The Hesitant Officer

The article considers the legal institution of oath in foreign legal systems as a measure to encourage participants in criminal proceedings to give truthful testimony during judicial interrogation. The author uses the comparative and comparative legal analysis, a survey with an inferior alternative, and doctrinal analysis to compare the institution under discussion with other incentive measures and highlight its advantages. In the first part, the author highlights the domestic views on the legal incentive measures to encourage truthful testimony and dwells on their practical effectiveness and legitimacy in relation to individual participants in the criminal process. Analysing the legal measures proposed by Russian researchers, the author emphasizes that such measures, among other challenges, violate the rights of some participants in the criminal process (suspects, the accused). He also indicates some forensic shortcomings of the proposed measures, among which is the stimulation of errors in the perception of the event under investigation. According to the author, if the institution of oath has none of the described shortcomings, it indicates its viability. The second part of the article contains a normative comparative legal analysis of the legislation of foreign countries (Islamic Republic of Iran, Georgia, Germany, and the USA) in terms of the institution under consideration. The third part contains a justification from the standpoint of the domestic legal doctrine, as well as from the standpoint of psychology (taking into account the results of a survey with the effect of an inferior alternative), the possibility of introducing the institution of oath of a non-religious nature by participants in criminal proceedings during the interrogation in the trial as a measure encouraging truthful testimony. These testimonies will be “true” not from the persepctive of the subject of criminal procedural proof, but from the perspective of the interrogated person. In conclusion, the author speaks about the possibility of introducing a legal institution of a non-religious oath (swearing-in) in the Russian criminal process, at least, in the interrogation of participants in the criminal process at the stages of judicial proceedings in a criminal case.

The criminal case investigation process in the Indonesian National Police Force often uses verbal and physical violence, which is prohibited in the law. Suspects have rights as citizens who must legally be protected. This paper aims to find out: (1) the experience of approaching the normative object of the Criminal Procedural Code in the criminal case investigation process and (2) the new paradigm in legal research based on the experience of approaching the Criminal Procedural Code normative object in the criminal case investigation process. This paper used the literature study method, namely an inventory of data about legal texts. Results show that the criminal case investigation process in the police office is colored with acts of violence by investigators against those being investigated. The normative and ideal reality in the investigation process were a legal semiotic approach. An integrative legal concept is needed in the process of investigating criminal cases. The concept of integrative law includes three pillars, i.e., law enforcement, enforcement of human rights, and public access to justice. The reconstruction of the integrative model of interrogation was built by optimizing the domains of the investigators, organizations, and community. Received: 9 January 2025 / Accepted: 24 February 2025 / Published: 02 March 2025

3D printing has rapidly developed and been applied in forensic science due to its use in creating demonstrations for courts of law. Much of the literature on this specific topic has focused on the use of 3D printed models in academia, the potential influence on a jury, and its use as a long-term documentation process, but with few actual forensic case examples. This paper offers an insight into the development of 3D printing in forensic practice and how 3D printing is currently being used in the criminal justice system in England and Wales.A series of case reports were gathered from multiple police forces and forensic practitioners in the UK to identify how 3D printing was being used. These discussions established who was requesting 3D printed exhibits, what type of technologies were being utilised, what type of exhibits were being printed, and resulting feedback for the use of 3D printed material within a criminal case. As a result, this research demonstrates the current use of 3D printing in England and Wales, discussing the associated cases that have been known to incorporate 3D prints. Likewise, this work explores the limitations that have been encountered by forensic practitioners and identifies a series of research questions that should be considered in future investigations.

