The geometry of property

The purpose of the article is to study current issues of regulation of family relations under the marriage contract, to define the concept and content of the marriage contract in the light of new trends in notarial and judicial practice of Ukraine. For this research a number of general scientific and specific legal methods have been used, namely analysis of the legal issues, judicial categories, applied comparative-legal, systematic- structural, formal-logical methods and etc.. The author proposes a systematic approach to the study of problems of changing legal regimes of marital property under the marriage contract. It is based on the author's understanding of the concept and the legal nature of "legal property regime" in science of civil and family law of Ukraine, and analysis of the existing judicial practice within mentioned-above sphere. The notion "change the legal regime of marital property" and "change of property types" are not identical in content. The change of the legal regime of the spouses' property does not provide for the transfer of ownership of this property. It is proved that the legal regime of the property of spouses under a marriage contract can be changed only regarding the property, which will be acquired in the future. The effect of legal regime of separate property on the property, which was acquired by spouses in marriage (common property) is in contradiction with part 5, article 93 of the Civil Code of Ukraine. In this case there is actually a transfer of ownership. It is proposed to expand the range of legal relations that can be regulated by a marriage contract, namely: to include not only property but also personal non-property relations of brides and spouses. The author also proposes the definition of marriage contract as a legal instrument between spouses or fiancé and fiancée, which determines their property and personal none-property rights and obligations, in particular, regarding the establishment (change) of legal regime of future property, the regulation of its usage and dispossession, division of revenues and expenses and their property and personal non-property rights as parents in marriage and (or) in case of divorce. Keywords: family law, marriage contract, legal regime of spouses' property, joint common ownership, joint partial ownership, regime of separate property of spouses, regime of common property of spouses.

The legal regimes that determine legitimate interests in land within human societies are contingent features of planetary health because they incentivise and prohibit materially significant land use practices. Laws creates a bond between land use and land ownership, and there is substantial variation between different legal regimes as to the effects of these bonds on planetary health. This variation is due to the cultural specificity of the paradigms, languages, and kinship systems pertaining to humans, and the more-than-human world that underpin a legal regime. The legal plurality of colonised jurisdictions illuminates the cultural specificity of, and differences between, First Nations and colonists’ laws about land use and ownership, providing insights into the elements of regulatory viability and durability. Legal obligations generating affective and reciprocal people–place relations underpin longstanding regimes. Beyond the extractive mindset of “the laws of men” are ecologically situated laws that sustain life beyond a single species.

This study proposes a grammar of creative workplaces which identifies and codifies those elements of the physical environment that are reported to actively stimulate and sustain creativity in the workplace. The grammar is explicit rather than metaphorical or taxonomic. It emerges from and is applied into workplaces, predominantly office environments. Three elements, meaning, lexis, and syntax, central to the structure of linguistic and non-linguistic grammars, are proposed as the grammar’s method and as its content. Respondents in the research study identified the creative behaviours that stimulate and sustain their creativity, and the discrete physical elements that influence and support (and can hinder) those activities. It is suggested that those creative behaviours and the discrete elements of physical space are congruent with the three key grammatical elements. The grammar addresses that gap in knowledge in the fields of architecture, design and psychology where the impact of the physical environment on people’s creativity in the workplace is acknowledged, but is without mediating structures of theory or implementation. The grammar is presented in two forms. Firstly as a detailed instrument for assessing a workplace’s capacity to support user creativity, and secondly as the theoretical foundation of a generative grammar for the design of creativity-supporting workplaces. As an assessment instrument the grammar sets out in depth the places needed for users’ creative behaviour, six meta-categories of workplace sensory properties reported to enhance user creativity, the affordances or materials and equipment needed to support creative behaviours, and the behaviours themselves that lead to creative outcomes. In its generative form the grammar uses these identified elements of place, properties, affordances and behaviours in an IF→THEN configuration. Place, properties and affordances form the grammar’s lexis, and behaviours is its syntax. This generative form creates the basis from which spaces with optimum creative potential can be designed. The grammar in both its forms thus aims to inform and supplement existing good practice in which architects and designers use their experience or intuition to design for i optimal user creativity. In its assessment form it aims to empower workplace users to audit their own workplaces and identify changes they might make to increase creative potential. Configurations of visual language encompass both patterns and grammars and this thesis draws on work done by, among many others, Alexander, Chomsky, Stiny, and Halliday in this field. Patterns and grammars exist across many disciplines to build structures of communication and analysis: this thesis positions its argument within three-dimensional physical space. Derived from the data through constructivist grounded theory, the emergent grammar is validated through the analysis of two workplaces, demonstrating its robust nature and its rootedness in practice. This study, therefore, proposes an explicit grammar of creative workplaces that can inform the design and the evaluation of physical workplaces. The study further proposes that in its generative form the grammar could provide a foundation for testing the influence of physical space on creativity, beyond the reported impact examined here. This work aims to contribute to the fields of Architecture, Design and Creativity Research, and to inform and inspire those who create, and those who use, workplaces. ii

