The Implementation of EFL Online Learning

Self-monitoring—the ability to detect and correct errors during speech production plays an important role in second language production. Despite its importance, it has received little attention within English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts, particularly with regard to self-monitoring foci, speed, and its association with pausing behavior. This study aims to contribute to this area by investigating self-monitoring foci, speed, and the relationship between self-repair and pausing behavior within an EFL context. Sixty six EFL learners were recruited to perform picture-based description tasks. The research employed repeated measures and correlation analysis to address the research questions. The findings revealed that EFL learners frequently made more grammatical repairs compared to other repair types. Grammatical repair also took significantly longer to process than other repair types, implying that Grammatical repair might be challenging for EFL learners. Furthermore, the findings revealed a weak negative correlation between the frequency of Grammatical repair and pauses between clauses, suggesting that between-clause pauses in EFL speech might be associated with self-monitoring process. These insights shed light on the psycholinguistic aspects of self-monitoring in EFL contexts, carrying significant implications for research and theory.

Please fill up the following information accurately. (Please use Times New Roman, 12 pt. Timing of pedagogical intervention: Oral error treatment in EFL vs. CLIL contexts in primary education in Spain This study stresses the major circumstances in terms of timing of pedagogical intervention in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and Content Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) contexts within the same school setting in Madrid (Spain). The rationale of the research lies in the EFL and CLIL Primary Education teachers' preferences for online and offline correction (Pawlak, 2014). In order to gather significant data, classroom observation took place to list teachers' timing of error correction in oral communication –i.e., whether EFL and CLIL teachers perform immediate, delayed, or postponed correction. As for content and language integration, recent literature (Coyle, 2010; Wewer, 2017) stands out that CLIL practice should reflect upon alternative teaching methods different to EFL instruction (i.e. focus on language forms). Contrary to the expectations, the results highlight that there are no major differences of the timing of pedagogical intervention between EFL and CLIL teachers: Mostly all oral errors committed during EFL and CLIL courses were immediately intervened. In light of the results, some recommendations are proposed concerning the focus on language functions; i.e., being able to develop communicative competence and collaborative work along with language teachers. Information about Author(s)* Author 1 Author (Last name, First name) Estrada Chichon, Jose Luis Affiliated institution (University) University of Cadiz Country Email address loseluis.estrada@uca.es Department & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No) Write only one corresponding author. Yes Author 2 Author (Last name, First name) Otto, Ana Affiliated institution (University) UDIMA (Universidad a Distancia de Madrid) Country Email address anaisabel.otto@udima.es Department & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No) Author 3 Author (Last name, First name) Affiliated institution (University) Country Email address Department & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No) Author 4 Author (Last name, First name) Affiliated institution (University) Country Email address Department & Rank Corresponding author (Yes/No)

The implementation of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) has provided tremendous opportunities for language teachers to promote their computer literacy and adopt a learner-centered approach to teaching. Accordingly, with the rising advent of language learning technologies, language teachers would occupy a fundamental role in preparing and encouraging students to use various technologies for language learning purposes. In particular, the purpose of this study is to explore the attitudes of Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers toward the implementation of mobile-assisted language learning (MALL). The survey target participants were 168 EFL teachers who worked in a number of language teaching institutions in Iran. In-depth interviews with 55 EFL teachers were conducted as well. The findings from the survey and interview studies indicated moderately positive attitudes of the participants toward the use of mobile phones for language learning and teaching. The findings suggest that the presence of a couple of perceived challenges might be the reason for the nonuse of mobile phones for EFL learning and teaching in Iran. The teachers reported that they do not use any kind of MALL activities or software programs in their EFL courses. Results demonstrated that the EFL teachers did not have the required skills to use/develop MALL activities. The paper proposes recommendations and suggestions on how to implement MALL and remove potential barriers to MALL implementation in EFL contexts.

The era of COVID-19 compelled universities to design and deliver courses online. However, the successful design and delivery of online courses should embrace community. This study correlates the actual use of text interaction in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) virtual classes (VC) and its impact on the sense of virtual community (SOVC). To achieve the study’s goal, three groups of preparatory year (PY) students at Najran University studying online through Blackboard in the era of COVID-19 represent the participants. The study used data sources of the analysis of nine archival data of Reading course, Listening and Speaking course, and Writing course VC using Schullo model and the SOVC questionnaire adopted from Koh and Kim and an individual interview of nine instructors to get thorough interpretations of text interaction during VC. The study provided detailed information about what type(s) of text interaction participants used in EFL virtual classrooms. It also explored the impact of VC text interaction on EFL students’ SOVC. The study found that text interaction in EFL VC enhanced students’ SOVC. The findings supported that text interaction had both academic and social values. The study contributed to the theory of SOVC and brought recommendations on how educators can take advantage of VC text interaction in the EFL context.

