The Knowledge Organization

Purpose This research purpose was to explore the meaning of historicism, architectural historicism, the architectural attributes, design principles, elements and ornamentations of churches in medieval Western architecture, and how they were reflected in contemporary churches' design in Jordan. Design/methodology/approach This research used the historical descriptive–interpretive qualitative research method. Around 24 Western medieval churches were selected, studied and analyzed to explore the common design attributes of each historical era. The design attributes of each era were segmented under three categories: Design principles (plans' typology, facades, shapes, details, composition and building form), design elements (openings, towers and entrances) and ornamentation (sculptures, paintings and interior decoration). Additionally, three modern Jordanian churches were analyzed using the same method to compare with the historical churches through personal observations, field trips, researchers' memories, site visits, archival records, plans, images, books, slides, details and note-making. Different types of evidence were used, such as determinate, contextual and inferential. In addition, different tactics for analysis were used in analyzing the historical churches: site familiarity, use of existing documents, virtual and visual inspection and comparison with conditions elsewhere. Credibility was achieved when the results were reviewed and compared with the original and similar information. Findings Early Christian design principles, elements and ornamentations were reflected in Jordanian churches more than in Byzantine, Renaissance, Romanesque and Gothic. The design principles of Western medieval architecture were reflected in the selected Jordanian churches more than in ornamentation and design elements. Moreover, this research found that the highest reflection of Western medieval architecture on Jordanian churches was in designing the plans, which is a basilica with a central nave and aisles followed by opening styles, façade, shapes, entrances design, composition, painting and the minimum reflection was in sculptures. Additionally, there was no reflection on tower design and interior decoration. Practical implications This research encourages architects to enhance architectural historicism by focusing on historical styles in contemporary designs and using design elements, principles and decorations of historical styles in medieval architecture to enrich the variety and originality of architectural design and create new modern stylistic architecture. Architectural historicism increases historical self-awareness and helps a generation of architects to answer the question: In what style should be built. Originality/value Learning the design principles, not copying the past, is becoming a trend for most architects. Architectural historicism introduces new temporal elements, gives a new meaning and primary function to architecture to become socio-temporal and contextual contrast and reflects the essential points of references of the past through design methodology to express the present. The advantage of this research is to put an end to architects' role in syncretism and subjectivism. Instead, historicism architects equipped with the necessary knowledge and supported by the published research and inventors of historical architecture, can choose, imitate, adapt, borrow and use the correct historical forms that originated in a given period.

This chapter discusses the evolution and development of intercultural public relations theory, which posits the influence of culture, cultural identity, and cultural values on public relations, with particular focus on the segmentation of publics and the management of relationships and conflicts. Framed by the strategic management approach to public relations and by intercultural communication theories regarding cultural identity and cultural values orientation, intercultural public relations theory applies both within and across national borders, with implications for organizations, publics, and society at large. This general theory at the intersection of culture and public relations identifies culturally salient publics, strengthens organization-public relationships, builds cultural competency, and empowers those who are marginalized.

Organizational Perceptions, Leadership, Performance and Organizational Citizenship Among Older Employees in Work Settings: Can They Interelate?

To understand the intersection of healthcare professionals' and care workers' culture and their provision of person-centred care for people with dementia. Due to the nature of global immigration and recruitment strategies, health care is provided by a culturally diverse workforce. Consequently, there is a need to understand healthcare professionals' and care workers' cultural values of illness, disease and dementia. Cultural values and beliefs regarding dementia and care of the older person differ, and currently, there is a lack of clarity regarding the intersection of culture in the provision of person-centred dementia care. A search of the following databases was completed: Medline, CINAHL, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, PsycINFO and PubMed for papers published from 1st January 2006 to 31st July 2016. A total of seven qualitative studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, all explored the impact of healthcare professionals' and care workers' culture in relation to their provision of person-centred dementia care. A meta-synthesis of the data from these studies identified four themes: cultural perceptions of dementia, illness and older people; impact of cultural perceptions on service use; acculturation of the workforce; and cross-cultural communication. Limited evidence was found on the impact of healthcare professionals' and care workers' culture on their provision of person-centred dementia care. The intersection of culture and dementia included the understanding of dementia, care and family roles. Acculturation of migrant healthcare workers to the culture of the host country, workplace, and support with the communication was identified as necessary for the provision of person-centred dementia care. Open access education and training to support communication is required, alongside the development of robust interventions to support the process of acculturation of migrant healthcare professionals and care workers to provide culturally competent person-centred dementia care.