The article discusses the legal regulation of interrelated intellectual property and genomic research results within the transition of the Russian Federation to the digital economy. The relevance of the issue under research is determined by the need to improve legislation on the legal regulation of genomic research related to achieving the purposes set out in the national program “Digital economy of the Russian Federation.” The purpose of the paper is to determine the main directions for improvement of the regulatory framework relating forms and methods of using the genomic research results and effective legal mechanisms for the application of the intellectual property to fulfill the Digital Economy program. The main approaches of the research are cross-sectoral, dialectical and systemic. These approaches make it possible to comprehensively study whether the regulatory framework applies to intellectual property to solve the problems of the introduction of genomic research results within the implementation of the national program “Digital Economy.” Results: the paper investigates the current status of legal regulation of genomic research and discovers the peculiarities of the application of the intellectual property to solve the problems of introducing the results of similar research into the economy. We described the applicability of individual intellectual property objects in the field of introducing the genomic research results, including production secrets (know-how), databases and works of science. We state that the most suitable legal regime for introducing the genomic research results into civil commerce will be the legal regime of copyright law objects.

Structural characteristics of vacancy-ordered τ-phases

Mobile Geolocation - a Technico-Legal Revolution

BackgroundThe studies on protein folding/unfolding indicate that the native state topology is an important determinant of protein folding mechanism. The folding/unfolding behaviors of proteins which have similar topologies have been studied under Cartesian space and the results indicate that some proteins share the similar folding/unfolding characters.ResultsWe construct physical property space with twelve different physical properties. By studying the unfolding process of the protein G and protein L under the property space, we find that the two proteins have the similar unfolding pathways that can be divided into three types and the one which with the umbrella-shape represents the preferred pathway. Moreover, the unfolding simulation time of the two proteins is different and protein L unfolding faster than protein G. Additionally, the distributing area of unfolded state ensemble of protein L is larger than that of protein G.ConclusionUnder the physical property space, the protein G and protein L have the similar folding/unfolding behaviors, which agree with the previous results obtained from the studies under Cartesian coordinate space. At the same time, some different unfolding properties can be detected easily, which can not be analyzed under Cartesian coordinate space.

Legal Rights and Accountability of Cyberpresence: A Void in Space Law/Astrolaw Jurisprudence

Intellectual Property Protection in Outer Space: Conflict in Theory and Application in Practice

A trilogy of inequalities: Land ownership, forest cover and ecosystem services distribution

In few areas have legal scholars focused more closely on the sources of law than in the study of corporate governance. Questions of institutional design thus pervade the literature of corporate law. Most prominent among these questions have been ones surrounding the allocation of law-making authority as between federal and state authorities: What is the dynamic by which corporate law will be generated at the state level, absent federal intervention? What is the normative quality of the resulting rules? When might a federal role be advisable, if not essential, in the regulation of public corporations? What form ought any such intervention take, and what distortions might it be expected to introduce into our traditionally state-based regime of corporate law? There has been much debate over these questions, to which the literature of law and economics has contributed mightily. To a striking degree, however, scholars have come to embrace – at least in broad terms – a common view on these questions. In this standard account, sub-national rules of corporate governance are to be preferred. State law – and the dynamic of state competition that arises from it – generates (at least some) efficiency gains, helping to reduce agency costs, as between shareholders and managers. For these and other reasons, the law and economics literature admonishes, the scope of federal law in an optimal regime of corporate governance should be limited. Federal rules may have a role in imposing mandatory disclosure obligations, regulating aspects of the issuance and trading of corporate securities, and in selected other circumstances, but not more generally. In this chapter, I suggest that this account of corporate law, widely accepted as it has become in the law and economics literature, deserves a closer look. As to what might be thought of as its horizontal and vertical axes – the perception of (horizontal) state competition as beneficial for shareholder-managerial relations, and the notion of (vertical) federal preemption as properly limited – the meaning and implications of the conventional account turn out to be more ambiguous. A careful analysis thus highlights critical limitations of each of these claims, and offers a more complex picture of the optimal sources of corporate law. Ultimately, a closer analysis of the horizontal dimension of state-to-state interaction and the vertical dimension of potential federal intervention points us to the same result in institutional design: a more mixed architecture of corporate law-making.

