondly, more effective and efficient training programs must be developed to allow human operators to acquire and maintain appropriate skill levels. Before these improvements can be accomplished, however, a greater understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the human information processing system must be obtained. In a typical modern system (e.g., aircraft cockpit, centralized control room of a power plant or battle management system) the human may perform many tasks concurrently, including visual search, memory search, retention and recall, comprehension, reasoning, judgement and decision making, and executing fine motor movements. Although some combinations of these kinds of tasks may be compatible and non-interfering, other task combinations may interfere and compete for the human's limited information processing capacity, creating overload conditions. The consequence of the human operator's low threshold for overload leads to increased probability of error, with subsequent deteriorations in system performance. There are two theoretical approaches to human attention and information processing that have implications for system design and operator training issues in the context of timesharing and high workload situations. Multiple resource theory and automatic/controlled processing theory have each stimulated much empirical work that provided useful data on human timesharing abilities. Such data have provided the basis for predicting task combinations and training requirements that allow high levels of performance under timesharing and high workload situations. The purpose of this symposium is to describe recent empirical developments that may further our understanding of human information processing capabilities and limitations, particularly under timesharing and high workload conditions. The set of papers includes theoretical and applied treatments of multiple resource and automaticity theories. The issues discussed include the advantages and disadvantages of spreading information input over different sensory modalities (e.g., visual and auditory), development of training methods to acquire sophisticated high level cognitive skills quickly and efficiently, measurement of information processing capacity required by specific task combinations, and a delineation of the characteristics and limitations of working memory.

Information processing antecedents of rating errors in performance appraisal

Modern information technology makes it possible to redesign the ways people work. In the future, machines can carry out intelligence-requiring tasks, which previously were done by people. It is thus good to develop methodologies for designing intelligent systems. An example of such methods is cognitive mimetics, i.e. imitating human information processing. Today, machines cannot by themselves navigate in archipelagos. However, the fact that people can take care of ship steering and navigation means that there is an information process, which makes it possible to navigate ships. This information process takes place inside the minds of navigating people. If we are able to explicate the information processing in the navigator’s mind, the knowledge of it can be used in designing intelligent machines. Replicating physical objects and industrial processes by means of digital computers is called digital twinning. Digital twins (DTs), which are digital replicas of physical systems and processes, have recently become tools for working with complex industrial processes. A crucial question for DTs is should human actions be added to them? As the answer is positive, such models of human information processing can be called human digital twins (HDTs). The knowledge of human tacit and explicit information processes can be represented by human digital twins. Models can be used in the search for a deeper understanding of human intelligent information processes. Human digital twins can thus be used as methodological tools in cognitive mimetics. In our present study, we modeled paper machine operators’ thinking. Specifically, we developed an ideal-exception-correction (IEC) model for paper operators’ control logic. The model illustrates how research and HDT-modeling can be used for explicating the subconscious or tacit information processing of people for the design of intelligent systems. In this article a model for design processes using cognitive modelling will be suggested. The concepts of cognitive mimetics and human digital twins enable us to outline a model for using the long tradition of simulating human thinking as a tool in designing intelligent systems.

This report addresses the historical problem that a very high percentage of accidents have been classified as involving "pilot error." Through extensive research since 1977, the Federal Aviation Administration determined that the predominant underlying cause of these types of accidents involved decisional problems or cognitive information processing. To attack these problems, Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) training materials were developed and tested for ten years. Since the publication of the ADM training manuals in 1987, significant reductions in human performance error (HPE) accidents have been documented both in the U.S. and world wide. However, shortcomings have been observed in the use of these materials for recurrency training and in their relevance to more experienced pilots. The following discussion defines the differences between expert and novice decision makers from a cognitive information processing perspective, correlates the development of expert pilot cognitive processes with training and experience, and reviews accident scenarios which exemplify those processes. This introductory material is a necessary prerequisite to an understanding of how to formulate expert pilot decision making training innovations; and, to continue the record of improved safety through ADM training.