The cultural environment as a learning resource for students is one way to maintain and introduce local wisdom. The purpose of this study is to shape the character of students through the values and local wisdom of the Hajat Laut tradition, which is the culture closest to them. This research method uses a qualitative approach with an ethnographic design. Data collection techniques include triangulation (observation, interviews, and documentation). The results of this research are: 1) The tradition of sea celebration is a fisherman's celebration activity that has been carried out since ancient times by the ancestors. 2) The implementation of the sea ritual tradition is supported by positive activities that have cultural and social values that can be used as community guidelines for interaction. 3) The values contained in the Hajat Sea tradition are religious values, cultural values, mutual cooperation values, artistic values, social care values, recreational values, economic values, and the value of love for the homeland and cultural history. 4) Internalization of the competence of local wisdom values of the Hajat Laut tradition, namely by correlating these values to those concerned as well as the material contained in textbooks. Therefore, the tradition of going to sea can be used as a source of social studies learning, which has a correlation with the natural environment, social environment, cultural environment, and economic environment contained in social studies subject matter.

Do Cultural Values Affect Negotiation Styles in Pakistan: The Mediatory Role of Cultural Intelligence

The purpose of this study is to select architectural design elements of super high-rise buildings to protect them from terrorism using explosives and to develop a vulnerability assessment model which can take into account the relative importance of each design element in anti-terrorism and the supplementary effects among them for achieving cost efficient architectural design.Four layers of defense and 27 architectural design elements were selected and the design elements were categorized into 7 supplementary groups based on their purpose and function. Then, design guidelines for each element were classified into 5 grades on the basis of its protection or risk level.Weights of each element were extracted through an AHP survey by anti-terrorism specialists. The results imply that the vulnerability of high-rise buildings to terrorism would be affected the most by the circumstances of the building and neighborhood, and the modification of heavily weighted design elements for separating unauthorized vehicles from a tower and blocking them outside of the site could be the most efficient design measures to counter terrorism.As a vulnerability assessment model, a bottom-up formula was suggested. To reflect the supplementary effects among design elements in the same group, an evaluation level integration methodology was included.

This paper concerns the application of visual ethnographic research to preserve the cultural identity of structures like Namghar located at the banks of Brahmaputra in Assam. Namghar are an important socio-cultural institution, whose design elements are essential and symbolic for binding the entire community especially belonging to various areas of Assam. However, rapid urbanization and changing lifestyle has led to variations in design elements of Namghar. This study on these variations in design elements will be essential in preserving the essence, harmony among diverse communities as well as heritage of Assam. The objectives of this study are to compare variations in design elements especially colour variations of Namghar located at different locations within Assam. Field observations of outer overall structure, elements as well as interior structure were made. Colour palate was identified and the visuals were analyzed. Similarities and differences among key architectural elements will be compared and discussed. Cultural aesthetics elements were explored with visual ethnography on architectural elements among Namghars in various locations. It is identified, discussed with reference to semiotics and semantics of cultural construction. This paper seeks to arouse the issues of cultural loss of Namghar and possibility of colour as a binding design element among the architecture of Namghar.