Socio-economic changes caused by digitalization naturally require the adaptation of existing mechanisms for the implementation and protection of civil rights to new digital realities. Current problems in the field of the implementation and protection of civil rights are combined into two large-scale blocks. Firstly, these are modern problems of classical institutions of civil law, and secondly, these are problems related to the formation of fundamentally new institutions of civil law, the digitalization of civil turnover. In this regard, the main conceptual approaches to the development of civil law at the present stage include: the revision of traditional institutions of civil law, the introduction of relations with digital objects and technologies into existing civil law institutions, situational civil law regulation, the formation of independent legal regimes. Modern problems of civil law concern the main legal regimes – property, obligation, inheritance, corporate law, as well as intellectual property rights. The most obvious problems are the definition and correlation of new concepts that are similar in essence: digital property, digital objects, digital property, digital assets, digital financial assets, digital currency, digital law. The identification of the legal essence of these phenomena will allow the formation of new legal regimes and correlate them with the legal regimes of property, liability, corporate law, and intellectual property rights. As a result of digitalization, there is a gradual transformation of traditional institutions of civil law. The so-called machine-readable law is being formed. One of the ways to modernize legislation is the enrichment of new concepts and categories, the lacunary introduction of individual norms or entire regulatory systems that have a different nature of impact on public relations related to digital objects and the digital form of the exercise of rights and duties. The protection of property and non-property rights is becoming one of the few most effective levers of state influence on participants in relations emerging in the innovation sphere. The protection of rights must be made directly dependent on the legitimacy of the actions of the participants in the relations in the information and telecommunications system. It is necessary to legislate a rule according to which any actions circumventing the law, regardless of whether or not the subject's goal was to circumvent the law, should be qualified as an abuse of the right, entailing the loss of the right to protection. To solve problems in the field of the exercise and protection of civil rights, it is necessary to create a multi-system approach to regulating relations: along with the traditional system of law (dividing law into branches, institutions and norms), a special machine-readable law based on digital algorithm technology and program code should be formed.

Ownership rights do not provide the owner with full freedom of use over the owned thing anymore, especially when it comes to such valuable resources as agricultural land. Ownership rigths are privilegia odiosa these days. Highest legal acts of several countries, as well as decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union, stress the fact that it is not absolute and that it has a particular social function. The owner is obliged to use the land, and to do so in a conventional manner. Conventional should, with respect to logical reasoning, relate only to what has been accepted, by a broader community, as useful and reasonable. However, that is not always the case in modern world. Agriculture is considered conventional when it is directed towards intensive plant production, while making use of artificial fertilizers, growth hormones, pesticides, fungicides, insecticides, and other chemical products. In USA and some other countries, production of plants which have a DNA modified by use of techniques of genetic engineering (GMO), are treated under the same legal regime. On the other hand, traditional, organic agriculture is treated as an exception, and special, more restrictive rules are applied to it. Civilization obviously found itself in an absurd situation. Something for which it is undoubtedly clear that it is bad in many aspects, and long term unsustainable (conventional agriculture) is considered normal, something for which it is not known whether and to which extent it is harmful (GMO agriculture) is being tolerated, and something for which we confidently know that it is not harmful, or at least not as nearly as harmful as the previously mentioned is considered an exception (organic agriculture). The difference between GMO immissions and emissions from a certain property being allowed or prohibited, i.e. whether the owner of a particular property will be held responsible for disturbance and possible damage, as a result of contamination of the environment, is determined by the way the GM plant production is being treated (as conventional or not). Therefore, the first part of this paper is dedicated to determining what is considered conventional use, in comparative law. The second part is dedicated to immissions of genetically modified organisms. In certain countries, special rules on coexistence of different types of agricultural production have been created, in order to prevent immissions, or bring them to a minimum. In Serbia, production of GM plants is prohibited. However, contamination of environment can come as a result of act with disrespect to the prohibition, by an owner or user of agricultural land. That opens an array of questions, to which traditional institutes of civil law are not capable of giving complete and precise answers.

Tip geometry modification is frequently used to suppress the tip leakage flow in the turbine cascade however a universally beneficial tip geometry modification design has not been fully discovered. In this paper, the two-surface coupling arbitrary blade tip design method in three-dimensional physical space which satisfies the simple trigonometric function law is proposed and the mathematical parametric description is presented. The effects of different arbitrary blade tips on tip leakage flow have been studied numerically in a highly loaded axial turbine cascade. The aerodynamic performance of different tips is assessed by the tip leakage mass flow rate and the total pressure loss coefficient at the exit section. The Kriging model and genetic optimization algorithm are used to optimize the arbitrary blade tips to obtain the optimal arbitrary blade tip. Compared with the flat tip, the tip leakage mass flow rate is decreased by 10.57% and the area-average total pressure loss coefficient at the exit section is reduced by 8.91% in the optimal arbitrary blade tip.

We present an operational reconstruction of the well-known two-to-one homomorphism between the groups SU(2) and SO(3), grounded in the physical description of quantum state preparation and evolution. Starting from the connection between vectors in three-dimensional physical space and quantum states of two-level systems, we investigate how reversible transformations–modeled as completely positive and trace-preserving maps–give rise to a correspondence between spatial rotations and unitary operations. Our approach reveals how this group-theoretic structure naturally emerges from physical constraints, particularly the preservation of purity and reversibility in quantum processes. Beyond its theoretical relevance, the construction offers a pedagogically accessible framework for introducing core ideas in quantum mechanics and symmetry groups, making the abstract correspondence between SU(2) and SO(3) tangible through experimentally meaningful procedures.