This study explores the self-efficacies, self-concepts and self-esteems as readers of English of 20 undergraduate students and pre-service teachers (PSTs) enrolled in an English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher education programme in Chile. This study examines their beliefs about themselves as EFL readers and discusses PSTs’ internal landscapes and their potential to influence their students’ reading motivation in English. Qualitative data were gathered through 7 focus group sessions via Zoom and analysed through codebook thematic analysis. The findings reveal that participants’ self-beliefs are complex, dynamic and multidimensional. Their self-efficacy, self-concept and self-esteem as readers of English are informed by preconceptions about EFL reading, mainly understood from intensive (IR) and extensive reading (ER) approaches, as well as their beliefs about an idealised EFL reader, and motivation for reading in EFL. The implications of this study relate to the importance for EFL teacher education programmes in the country to consider affective and internal dimensions in positive EFL reading instruction. It emphasizes the importance of nurturing positive self-perceptions to promote EFL reading motivation and engagement vital for both teacher development and student success in EFL contexts. By fostering self-confidence and promoting a flexible approach to EFL reading, teachers can create a supportive learning environment, encouraging EFL reading motivation and engagement. Keywords: EFL reading, EFL pre-service teachers, self-concept, self-esteem, self-efficacy

Writing is considered one of the most complex skills in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts as it requires both linguistic competence and higher-order thinking skills; however, many students still face difficulties due to limited vocabulary, lack of ideas, and teacher-centered instructional approaches. To address these challenges, Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL) has been proposed as an alternative approach that promotes active learning through questioning, investigation, and reflection. This study aims to synthesize previous research on the implementation of IBL in EFL writing instruction and its impact on students’ writing development. This study employed a structured narrative literature review by analyzing 29 selected articles published between 2019 and 2025 from various academic databases, including Google Scholar, ERIC, DOAJ, and SINTA-indexed journals. The findings indicate that IBL has a positive impact on students’ writing development, particularly in terms of idea generation, text organization, coherence, language accuracy, and overall writing quality. In addition, IBL enhances student engagement in the learning process and fosters critical thinking skills that support argument construction in writing. Despite these benefits, variations in research contexts and the predominance of short-term studies limit the generalizability of the findings. Therefore, Inquiry-Based Learning demonstrates strong potential as an effective instructional approach for improving writing skills in EFL contexts and is recommended for further investigation in broader contexts and over longer periods of time.

This study investigates the effects of AI-supported online classroom management (AIS-OCM) on students’ attitudes toward English as a Foreign Language (EFL), their self-directed online learning skills, and academic achievement. The rapid development of digital technologies, particularly in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, has highlighted the need to sustain student engagement and motivation in online learning environments. Within this framework, AI-based tools and intelligent learning analytics systems offer promising potential for delivering personalized feedback and adaptive learning support. A quasi-experimental design was adopted, involving 7th-grade students from an EFL context. While the experimental group received AI-supported online instruction over eight weeks, the control group participated in standard online lessons without AI integration. Data were collected using pretest and posttest measures and analyzed with Mixed ANOVA to examine time, group, and time × group interaction effects focusing on attitudes toward EFL lessons, self-directed online learning, and academic performance. The findings indicate positive learning gains over time for both groups and generally more favorable outcomes for the AIS-OCM group, offering meaningful insights into the multidimensional impact of AIS-OCM. These results are expected to contribute to the growing body of research on AI-supported education and provide practical implications for educators and policymakers operating in EFL settings.

<p>'A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words'. Pictures can stimulate and increase the interest<br />and imagination of students so you can easily encourage a creative storyteller in them by<br />providing them an inspiring picture on which to base their story. Picture Storytelling has long<br />been recognized as a very useful method of language learning as it enhances students' language<br />skills through creative writing. The aim of this paper is to explore the possibilities of how<br />picture storytelling can effectively be used to foster students' motivation, creativity and learning<br />in EFL (English as a foreign language) classes. This paper presents a pilot study focused on 88<br />EFL first-, third- and fourth-year students of the Faculty of Educational Sciences in Sarajevo,<br />implementing picture storytelling tasks into our EFL classes in order to increase students'<br />motivation and creativity as well as to develop their basic English language skills. At the end<br />of semester, a questionnaire was given to all student participants in this project in order to<br />evaluate their attitudes towards using picture storytelling tasks in our EFL context and whether<br />they see such creative writing as a tool with positive effect on their motivation and developing<br />their EFL language skills. The results of the questionnaire reveal that students had an overall<br />positive attitude towards using picture storytelling tasks as an appropriate medium both for<br />sparking their imagination while engaged in creative writing tasks and for practicing their<br />English language skills.</p>

