The Impact of Edge Computing on Real-Time Data Processing

In the digital era, data is one of the most important assets since it conceals valuable information. Developers of data-intensive systems have new challenges at each level of streaming, storing, and processing large quantities of data in a variety of forms and speeds. Obtaining useful information at the proper time and place is also crucial. Since the value of information is inversely proportional to time, real-time data processing and analytics are receiving more attention. Due to the importance of real-time data processing and analytics, this study focuses on real-time data processing concepts and terminology, popular technologies used in real-time data processing and analytics, popular NoSQL storage technologies used in real-time data processing, and real-time data processing application areas. The purpose of this paper is to provide researchers of real-time analysis and developers of data-intensive systems with a comparative perspective on real-time data processing by highlighting the key characteristics of real-time data processing technologies, NoSQL storage technologies, their application domains, and selected examples from previous studies.

Purpose: This study sought to explore the impact of fintech innovations on traditional banking systems. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the impact of fintech innovations on traditional banking systems. Preliminary empirical review revealed that fintech innovations had significantly transformed the financial industry, presenting both opportunities and challenges for traditional banking systems. It revealed that while fintech solutions enhanced operational efficiencies and customer satisfaction, traditional banks needed to adopt strategic planning and agile adaptation to maintain their competitiveness. The study highlighted the importance of collaboration between fintech firms and traditional banks, emphasizing the need for a balanced regulatory approach to foster innovation while ensuring financial stability. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Disruptive Innovation Theory, Diffusion of Innovations Theory and the Resource Based View Theory may be used to anchor future studies on fintech innovations on traditional banking systems. The study recommended that traditional banks embrace digital transformation by investing in technology infrastructure, fostering innovation, and upskilling employees. It suggested forming strategic partnerships with fintech firms to leverage technological advancements and enhance competitiveness. The study also advised policymakers to update regulatory frameworks to support innovation and maintain financial stability, while promoting financial literacy and inclusion. Lastly, it called for continuous dialogue and collaboration among all stakeholders to address challenges and seize opportunities presented by fintech innovations.

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of 5G technology on communication infrastructure.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The findings revealed that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the impact of 5G technology on communication infrastructure. Preliminary empirical review revealed that the significance of equitable access to 5G technology. As demonstrated, the adoption and impact of 5G can vary widely depending on factors such as geographic location, socioeconomic status, and cultural diversity. Bridging the digital divide and ensuring that underserved communities have access to advanced communication infrastructure remains a critical challenge. Policymakers, telecommunication companies, and community leaders must work collaboratively to address these disparities and ensure that the benefits of 5G are inclusive and accessible to all.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Diffusion of Innovations theory, Resource Dependency theory and the Structuration theory may be used to anchor future studies on 5G technology. The study emphasized the need for equitable expansion of 5G network coverage, particularly in underserved rural areas. Second, it calls for robust network security measures and data privacy regulations to safeguard user information. Third, the study promotes innovation and public-private partnerships to harness the full potential of 5G technology. Fourth, it highlights the importance of integrating 5G capabilities into disaster preparedness and response plans to enhance communication infrastructure resilience. Finally, the study stresses environmental sustainability by advocating for energy-efficient network components and eco-friendly deployment practices.



Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) frameworks improve real-time data processing and system scalability by making networked game AI NPCs more responsive and flexible. MEC-based frameworks are tested for latency reduction and NPC real-time performance in complex and dynamic environments. Simulated and real-life user experiments evaluated the proposed system's response times, accuracy, and latency. Python simulations of network settings with different NPC concentrations and complexity produced massive datasets. NPC behaviour feedback was collected from 100 diverse users of various ages, genders, gaming experiences, and preferences. In low- to medium-density scenarios, the edge computing framework improved NPC responsiveness with low latency and high accuracy, enhancing player immersion. Due to the environment's complexity and NPC density, response times increased and accuracy decreased, requiring further optimisation for harsher conditions. Despite bugs and repetitive behaviours that suggested the Likert scale could be improved, the qualitative results praised the NPCs' lively conversation and realistic movements. Edge computing improves game AI and NPC realism with adaptive responses and real-time data processing. Scaling NPC densities and integrating edge computing with game architectures require more research. Next, improve NPC AI algorithms, reduce computational complexity and scalability, and expand testing environment game scenarios. Edge computing and AI techniques like deep learning and natural language processing can create immersive and engaging gaming experiences. This may present new gaming industry challenges and opportunities for innovation. Edge computing's real-time data processing and adaptive responses may change video game non-player characters.

