The lexical design of a digital computer for a large-scale real-time application

THE International Business Machines Corporation's card-programmed calculator (CPC) is one of the most extensively used automatic digital computers in the world today and has been discussed in several technical articles. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> ‾ <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> Scientific calculations, engineering problems, and accounting procedures have all been applied to the CPC with success. This flexibility may be attributed to the fact that all of the computer elements of the CPC are wired to plugable terminals on removable plugboards as shown in Fig. 1. Thus, by changing wires on the plugboard, the internal design of the CPC may be altered and optimized for a particular application. The purpose of this paper is to present the features of a new CPC plugboard system developed by the Power Transformer Engineering Section of the General Electric Company primarily for engineering design calculations. This system may be used for any calculations where slide-rule accuracy is adequate.

Objectives: Detecting air pollutants is a key factor in combating the Air Pollution Phenomenon. This study focused on creating an innovative air quality monitor device with a mobile application that can track personal exposure to harmful air contaminants and harmful gases. Method: A specific System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model was utilized in developing the system called Prototyping. This model iterates some phases before jumping to next phase. Furthermore, the system was developed through the integration of LCD display, dust sensor, gas sensor, temperature and humidity sensor, Bluetooth module, Arduino microcontroller and a mobile application. The device can display data readings independently that has a built-in Bluetooth sharing capability. This built-in sharing feature enables the device to share data to the android application the researcher developed independently. Result: To measure the over-all usability of the system, alpha and beta testing was conducted using International Business Machines (IBM) Computer Usability Scale. Results indicated a grand weighted mean of 4.93 and 4.81 respectively and both can be interpreted as highly usable. This results means the system adhered to the standard set by IBM in system development. Recommendation: Utilization of this device is highly recommended. Keywords: Air Monitor, Air Pollution Sensor, Air Quality, Air Quality Monitor, Pollution Detector

Aligning India in the Cold War EraIndian Technical Elites, the Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur, and Computing in India and the United States Ross Bassett (bio) In July 1963, a chartered DC-7 landed at a military airbase in Kanpur, India, a large but unremarkable city on the Ganges River, in a region often considered backward by Indians. The plane held an International Business Machines (IBM) 1620 computer, commonly used in American universities, which was destined for the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) at Kanpur, an institution supported by a nine-university American consortium. At the institute, a group of young Indian men muscled the machine into place (fig. 1). There to greet the computer was Harry Huskey, one of the foremost figures in U.S. computing. Huskey, who had consulted on the pioneer computer ENIAC, worked with Alan Turing in England, and served as president of the American computing professional society, was a professor of electrical engineering and head of the computer center at the University of California, Berkeley. Shortly after he and two computer experts from Princeton University had the computer up and running, they began an informal course for twenty-five specially selected IIT Kanpur first-year students, who, after completing their normal class work, would stay long into the night programming the computer (fig. 2).1 [End Page 783] Click for larger view View full resolution Fig. 1. Delivery of the IBM 1620 computer to IIT Kanpur, July 1963. (Source: Normal C. Dahl, “Revolution on the Ganges: A Report on the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur,” Tech Engineering News, April 1967, 18, photographer unknown. Reproduced courtesy Institute Archives and Special Collections, MIT Libraries, Cambridge, Massachusetts.) Click for larger view View full resolution Fig. 2. Students working on the IBM 1620 computer at Kanpur, circa 1964 (note the IBM “Think” sign on the wall). (Source: Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 1965 Convocation publication, p. 23. Reproduced courtesy IIT Kanpur and CMU University Archives.) [End Page 784] The historiography of Indo-American relations during the cold war has been focused on a pair of bipoles: the United States–Soviet Union, and Pakistan–India. Jawaharlal Nehru famously declared India nonaligned, which for the United States meant refusing to take its side in the cold war, and India’s independent foreign policy was a continual irritant to the United States. America’s close relations with, and arms sales to, Pakistan, which was willing to align itself with U.S. interests, was a provocation to India, driving it closer to the Soviet Union. The United States and India became “estranged democracies” that maintained a “cold peace.”2 One can see parts of this narrative in the story of Kanpur. Kanpur was one of four IIT sites developed with programs of assistance from individual nations; the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and West Germany also provided assistance to these IITs, putatively reflecting India’s nonalignment. Unlike any of the other programs, the U.S. program of assistance had an abrupt and unceremonious ending in 1972 as relations between the United States and India deteriorated due to the crisis in East Pakistan, which culminated in the creation of Bangladesh. However, from the perspective of the early twenty-first century—now that India has become an important information technology (IT) business partner with U.S. companies and Indian engineers play prominent roles in America’s technical workforce—focusing solely on the twin-bipoles narrative has the effect of a magician’s distractions: flashy motions drawing the eye one way, while important action takes place elsewhere.3 The end of the cold war, along with the U.S. interventions in Kuwait and Iraq, has led to a reconsideration of the country’s role in the world—a reconsideration focused on the question of American empire. While their authors come to different conclusions as to whether the United States meets the conditions to be called, literally, an “empire,” many studies analogously apply concepts from the study of well-recognized empires to the United States and its interactions with the world.4 This article borrows [End Page 785] from studies of empire the concept of a transnational elite and its role in mediating between entities. In...