Most countries in the world have been influenced by the trends of globalization and interculturality; accordingly, the English language and related cultures have come to play more important roles in global communication. Educational research, a primary source for language teaching and learning development, has increasingly emphasized the importance of integrating language and culture in teaching and learning processes. However, it is not easy for students who use English as a foreign language (EFL) to speak English fluently in an environment where English is rarely used outside the classroom. Teachers nevertheless try to find out the most appropriate teaching approach to develop their students’ English skills in order to serve the demands for English in the labor markets. This article discusses the application of CLIL in an EFL context—a case study in Thailand—with an emphasis on explanation of CLIL framework and principles and how these are implemented in Thailand as guidelines for developing EFL courses or curriculum. Both advantages and disadvantages of applying CLIL are examined and the difficulties of applying CLIL in the classroom are clarified to help EFL teachers plan their courses more effectively. Key words: Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), English communication, language teaching and learning, EFL context

This study investigates the effects of teacher self-compassion, emotion regulation, and emotional labor strategies on teacher resilience in the English as a foreign language (EFL) context. The study aims to understand the relationships between these variables and their potential implications for promoting teacher resilience. A sample of 711 Chinese EFL teachers participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of the instruments used to measure teacher self-compassion, emotion regulation, emotional labor strategies, and teacher resilience. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the relationships between these variables. The results of the study revealed that teacher self-compassion and emotional labor strategies had direct positive effects on teacher resilience. Specifically, higher levels of self-compassion and effective use of emotional labor strategies were associated with greater teacher resilience. Furthermore, teacher emotion regulation was found to indirectly predict teacher resilience through the mediation of emotional labor strategies. This suggests that the ability to regulate emotions influences the adoption of effective emotional labor strategies, which in turn contributes to higher levels of teacher resilience. The findings of this study highlight the importance of teacher self-compassion, emotion regulation, and emotional labor strategies in promoting teacher resilience in the EFL context. Interventions aimed at enhancing teacher emotional regulation skills and fostering self-compassion may have significant implications for supporting teachers in managing the demands and challenges of their profession, ultimately enhancing their resilience. These findings contribute to the understanding of factors that can promote teacher resilience and inform the development of targeted interventions in the EFL context.

As part of a larger qualitative case study, this article explores the notion of teacher leadership in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context and a higher educational institution in Saudi Arabia. Twelve EFL teacher leaders were interviewed to understand their perceptions of teacher leadership practices in the EFL context. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews and opened-ended questionnaires, and analysed using NVivo10. Data analysis led to 18 main categories and four overarching themes; however, four major categories and one key theme are part of this article that represent the EFL teacher-leaders’ perceptions of their leadership practices and roles at the English Language Institute (ELI). The findings reveal that teacher leadership is a novel concept at the ELI and teacher leaders operate in hierarchical leadership structures. However, their wide range of leadership roles, both instructional and operational match with the three historical waves of teacher leadership (Silva, Gimbert & Nolan, 2000) in the US context. The impact of hierarchical structures on teacher leadership practices is evidently found as EFL teacher leaders encounter various difficulties, such as heavy administrative workload and lack of autonomy. Nevertheless, their shared leadership practices within the groups help them deal with these challenges.

This paper investigates the development of students’ speaking skills, using the Immersion Teaching Model (ITM) as a form of process differentiation. It aims to explore whether the ITM intervention in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context will have an impact on the students’ speech development and motivation, and will furthermore investigate its feasibility as a teaching approach. A 5th Grade class of a Greek state Primary school was used and action research was implemented. The research findings revealed enhancement of the speaking skills for the students that have at least an initial level of language speaking competence, but no difference was detected for the students of no speaking competence, indicating the need for further differentiation. However, the ITM intervention was proven feasible to use in the EFL classroom and highly affective to student motivation. The implications of the present research for the EFL context have shown that the ITM is flexible enough to accommodate the diverse educational needs, and benefit meaningful speech production if appropriately applied.

This article examines how to promote university students' engagement in learning by means of instructor‐initiated English as a foreign language (EFL) writing groups. The research took place in Rwanda and was undertaken as a case study involving 34 second‐year undergraduate students, divided into 12 small working groups, and one instructor. The data were collected by means of open‐ended group interviews carried out after each of the 12 groups had finished writing an essay in English. In their responses, students acknowledged having improved their interpersonal and collaborative skills through EFL group writing. Students also indicated that, while discussing and interacting with their group members and with the support from their instructor, they improved their English vocabulary, gained new ideas and perspectives, and enhanced their learning about text coherence, all of which led to improvement in their EFL writing. However, a minority of students did not appreciate writing together, due to continued internal disagreements and member incompatibility. The author proposes strategies to make group work an effective learning tool inside and outside the classroom, particularly in EFL contexts.