Abstract: This article examines the nature of the top departmental job, reviewing the context within which deputy ministers (DMs) work, and identifying four key functions that they must perform: policy advice, expenditure planning and control, organizational leadership, and special assignments for the collectivity. Next, it considers the qualifications required of deputy ministers, and how these are changing. It then compares the job of the deputy with that of the chief executive officer (CEO) of a large business enterprise.The article argues that although the basic functions of the DM's position are the same as they have always been, some, such as policy development and expenditure control, have been changing in response to the demands of big government. Others, such as organizational leadership, may have not received sufficiently explicit recognition. While recognizing the many pressures to which the deputy minister is subject, the article notes that the responsibility of organizational leadership is not susceptible to delegation. It contends that in the turbulence that characterizes today's public service environment, there is a great need for DMs to give priority to this aspect of their job.SommaireCet article analyse la nature du poste le plus élevé dans un département ministériel, le contexte dans lequel travaillent les sous‐ministres (SM), et les quatre principales fonctions qu'ils doivent remplir, à savoir: donner des conseils sur les politi‐ques planifier et verifier les dépenses, diriger l'organisation, et exécuter des tâches spéciales pour la collectivité. L'article se penche ensuite brièvement sur les capacites que Ton demande aux sous‐ministres d'avoir, et sur les changements qui sont en train de se produire à ce niveau. II compare enfin le poste de sous‐ministre à celui deThe author is a partner with the management consulting firm William M. Mercer Ltd., and a research associate with the Institute for Research on Public Policy. This article is adapted from the author's book on management in government, Beyond the Bottom Line, to be published in 1987 by the Institute for Research on Public Policy. The author wishes to thank the two anonymous reviewers of this article for their helpful comments. The article is based upon three sources: first, a review of the literature on permanent secretaries and deputy ministers; second, the author's experience as a consultant to several deputy ministers and heads of government agencies on matters of organization and policy development over sixteen years; and finally, interviews with six British permanent secretaries, several Canadian deputy ministers and central agency officials in Canada and the U.K. conducted over the period 1984 to 1987. président‐directeur général (PDG) d'une grande entreprise pour mettre au jour les principales différences existant entre les deux.Selon l'article, bien que les fonctions fondamentales du sous‐ministre soient tou‐jours les mêmes, certaines, toutefois, comme l'élaboration des politiques et la vérification des dépenses, connaissent une évolution en raison des besoins des gouvernements, dont la taille s'est considérablement accrue. D'autres fonctions, comme la direction de l'organisation, n'ont peut‐être pas reçu suffisamment d'attention. Tout en admettant que le sousministre est soumis à de nombreuses pressions, l'article fait remarquer qu'il ne peut déléguer en aucun cas la responsabilité du leadership organisa‐tionnel. La fonction publique etant aujourd'hui un milieu très mouvementé, il est absolument necessaire que les sous‐ministres soient capables et disposés à accorder la prioritéà cet aspect de leur travail.

Mental, Motor, and Language Development of Toddlers with Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Understanding the causes and consequences of varying mental health experiences in the workplace has gained significant research attention, yet little is known about the assumptions people hold about mental health at work, especially with regard to the expectations people may have of their leaders' mental health. Given people tend to romanticize organizational leaders and have expectations regarding prototypical leader attributes, we consider whether people also hold expectations of leaders' mental health. Drawing on implicit leadership theories, we propose that people will expect leaders experience better mental health compared to those occupying other organizational roles (e.g., subordinates). Using mixed methods, Study 1 (n = 85) showed that people expect that those in leadership roles enjoy higher well-being and experience less mental illness than those in non-leadership roles. Using vignettes in which an employee's health was manipulated, Study 2 (n = 200) demonstrated that mental illness is incongruent with leadership prototypes. Using vignettes in which organizational role was manipulated, Study 3 (n = 104) showed that compared to subordinates, leaders are perceived as having more job resources and demands, but people expect that it is leaders' greater access to organizational resources that facilitates their well-being and inhibits mental illness. These findings extend the occupational mental health and leadership literatures by identifying a novel attribute upon which leaders are evaluated. We conclude by considering the consequences of leader mental health expectations for organizational decision-makers, leaders, and employees aspiring to lead.