Significant research efforts have been devoted to large-scale dynamical systems, with the aim of understanding their complicated behaviors and managing their responses in real-time. One pivotal technological obstacle in this process is the existence of uncertainty. Although many of these large-scale dynamical systems function well in the design stage, they may easily fail when operating in realistic environment, where environmental uncertainties modulate system dynamics and complicate real-time predication and management tasks. This dissertation aims to develop systematic methodologies to evaluate the performance of large-scale dynamical systems under uncertainty, as a step toward real-time decision support. Two uncertainty evaluation approaches are pursued: the analytical approach and the effective simulation approach. The analytical approach abstracts the dynamics of original stochastic systems, and develops tractable analysis (e.g., jump-linear analysis) for the approximated systems. Despite the potential bias introduced in the approximation process, the analytical approach provides rich insights valuable for evaluating and managing the performance of large-scale dynamical systems under uncertainty. When a system’s complexity and scale are beyond tractable analysis, the effective simulation approach becomes very useful. The effective simulation approach aims to use a few smartly selected simulations to quickly evaluate a complex system’s statistical performance. This approach was originally developed to evaluate a single uncertain variable. This dissertation extends the approach to be scalable and effective for evaluating large-scale systems under a large-number of uncertain variables. While a large portion of this dissertation focuses on the development of generic methods and theoretical analysis that are applicable to broad large-scale dynamical systems, many results are illustrated through a representative large-scale system application on strategic air traffic management application, which is concerned with designing robust management plans subject to a wide range of weather possibilities at 2-15 hours look-ahead time.

RFID technology facilitates processing of product information, making it a promising technology for anti-counterfeiting. However, in large-scale RFID applications, such as supply chain, retail industry, pharmaceutical industry, total tag estimation and tag authentication are two major research issues. Though there are per-tag authentication protocols and probabilistic approaches for total tag estimation in RFID systems, the RFID authentication protocols are mainly per-tag-based where the reader authenticates one tag at each time. For a batch of tags, current RFID systems have to identify them and then authenticate each tag sequentially, one at a time. This increases the protocol execution time due to the large volume of authentication data. In this paper, we propose to detect counterfeit tags in large-scale system using efficient batch authentication protocol. We propose FSA-based protocol, FTest, to meet the requirements of prompt and reliable batch authentication in large-scale RFID applications. FTest can determine the validity of a batch of tags with minimal execution time which is a major goal of large-scale RFID systems. FTest can reduce protocol execution time by ensuring that the percentage of potential counterfeit products is under the user-defined threshold. The experimental result demonstrates that FTest performs significantly better than the existing counterfeit detection approaches, for example, existing authentication techniques.

Bill Lang joined IBM in the late 1950s with a mandate from Thomas Watson Jr. himself to establish an acoustics program at IBM. Bill created the facilities in Poughkeepsie, developed the local program, and was the leader in having other IBM locations with development and manufacturing responsibilities construct facilities and hire staff under the Interdivisional Liaison Program. He also directed IBMs acoustics technology program. In the mid‐1960s, he led an IEEE standards group in Audio and Electroacoustics, and, with the help of James Cooley, Peter Welch, and others, introduced the fast Fourier transform to the acoustics community. He was the convenor of ISO TC 43 SC1 WG6 that began writing the 3740 series of standards in the 1970s. It was his suggestion to promote professionalism in noise control engineering, and, through meetings with Leo Beranek and others, led the founding of INCE/USA in 1971. He was also a leader of the team that founded International INCE in 1974, and he served as president from 198...

We introduce a time-energy uncertainty relation within the context of restarts in monitored quantum dynamics. Previous studies have established that the mean recurrence time, which represents the time taken to return to the initial state, is quantized as an integer multiple of the sampling time, displaying pointwise discontinuous transitions at resonances. Our findings demonstrate that the natural utilization of the restart mechanism in laboratory experiments, driven by finite data collection time spans, leads to a broadening effect on the transitions of the mean recurrence time. Our proposed uncertainty relation captures the underlying essence of these phenomena, by connecting the broadening of the mean hitting time near resonances, to the intrinsic energies of the quantum system and to the fluctuations of recurrence time. Our uncertainty relation has also been validated through remote experiments conducted on an International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) quantum computer. This work not only contributes to our understanding of fundamental aspects related to quantum measurements and dynamics, but also offers practical insights for the design of efficient quantum algorithms with mid-circuit measurements.