Purpose: The study sought to analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the recovery and resilience of the hospitality and tourism industry.
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
 Findings: The COVID-19 pandemic devastated Southeast Asia's hospitality and tourism sector, leading to a sharp decline in tourism, economic hardship, and widespread job losses. Businesses adapted by focusing on domestic travel, implementing health protocols, and embracing digitalization. Resilience and innovation were evident, with businesses diversifying offerings and governments providing financial support. Recovery hinges on rebuilding consumer confidence, stimulating demand, and fostering long-term resilience.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Resource-Based View (RBV), Institutional theory & Dynamic capabilities theory may be used to anchor future studies in the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the recovery and resilience of the hospitality and tourism industry. Encourage hospitality and tourism businesses to prioritize resilience-building initiatives as part of their strategic planning processes. Advocate for supportive policy frameworks at the national and international levels that prioritize the recovery and resilience of the hospitality and tourism industry.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the strategies of multinational corporations in emerging markets in Indonesia
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library
 Findings: Multinational corporations (MNCs) in Indonesia's emerging markets exhibit a preference for collaborative entry strategies, emphasizing joint ventures and strategic alliances. These approaches enable MNCs to harness local expertise and navigate the complexities of the Indonesian market effectively. Government policies play a pivotal role in shaping MNC strategies, with favorable policies attracting greater foreign investment and expansion. Industry-specific competitive strategies, including price competition, technology differentiation, and product innovation, are tailored to meet local market demands. Additionally, MNCs actively engage with the
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Eclectic paradigm (OLI Framework), Resource-based view (RBV) & Institutional theory may be used to anchor future studies on the examining the strategies of multinational corporations in emerging markets in Indonesia. Encourages MNCs to build meaningful partnerships, leveraging local expertise and networks, which can be crucial for navigating complex regulatory environments and market dynamics. Engaging in policy advocacy represents a proactive approach by MNCs to shape the regulatory landscape in their favor while contributing to the host country's economic development.

Edge computing is rapidly becoming a pivotal element in the evolution of consumer electronics, particularly with the increasing use of System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures embedded with artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities. By enabling on-device processing, AI-powered SoCs allow consumer devices to process and analyze data locally, without relying on cloud infrastructure. This whitepaper explores the transformative role of AI in enabling edge computing, focusing on AI-embedded SoCs and their ability to deliver real-time data processing, autonomous decision-making, and improved privacy. The paper highlights key themes such as latency-sensitive applications, local machine learning inference, and the advancements in AI algorithms that drive the success of edge AI in consumer devices like smartphones, wearables, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Furthermore, it examines the privacy benefits of edge computing, where data can be processed without ever leaving the device, thus ensuring enhanced data security. Keywords AI-enabled SoCs, edge computing, real-time data processing, IoT devices, local machine learning inference, autonomous decision-making, latency-sensitive applications, privacy improvements, on-device AI, AI in consumer electronics

Major advances in telecommunications and the Internet of Things have given rise to numerous smart city scenarios in which smart services are provided. What was once a dream for the future has now become reality. However, the need to provide these smart services quickly, efficiently, in an interoperable manner and in real time is a cutting-edge technological challenge. Although some software architectures offer solutions in this area, these are often limited in terms of reusability and maintenance by independent modules —involving the need for system downtime when maintaining or evolving, as well as by a lack of standards in terms of the interoperability of their interface. In this paper, we propose a fully reusable microservice architecture, standardized through the use of the Web of things paradigm, and with high efficiency in real-time data processing, supported by complex event processing techniques. To illustrate the proposal, we present a fully reusable implementation of the microservices necessary for the deployment of the architecture in the field of air quality monitoring and alerting in smart ports. The performance evaluation of this architecture shows excellent results.

With the advent of 5G, the amount of data generated by the Internet of Things (IoT) will explode, and the amount of information processed by prognostics health management (PHM) will also increase dramatically. The traditional cloud computing framework will generate requirements of higher network bandwidth and real-time data processing. This paper studies the system requirement analysis, system structure and function in detail, and an intelligent fault diagnosis system based on the edge computing of vibration signals is proposed for the equipment faults of rotating components such as gears and bearings, and this paper studies the system requirement analysis, system structure and function in detail. The edge of the system implements online diagnostics based on the real-time equipment data and the downloaded cloud model, and preprocesses the vibration signal at the edge. The cloud uses the data reported by the edge to train the model. In this paper, we use wavelet packet transform, Fisher discrimination criterion, combined with the edge of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) proved in this paper, computing framework can be real-time processing of sensor data, reduces network bandwidth resource consumption and latency, and can continuously update the computing model with the latest data sets. The intelligent fault diagnosis system based on vibration signal edge computing has application potential in highly time-sensitive fault diagnosis of rotating components as well as in vibration signal monitoring systems with large data volumes.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of leadership styles on employee motivation and job satisfaction in multinational corporations in Vietnam
 Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library
 Findings: The results showed that transformational leadership was the most preferred and effective style for enhancing employee motivation and job satisfaction, followed by democratic leadership. Autocratic and laissez-faire leadership styles were found to have negative effects on employee outcomes. The study also revealed that cultural differences, organizational climate, and individual factors influenced the perception and preference of leadership styles among employees and managers. The study concluded that MNCs in Vietnam should adopt a flexible and adaptive leadership approach that matches the needs and expectations of their diverse workforce.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Transformational Leadership Theory, Expectancy Theory and Social Exchange Theory may be used to anchor future studies on the effect of leadership styles on employee motivation and job satisfaction in multinational corporations in Vietnam. Multinational corporations operating in Vietnam should benefit from the research findings to tailor their leadership training programs. Policymakers can make informed decisions about regulations that promote employee well-being, productivity, and retention in multinational corporations.