This paper is regarding the application of visual ethnographic research to facilitate preservation of the cultural identity of structures of Namghar, which is an important sociocultural institution. Design elements of Namghar are essential and symbolic for binding the entire community especially belonging to various areas of Assam. However, rapid urbanization and changing lifestyle have led to variations in design elements of Namghar. This study on these variations in design elements will be of interest in preserving the essence and harmony among diverse communities as well as heritage of Assam. The objectives of this study are to compare variations in design elements especially semantic variations of Namghar located at different locations within Assam. Field observations of external overall structure, elements as well as interior structure were made. Similarities and differences among key vernacular architectural design elements were compared and discussed. Cultural aesthetic elements were explored with visual deconstruction of architectural elements between Namghar in various locations. It is identified and discussed with reference to semiotic analysis. Also, it is used for constructing Namghar culture in structured way. This paper seeks to arouse the issues of cultural loss of Namghar and possibility of forming, meaning as a binding design aspect among the vernacular architecture of Namghar.

A special feature of Orthodox religious buildings is the presence in the worship hall of works of architecture, artistic murals, icons, frescoes, iconostases of historical and cultural value. The specificity of religious buildings: churches, temples and cathedrals is also year-round services and gatherings of a large number of parishioners and staff, reaching several thousand people. It is known that several dozen candlesticks with burning candles are installed in the halls of worship, and hundreds of kilograms of candles are burned throughout the year. Heat, moisture, and carbon dioxide, which emit harmful substances from people, and when candles are burned - soot, smoke, moisture, heat, carbon dioxide settle on the inner surfaces of the worship hall on the elements of design and decoration. As a result, the expensive decoration of the hall darkens over the years from smoke, moisture and other hazards - heat, moisture, carbon dioxide negatively affect the comfort conditions and well-being of parishioners and staff. To ensure the preservation of historical and cultural values and comfortable conditions, high requirements are imposed on the climatic parameters of the internal Orthodox religious buildings in the worship hall: churches, temples and cathedrals.

Taking accounting students in the US and Taiwan as research subjects, the relationship between cultural values and cognitive moral development was explored. The accountingspecific Defining Issues Test (Thorne, 2000) was used to assess participants' cognitive moral development, and the Values Survey Module (VSM 94; Institute for Research on Intercultural Cooperation) was used to determine participants' cultural values. Research results indicate significant differences in cognitive moral development between the US and Taiwanese accounting students. To some extent, cultural values had a significant influence on students' moral development of ethics within accounting.

Science denialism—fuelled by mis/disinformation—is a global existential crisis that erodes social cohesion and our collective capacity to confront crises like climate change, transform energy systems, and curtail pandemics. Despite scientific breakthroughs, denialism appears to be not only persisting, but accelerating. Research on the causes, consequences, and cures most often focus on individual-level denial. Yet science denialism is not exclusively caused by individuals’ biases or lack of knowledge, which is addressed with more/better education, but also by other more contextual causes. Thus, even if we could talk to one person at a time, we will never reverse this denialist tide. Missing is a systematic examination of the role that organizations play for diagnosing the sources and levels of science denialism, understanding the tactics used, and strategizing effective solutions. This book addresses these urgent questions: Why and how do doubts in science persist in society? What is the role of organizations and institutions in science denialism? And which strategies can organizations implement to effectively mitigate this global and collective issue? To answer these questions, we bring insights on science denialism from an array of internationally renowned management scholars. We leverage socio-psychological and organizational theories, examine the roles of organizations and institutions in both perpetuating and combating denialism, and create innovative solutions. As organizational leaders in management, science, technology, and engineering—it is our responsibility to understand how and why science is under attack and implement measures to mitigate it. With this book, we show how.