Highlights: Modifiable risk factors of hemorrhagic stroke were hypertension, DM, dyslipidemia, and smoking history. Non-modifiable risk factors of hemorrhagic stroke were gender and age. Abstract Introduction: Stroke is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. Hemorrhagic strokes are more common in men, and their risks increase with age. This study aimed to determine the risk factor profile for hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral hemorrhage/ICH and subarachnoid hemorrhage/SAH) among patients in the neurological inpatient installation of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, from January to June 2022. Methods: This study employed a descriptive observational method, utilizing secondary data obtained from the medical records of patients with hemorrhagic stroke at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, from January to June 2022. The data calculations were performed using the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The variables examined in this study included the type of hemorrhagic stroke, non-modifiable risk factors, modifiable risk factors, and other risk factors. Results: In total, 50 medical records were retrieved. The type of hemorrhagic stroke was dominated by intracerebral hemorrhage. Among them, 29 (58%) patients were males, 35 (70%) patients were 46-65 years old, 41 (82%) patients had hypertension, 16 (32%) patients had diabetes mellitus (DM), 19 (38%) patients had dyslipidemia, 8 (16%) patients had a history of smoking, 14% of patients had aneurysms. Only 2% of patients had arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Conclusion: The dominant risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke were gender, age 46-65 years old, and hypertension.

A literature searching system which can store for retrieval information on 25,000 documents has been developed at the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Research Laboratory, San Jose, California. This was accomplished on an IBM 305 Random Access Memory Accounting Computer (RAMAC) in a research project aimed at gaining experience in information retrieval while providing functional aid to the technical library at the laboratory.

Highlights: The level of knowledge of respondents who had experienced otitis externa and often do swimming activities had sufficient knowledge about otitis externa. Frequent swimming can cause a person to experience otitis externa. Abstract Introduction: Otitis externa, also called swimmer's ear, is a common disease in swimmers and poses a significant public health problem. Frequent exposure to water for long periods is very susceptible to infection. This study aimed to ascertain the level of knowledge regarding the connection between otitis externa and swimming and investigate whether there was a correlation between the frequency of swimming and the occurrence of otitis externa. Methods: Using a questionnaire, the sample comprised 74 Tirta Prima Medan Swimming Association members in 2022. Apart from evaluating descriptive comparisons of pretest and post-test knowledge levels, this study also conducted a Spearman rank correlation test to determine the correlation between knowledge level and frequency of swimming with the incidence of otitis externa. The chosen significance level (p) was 0.05. Variables were considered related if the p-value was &lt; 0.05 and not considered related if the p-value was &gt; 0.05. The International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 for Windows was used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 74 study participants, pretest knowledge was categorized as follows: good level of knowledge (6.8%) of respondents, sufficient (58.1%), and (35%) poor. In the post-test assessment, respondents showed good (75.7%), sufficient (21.6%), and poor (2.7%) knowledge. The results of the Spearman analysis test showed a significant correlation (p-value = 0.042) between swimming frequency and the incidence of otitis externa. Meanwhile, there was no significant correlation between the level of knowledge about otitis externa and the incidence of otitis externa, with a p-value of 0.785. Conclusion: The level of knowledge for the pretest was sufficient. For the same respondents, the post-test results showed good knowledge. There was a correlation between swimming frequency and the incidence of otitis externa. However, there was no significant correlation between the level of expertise and the incidence of otitis externa at the Tirta Prima Medan Swimming Association.

This paper covers the engineering principles and design considerations given to the components that are used in the International Business Machines Corporation's Type 650 Calculator. The factors that led to the selection of the particular systems and components are discussed, rather than the way and manner in which the calculator functions.

The purpose of this study was to develop a dashboard with information visualisation for the lifelong learning (LLL) programs at Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah (UMPSA) and provide recommendations for UMPSA to improve the strategies and decision-making for future LLL program offerings. This study used the Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) model created by the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) and dashboard development using Microsoft Power BI. The updated database was created by obtaining data from the Institute of Graduate Studies (IPS), UMPSA. Such data was then prepared through the process of selecting, cleaning, constructing, integrating, and formatting data. The dashboard was developed using a database for data visualisation and information in the form of reports. Such information can ensure a better decision-making process and the UMPSA management’s readiness in planning the admission process for future students. However, the data management and data quality at UMPSA must be improved. Future research can expand the present investigation by including data from all categories of LLL students at UMPSA to facilitate a more comprehensive analysis. It will also enable the university management to make accurate decisions about program offerings in the future.