Spontaneous eye-blinks occur much more often than it would be necessary to maintain the tear film on the eyes. Various factors like cognitive demand, task engagement, or fatigue are influencing spontaneous blink rate. During cognitive information processing there is evidence that blinks occur preferably at moments that can be assigned to input stream segmentation. We investigated blinking behavior in three different visual choice response experiments (Experiment 1: spatial Stimulus-Response correspondence, Experiment 2: Change Detection, Experiment 3: Continuous performance Test - AX version). Blinks during the experimental tasks were suppressed when new information was expected, as well as during cognitive processing until the response was executed. Blinks in go trials occurred within a short and relatively constant interval after manual responses. However, blinks were not a side effect of manual behavior, as they occurred in a similar manner in no-go trials in which no manual response was executed. In these trials, blinks were delayed when a prepared response had to be inhibited, compared to trials in which no response was intended. Additionally, time on task effects for no-go blinks mirrored those obtained in go trials. Thus, blinks seem to provide a reliable measure for cognitive processing beyond (or rather additional to) manual responses.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) show promise to be objective indicators of cognitive functioning. The aim of the study was to examine if ERPs recorded during an oddball task would predict cognitive functioning and information processing speed in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients and controls at the individual level. Seventy-eight participants (35 MS patients, 43 healthy age-matched controls) completed visual and auditory 2- and 3-stimulus oddball tasks with 128-channel EEG, and a neuropsychological battery, at baseline (month 0) and at Months 13 and 26. ERPs from 0 to 700ms and across the whole scalp were transformed into 1728 individual spatio-temporal datapoints per participant. A machine learning method that included penalized linear regression used the entire spatio-temporal ERP to predict composite scores of both cognitive functioning and processing speed at baseline (month 0), and months 13 and 26. The results showed ERPs during the visual oddball tasks could predict cognitive functioning and information processing speed at baseline and a year later in a sample of MS patients and healthy controls. In contrast, ERPs during auditory tasks were not predictive of cognitive performance. These objective neurophysiological indicators of cognitive functioning and processing speed, and machine learning methods that can interrogate high-dimensional data, show promise in outcome prediction.

Applications of Soft Computing to Human-centered Information Systems

Early sensory information processes are enhanced on visual oddball and S1–S2 tasks in Parkinson's disease: a visual event-related potentials study

Cortical electrophysiologic event-related potentials are multidimensional measures of information processing that are well-suited for efficiently parsing automatic and controlled components of cognition that span the range of deficits evidenced in schizophrenia patients. These information processes are key cognitive measures that are recognized as informative and valid targets for understanding the neurobiology of schizophrenia. These measures may be used in concert with the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) neurocognitive measures in the development of novel treatments for schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. The employment of novel event-related potential paradigms designed to carefully characterize the early spectrum of perceptual and cognitive information processing allows investigators to identify the neurophysiologic basis of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia and to examine the associated clinical and functional impairments.

Exploring topological properties of human brain network has become an exciting topic in neuroscience research. Large-scale structural and functional brain networks both exhibit a small-world topology, which is evidence for global and local parallel information processing. Meanwhile, resting state networks (RSNs) underlying specific biological functions have provided insights into how intrinsic functional architecture influences cognitive and perceptual information processing. However, topological properties of single RSNs remain poorly understood. Here, we have two hypotheses: i) each RSN also has optimized small-world architecture; ii) topological properties of RSNs related to perceptual and higher cognitive processes are different. To test these hypotheses, we investigated the topological properties of the default-mode, dorsal attention, central-executive, somato-motor, visual and auditory networks derived from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We found small-world topology in each RSN. Furthermore, small-world properties of cognitive networks were higher than those of perceptual networks. Our findings are the first to demonstrate a topological fractionation between perceptual and higher cognitive networks. Our approach may be useful for clinical research, especially for diseases that show selective abnormal connectivity in specific brain networks.

With the continual improvement of the hardware reliability technique, there are fewer accidents caused directly by mechanical failure and more impacts of human factors on enterprises' safety production system. The research on influence factors on hidden dangers of safety production behavior is needed urgently in China's new organizational circumstances to enhance timeliness and accuracy of analyses of hidden dangers of safety production behavior in the teamwork situation, to help managers remove relevant hidden behavior hazards effectively and reduce the loss caused by accidents. In this paper, influence factors on hidden dangers of safety production behavior are analyzed comprehensively in the modern work mode of China's manufacturing industry, mainly including internal, external and team factors, with a combination of teamwork traits and improved C-HIP (Communication and Human-Information Processing) model from the perspective of individual information communication, processing and appropriate strategies and solutions are proposed.

Cognitive informatics in image semantics description, identification and automatic pattern understanding