English as a Foreign Language (EFL) has constituted a major part of the curriculum in private and public institutions in Saudi Arabia for over eight decades. More recently, the emergence of English as a global language has made it a socially desirable language in Saudi society, as elsewhere in the world. However, despite the long history of English teaching in Saudi Arabia and the growth of the profession over the years, the overall English proficiency level of the majority of students is low and unsatisfactory. Saudi researchers have reported many reasons for the ineffectiveness of English Language Teaching (ELT) including, but not limited to, low levels of student motivation, negative attitudes toward English, a substandard English as a Foreign Language (EFL) curriculum, and inefficient teacher pedagogical practices. These problems fall into two major categories: problems related to the lwhyr of teaching and learning of EFL, and problems related to the lhowr of teaching and learning EFL. In investigating these issues, much of this research has been carried out within individual/psychological/structuralist/positivist frameworks, which has failed not only to problematize the complexity of such constructs but also to appreciate the fact that all realities are produced/(re)produced via ldiscourser. Hence, the present study investigated EFL teaching and learning practices by employing Foucauldian and poststructuralist frameworks. This study used poststructuralism not only as a theoretical lens per se, but also established it through the implemented analytical tools and textual representations of the collected data. Employing a poststructuralist discursive perspective made it possible to view EFL teaching and learning as complex social practices, interacting with the discourses of English and ELT practices available in the global as well as the local context(s). These discourses create the nexus between power and knowledge and impact on what an EFL teacher/ learner does within a classroom setting by constructing perspectives of reality through which he or she comes to understand the EFL teaching and learning process in certain ways which constitute epistemological spaces and generate particular practices. Drawing on policy documents, EFL textbooks, classroom observations, interviews with two Saudi EFL teachers, and focus group discussions with Saudi EFL students in two rural areas, the study identified seven discourses circulating within and competing across the examined discursive spaces. The first three discourses are related to English and its values, including: English as a universal language; English as the language for better employment opportunities; and English as the language for spreading religion. The remaining four discourses centred around ELT with exams as an important aspect of EFL learning and ELT; CLT as the key to success in ELT; L1 as a barrier to successful EFL learning; and EFL textbooks as an essential aspect of the processes of EFL learning and ELT. In exploring the production and (re)production of these discourses through the examination of how visibilization, normalisation, exclusionary/inclusionary acts, classification, and subject positioning as discursive strategies are employed, it was found that whether a particular discourse was made visible or invisible depended on other discourses operating across the examined discursive spaces: the social context, the policy, the textbook, the classroom, and the teachers and students. The analysis of the connection(s) and misconnection(s) between these discursive spaces demonstrated that the interplay between the different discourses constructed discursive battlegrounds, which impacted the processes of EFL teaching and learning. Through the investigation of this interplay, it was found that there was a disconnect and an ambivalent relationship between the study participantsr espoused discourses of English and their EFL teaching and learning practices, suggesting that EFL teachers and learners should not be considered lstabler figures, but rather as social agents with discursively constructed ever changing subjectivities. Furthermore, the analyses of the constructions of the discourses operating within the examined policy texts demonstrate an intra disparity and fragmentation. This was manifested in the difference between the ideals of the EFL curriculum and the institutionally imposed regulating techniques, that is, examinations and teachersr assessment practices which had negative effects on EFL teaching and learning dynamics. Additionally, as a consequence of the competition between the different sources of discursive constructions, I found that there was a gulf between the EFL policies and the enactment of these policies in EFL teaching and learning dynamics in the observed EFL classrooms. The findings of this study also indicate that if a discourse promoted through the policy is mediated by discourses operating in the larger societal context, it became more visible in teaching and learning practices as compared to other discourses that did not have social moorings. This suggests that taking the prevailing social expectations into account at the stage of developing any policy is of paramount importance.nThe study concludes with a discussion of the implications of the interplay of connections and misconnections between competing discourses across different spaces in Saudi educational settings for improving the EFL teaching/learning environments in Saudi Arabia and other similar contexts.n

The anxiety phenomenon has been widely acknowledged as one of the most important psychological phenomena. Theorists and second language researchers claimed that anxiety and language learning are associated. Thus learners who portray low levels of anxiety allow more and better input into the brain, increasing their language learning performance. However this may not be the case for many learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). They face challenges of learning new vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation and reading in the target language. In reading, most of the texts require critical synthesis, evaluation and interpretation to comprehend the authors’ point of views. These reading experiences may increase students’ levels of anxiety if they are unprepared for such demands. As a result, learners become tense and continue to experience high levels of anxiety as they suffer from poor performance in their studies. The objective of this paper is to examine the reading anxiety phenomenon experienced by a group of Arab students in their learning of English as a foreign language (EFL). Data was collected from 34 postgraduate Arab EFL students using the FLRAS (Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale) and focus group interviews. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and tabulated in the form of mean frequency to answer the research questions posed. Findings revealed that cultural content, vocabulary, grammar, topic and lack of self-confidence were factors that impact students’ reading anxiety. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications and suggestions for teaching reading within an EFL context.