This research is based on the hypothesis that the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean are lagging behind in the construction of cyber defense capabilities to face the international context of cyber threats, with respect to the member countries of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), both in the organizational plan, as in the individual. To prove this statement, the text is divided into six sections. The first part presents the global environment of cyber threats, the economic losses suffered by governments and companies according to reports from information security firms such as Kaspersky, Microsoft, Verizon and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). The second part presents the internet securitization process, the immersion of cybersecurity in national security studies, and the definition of cyber capabilities and the delimitation of threats to the Nation-State from cyberspace are addressed. The third part shows the trajectory of NATO as an organization in the development of cyber capabilities in the last twenty years. In the fourth part, a set of National Cybersecurity Strategies (ENCS) of NATO countries and allies is analyzed from the individual level, from which their main elements are extracted and their general anatomy is outlined. In the sixth part, an approach to different regional or global cybersecurity environments is presented based on measurements of the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI), of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), and the National Cyber Security Index (NSCI) of the Estonian E-Governance Academy. The fifth section presents the context of cybersecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean, according to studies made by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the Organization of American States (OAS), as well as private cybersecurity firms. In the sixth, two case studies of Mexico, from the 2019-2020, are briefly presented, which represent the lack of maturity of its ENCS and development of cyber capabilities, an aspect that it shares with most of the countries of Latin America and Caribbean. Finally, brief conclusions are presented on the aspects to be strengthened by the region.

Highlights: Being overweight can be one of the causes of flat foot. A person with flat feet may experience pain in the medial malleolus area and discomfort when tiptoeing. Abstract Introduction: A flat foot is an arch deformity, and being overweight is one of the risk factors. It can cause problems such as fatigue, pain in the ankle and back, foot pain (especially during long walks or sports), and disturbances in balance and walking patterns. This study aimed to examine the relationship between flat feet (measured using Clarke's angle) and overweight students at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Methods: This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional method, gathering primary data directly from the research sample. The data were analyzed using the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: Of the 56 samples meeting inclusion criteria, most cases of flat foot occurred in males. A total of 36 research subjects were overweight or obese, evenly split between females and males. Among the 112 samples, 19 had flat feet, and 93 did not. Chi-square test analysis indicated a highly significant p-value (0.001, p &lt; 0.05), suggesting a significant relationship between flat feet and overweight. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between flat feet (measured using Clarke's angle) and overweight. The majority of subjects in this study were overweight based on body mass index (BMI), and most had a non-flat foot arch type. All cases of flat foot were found in subjects with overweight BMI.

Introduction:One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) presents a satisfactory long-term outcome in terms of weight loss, amelioration of comorbidities and low morbidity. However, some patients may present insufficient weight loss or weight regain. In this study, we tackle a case series evaluating the efficiency of the combined laparoscopic pouch and loop resizing (LPLR) as a revisional procedure for insufficient weight loss or weight regain after primary laparoscopic OAGB.Materials and Methods:We included eight patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 with a history of weight regain or insufficient weight loss after laparoscopic OAGB, who underwent revisional laparoscopic intervention by LPLR between January 2018 and October 2020 at our institution. We conducted a 2 years’ follow-up. Statistics were performed using International Business Machines Corporation® SPSS® software for Windows version 21.Results:The majority of the eight patients were males (62.5%), with a mean age of 35.25 at the time of the primary OAGB. The average length of the biliopancreatic limb created during the OAGB and LPLR were 168 ± 27 and 267 ± 27 cm, respectively. The mean weight and BMI were 150.25 ± 40.73 kg and 48.68 ± 11.74 kg/m2 at the time of OAGB. After OAGB, patients were able to reach an average lowest weight, BMI and per cent of excess weight loss (%EWL) of 89.5 ± 28.85 kg, 28.78 ± 7.47 kg/m2 and 75.07 ± 21.62%, respectively. At the time of LPLR, patients had a mean weight, BMI and %EWL of 116.12 ± 29.03 kg, 37.63 ± 8.27 kg/m2 and 41.57 ± 12.99%, respectively. Two years after the revisional intervention, the mean weight, BMI and %EWL were 88.25 ± 21.89 kg, 28.44 ± 4.82 kg/m2 and 74.51 ± 16.54%, respectively.Conclusion:Combined pouch and loop resizing is a valid option for revisional surgery following weight regain after primary OAGB, leading to adequate weight loss through enhancement of the restrictive and malabsorptive effect of OAGB.