BackgroundPolice officers are increasingly required to respond to incidents involving psychiatric patients. However, few studies have assessed whether the attitude of police officers depends on prior knowledge of their specific psychiatric diagnosis. Our aim was to analyze the effects of psychiatric diagnosis on the behavior of police officers.MethodsWe utilized the Attribution Questionnaire adapted to the police context to examine the attitudes of 927 officers of the Spanish National Police Force towards persons diagnosed with either schizophrenia or depressive disorder playing the role of somebody in need of assistance, a victim of a crime, a witness, or a suspect in a criminal case. Different socio-demographic variables were also collected.ResultsCompared to attitudes to individuals with a known psychiatric diagnosis, police officers expressed increased willingness to help psychiatric patients and increased sympathy and attributing to them less responsibility for their actions. They also showed increased feelings of avoidance, reported a greater perception of danger and a greater need for isolation and involuntary treatment. This was especially so in the case of schizophrenia. Stigmatizing attitudes were less apparent when the person was a woman, a veteran officer, or someone with a history of work experience.ConclusionsPolice officers may hold certain stigmatizing attitudes towards persons with mental illness, particularly schizophrenia, that require special attention, as they may negatively affect police action. We found several factors associated with the persistence of these stigmatizing attitudes among police officers that may guide us when implementing training programs for promoting attitude change, especially at the beginning of an officer’s professional career.

Since its establishment in 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran has attempted to bring about a cultural revolution, aimed at replacing the old value system with new norms, building an ideal society based on Islamic criteria, and creating a New Islamic Person. In fact, one of the most important slogans of the postrevolutionary period has been: “Our revolution is a revolution in values.” Recognising the importance of the school in the process of character formation, the Iranian government has assigned the task of bringing about a revolution in values to the educational system.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Islamic Republic's efforts to create a new generation of committed and doctrinaire Muslims through the study of socialization in schools. Socialization in this context is defined as “the process by which people learn to adopt the norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors accepted and practiced by the ongoing system.”

Establishing relations with Iraq over the past half century has constantly been one of the most significant foreign policy issues for Iran. New developments in Iraq and the formation of a new power, politics sources in Iraq, as a result of the US and its allies' military invasion of Iraq and the collapse of the usurper regime in Iraq, have overshadowed the security and national interests of the Islamic Republic. Establishing and developing a political structure taking into account democracy and designing a model of federalism considering ethnic and religious divisions in this country can pose real challenges to Iran's security interests. Hence, the present article sets out to examine the aspects of this issue

In the aftermath of the defeat of the Arab Spring, this article looks at the inevitable failure of political Islam in power in Egypt and Tunisia and the unexpected consequences of the Arab Spring. This is done both in terms of the United States' apprehensions about Saudi Arabia's ability to control Jihadists in Syria and Libya but also its shift towards resolution of its conflict with Iran's Islamic Republic.

The article reflects the results of the international meeting “Theology and Islamic Studies in Russia and Iran: history, methods, educational approach.” The meeting took place in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian academy on the 8th of May 2018. The Meeting Committee received a substantial grant from the Culture Section of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia. At the meeting took part over 20 scholars from various research and educational bodies of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Among them were scholars from the University of Teheran, the al-Mustafa International University, Moscow State University, St Petersburg State University, Bashkortostan State University in Ufa, the Daghestan Institute of Hunmanities, The Moscow State University of Foreign Languages, the Pyatigorsk State University, and the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. In the article Prof. Yazdi outlines the recent trends in teaching Islamic theology and Islamic studies in the University of Teheran. The outstanding results gained by the scholars of this University in the field of Islamic education has attracted a vivid interest of their Russian colleagues. The teaching of Islam in the Islamic Republic of Iran runs in the four main directions:1. Teaching of Islam in the traditional framework combined with rational sciences and philosophy.2. Islamic studies and Islamic theology as a separate teaching module in the leading Universities of Iran.3. Islamic studies are combined with teaching of exact sciences as in the Imam Sadiq University (Tehran), the Motahhari University (Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan Province) and the Imam Reza University (Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan Province).4. Islamic studies constitute an integral part of University education in Iran.The teaching of Islam in the Islamic Republic of Iran is based on the Islamic tradition, philosophy and rational sciences. Therefore, the theology is considered as one of the aspects of the rational teaching. This is the basis of the Iranian moderate Islam. The author shares his practical experience of teaching Islam and Islamic sciences of many years.

The associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and tobacco use, alcohol consumption and drug use are poorly understood in the Islamic Republic of Iran. To measure education- and wealth-related inequalities in cigarette smoking, hookah smoking, illicit drug use and alcohol consumption in Kermanshah Province, Islamic Republic of Iran. We used baseline data from the Ravansar Noncommunicable Disease (RaNCD) study. The study collected information on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, cigarette and hookah smoking, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use of 10 015 adults aged ≥ 35 years between 2014 and 2016. The relative concentration index and absolute concentration index were used to measure education- and wealth-related inequalities in cigarette smoking, hookah smoking, illicit drug use and alcohol consumption. Cigarette smoking was concentrated among less-educated and less-wealthy men and women. Similarly, illicit drug use was concentrated among lower-SES men. In contrast, hookah smoking and alcohol consumption were more prevalent among higher-SES men. There were education- and wealth-related inequalities in tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use in the west of the Republic of Iran. Future studies should aim to identify the main socioeconomic determinants of these inequalities in Kermanshah Province and generally in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Gonu, the second tropical cyclone of the 2007 northern Indian ocean cyclone season, affected Oman, Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates and the Islamic Republic of Iran. This report examines the effects of cyclone Gonu in the Islamic Republic of Iran where it approached on its path on 6 June 2007 and reviews the actions taken before, during and after the cyclone. The incident highlighted the need for a special protocol to be prepared for all types of natural disasters. Responsible organizations should train their personnel according to the prepared protocols and service packages. Among the important lessons learned were the need for early warning, proper community involvement, access to essential data for risk analysis, special attention to safety of infrastructures, coordination and command integrity.

The relationship between obesity/overweight and female sexual function

This article explores the state of mental health counseling in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Topics that are addressed include training of clinicians, theoretical developments in Islamic‐based theories of psychology, and issues related to the practice of counseling. Counseling issues in the Islamic Republic of Iran are influenced by its unique culture and history. A discussion of issues related to the prevalence and treatment of addiction is included.

Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics by health care professionals is a worldwide concern. This study evaluated the knowledge and practices of dental practitioners in the city of Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran regarding their therapeutic use of antibiotics for patients with dentoalveolar infections. Of 219 (48.6%) dentists responding to the questionnaire more than 40% would prescribe antibiotics for localized fluctuant swelling and for problems for which antibiotics are not required according to good practice guidelines (acute pulpitis, chronic apical infection, periodontal abscess, chronic gingivitis, chronic periodontitis, pericoronitis and dry socket). A majority correctly prescribed antibiotics for acute periapical infection (77.2%), cellulitis (75.3%) and acute ulcerated gingivitis (63.0%). Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic for all clinical conditions but there was a wide variation in dosage, frequency and duration for all antibiotics used. Guidelines on rational antibiotic use are needed for dental practitioners in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Standardized data collection supports disease information management and leads to better quality of care. The Islamic Republic of Iran lacks a standard data set for data collection in hospitals. The aim of this study was to design a minimum data set for hospital information systems in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study was conducted in 2015. Data sets of other countries, hospital records, hospital information systems and electronic health record systems in the Islamic Republic of Iran were reviewed for data elements for the minimum data set. Data elements were collected using a data extraction form and were categorized into similar classes, which were divided into administrative and clinical sections. The list of data elements was reviewed by experts in technical offices of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, and a minimum data set was drawn up. There were nine and 18 data classes in the administrative and clinical sections with a total of 166 and 684 data elements respectively. After review by the expert panel, 159 administrative and 621 clinical data elements were retained as the minimum data set for the Iranian hospital information system. Our dataset can be used by the Iranian health ministry, hospital information system companies and health surveillance centres for more efficient management of health data.

Determining the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy interventions based on the transdiagnostic approach in the treatment of common mental health problems: Presenting an experience from the Islamic Republic of Iran