Purpose: This study sought to investigate strategic risk management in the age of cyber threats implicating financial institutions. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings revealed that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the cyber threats. Preliminary empirical review revealed that financial institutions failed to effectively integrate cybersecurity into their strategic risk management frameworks. Cyber risks were often treated as IT issues rather than strategic concerns, leading to reactive responses and a lack of leadership involvement. The study emphasized the need for a shift in how institutions approach cybersecurity, making it a core part of their overall risk management and strategic planning. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended integrating cybersecurity into enterprise risk management, adopting a proactive approach with real-time threat intelligence, and enhancing cross-departmental collaboration. It called for better employee training, clearer regulatory standards, and public-private partnerships. The study contributed to theory by highlighting cybersecurity as a systemic risk and offered practical steps to improve governance and resilience in financial institutions.

Purpose: The general objective of this study was to investigate the impact of political instability on social development. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the impact of political instability on social development. Preliminary empirical review revealed that political instability significantly undermined social development by disrupting essential services like education and healthcare, eroding social cohesion and trust within communities, and causing economic stagnation that increased poverty and unemployment. These disruptions created a vicious cycle that perpetuated poverty and inequality, hampering long-term sustainable development. The study emphasized the need for comprehensive strategies to address the root causes of political instability, such as strengthening political institutions, promoting good governance, and ensuring inclusive economic growth, with international support playing a crucial role in fostering resilient institutions and effective social development programs. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Modernization Theory, Dependency Theory and Social Conflict Theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of political instability on social development. The study emphasized the importance of integrating political variables into social development theories and recommended targeted interventions to address the root causes of instability. The study urged policymakers to prioritize political stabilization through reforms and resource allocation to social sectors. It highlighted the need for enhancing social cohesion, building economic resilience, and promoting inclusive governance to mitigate the effects of political instability on social development. Additionally, it stressed the role of international cooperation in supporting these initiatives.

Purpose: The general objective of this study was to examine the impact of instant messaging apps on interpersonal communication and relationship dynamics. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to instant messaging apps on interpersonal communication and relationship dynamics. Preliminary empirical review revealed that while instant messaging increased connectivity and immediacy between couples, it also led to blurred boundaries and potential stress due to expectations for immediate responses. Frequent communication via IM enhanced relationship bonds but also introduced miscommunications due to the lack of non-verbal cues. The impact varied based on individual differences and relationship contexts, with younger and long-distance couples benefiting more. The study concluded that balancing IM with face-to-face communication was essential for maintaining high relationship satisfaction. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Social Presence Theory, Media Richness Theory and Uses and Gratification Theory may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of instant messaging on interpersonal communication. The study recommended expanding traditional communication theories to incorporate digital nuances, developing practical strategies for relationship counselors to navigate instant messaging challenges, and implementing policy changes to support healthy digital communication practices. It also suggested educational programs to enhance digital literacy, encouraged further research on demographic variations in IM use, and integrating findings into relationship intervention programs. These recommendations aimed to improve theoretical understanding, practical application, and policy development to foster healthier and more satisfying relationships in the digital era.

Purpose: The general objective of the study was to explore cybersecurity threats and mitigation strategies in the age of quantum computing. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to cybersecurity threats and mitigation strategies in the age of quantum computing. Preliminary empirical review revealed that quantum computing posed a significant threat to current cybersecurity measures by potentially rendering traditional cryptographic systems obsolete. It highlighted that existing encryption methods, such as RSA and ECC, were vulnerable to the powerful computational capabilities of quantum algorithms like Shor's algorithm. The research emphasized the urgent need for the development and integration of quantum-resistant cryptographic techniques and strategies to ensure continued security. It also concluded that, while quantum computing introduced substantial risks, it offered opportunities for innovation in cybersecurity, requiring proactive measures and strategic planning to address these emerging threats effectively. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Theory of Quantum Computing and Quantum Cryptography, Information Security Management Theory and Complexity Theory may be used to anchor future studies on cybersecurity threats and mitigation strategies in the age of quantum computing. The study recommended several key actions to address the cybersecurity challenges posed by quantum computing. It suggested accelerating research and development into post-quantum cryptographic algorithms and integrating these quantum-resistant solutions into current security infrastructures. The study also recommended enhancing cybersecurity education and training to prepare professionals for quantum-related challenges. Additionally, it advocated for promoting collaborative research between academia, industry, and government, developing strategic risk management frameworks, and engaging in policy advocacy to establish standards for quantum-safe technologies. These measures were intended to ensure that both theoretical and practical aspects of cybersecurity could effectively address the evolving threats of quantum computing.