The Long-Run Performance of REIT IPOs

This study examines the performance of acquisitions in the Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) industry around the acquisition announcement and in the long-run. The results suggest that the acquiring REITs experience statistically significant negative abnormal returns while the target REITs earn statistically significant positive abnormal returns during the three-day period around the announcement. The long-run performance of the acquiring REITs is analyzed using size benchmark portfolios with the buy-and-hold, cumulative average and mean calendar time abnormal returns, as well as the Fama-French Three Factor Model. None of the other methods detect significant abnormal returns in the long-run with the exception of the buy-and-hold abnormal return. Further analysis shows that the long-run positive buy-and-hold abnormal return is consistent with an unexpected decline in cost of equity after acquisitions.

Corporate governance can have an effect on the organizational behavior of real estate investment trusts (REITs). We examine the moderating effects of corporate governance on Asia REITs' performance. We find significant corporate governance moderating effects on the performance of Asian REITs. Corporate governance could either act as a positive or a negative moderator that could enhance and accelerate performance, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and REIT return, and reduce agency costs in Asian REITs. The findings imply that there is a need for transformation and reform in REIT corporate governance. The findings contribute towards Asian REITs' public policy development as REIT corporate governance is found to complement the institutional legal setting and externally managed REITs in Asia. Regulatory bodies of Asian REITs should enforce mandatory and absolute stringent corporate governance regulations on REITs.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether South African real estate investment trusts (REITs) with significant foreign real estate holdings produce better market performance metrics when compared to REITs with larger domestic holdings. The paper also provides a comprehensive overview of the market performance of South African REITs in the decade following the inception of the REIT regime in 2013. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), using different estimation techniques to determine the stability of the estimated parameters over time. In addition to the CAPM framework, several basic and advanced portfolio performance metrics are computed to assess the performance of the various REIT portfolios. Findings The results show that REITs with significant offshore allocations produce superior market returns than their counterparts. Across most of the risk measures analysed, the foreign-biased REIT portfolios were found to be riskier. On the whole, foreign-biased REITs performed better on a risk-adjusted basis. The results were consistent across the different sample periods and the performance metrics analysed. Practical implications The results suggest that the decision to diversify internationally has implications for the pricing of REITs on stock markets. The differences in the performance metrics for the foreign- and home-biased REIT portfolios also imply an opportunity for investors to further diversify REIT portfolios by holding a mix of home-biased and foreign-biased REITs. Originality/value This paper is one of the few to consider the implications of international diversification on stock market performance rather than on more fundamental measures of REIT performance such as the net present value. This study also provides an emerging market (African) perspective to the literature.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of women directors on US Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) value and performance.Design/methodology/approachArchival financial and board of director data for the 1999–2019 period are collected and analyzed using panel data regression analysis.FindingsThe main findings indicate that women directors’ presence renders a modest positive effect on REIT performance but only when they reach critical mass on REIT boards; and that women directors have no effect at all on REIT value. Additional findings indicate that women directors are more common on REIT boards after the enactment of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act but less common on boards in which the REIT founder is the chief executive officer.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first research on the effect of a gender diverse board on REIT value. It is also the first paper documenting a positive relationship between board gender diversity and REIT performance. This paper fills a research gap, as it is one of the few papers focused on gender diversity within the REITs board composition literature.

This paper is the first study on the intra-industry effects of proxy contests. Using a sample of proxy contests from January 1988 through December 2008, we identify a striking cross-sectional difference in market reaction to the target companies. As much as 61% of the target firms have significant positive cumulative abnormal return (CARs) in the period (‒10, +10) around the announcement day, while 39% of the target firms have the negative CARs in the same event window. Moreover, we find that the stock market reaction to the target firms’ competitors is primarily driven by the target-related factors when the market reacts favorably to a proxy contest. In contrast, the stock market reaction to the competitors is mainly affected by the competitor-related factors when the market reacts unfavorably to the proxy contest. We further reveal that competitors experience a significant negative abnormal stock return when the target firms receive negative market reactions, while competitors have no significant abnormal return when the target firms receive a positive market reaction. Our findings enrich the corporate governance research by showing the impact of the target firms’ corporate governance change on the firms’ competitors.

In 1960, the U.S. Congress passed the Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) Act to expand the investment universe beyond securities such as stocks and bonds. The REIT standard has been adopted in 34 countries. In this paper, we examine the evolution and performance of this international REIT market. As REIT markets mature, we find that standard asset pricing models become better suited to explain the stock price movements of REITs. Our results show that over the past decade REIT stock outperformance was highest in Europe, and related positively to firm size, the level of property type specialization, and geographic portfolio focus. Systematic REIT risk is highest among Asian REITs and is mainly a reflection of firm leverage, especially in recent years.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the pattern of long-run performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) initial public offerings (IPOs) and examine the firm- and issue-related determinants of long-run performance of SME IPOs in India.Design/methodology/approachThe 3 6, 9 and 12 months share returns of Indian SME IPOs is studied using event time methodologies, i.e. buy and hold returns, cumulative abnormal returns and wealth relatives on a sample of 375 SME IPOs issued during February 2012 to May 2018. Additionally, ordinary least square regression has been used to investigate the determinants of long-run performance of SME IPOs on a reduced sample of 104 because of non-availability of price observations.FindingsThe findings reveal that Indian SME IPOs exhibit long-run overperformance contradicting the international evidences of underperformance, and this overperformance is significantly evident using buy and hold abnormal return (BHAR). Furthermore, based on the divergence of opinion hypothesis, fads theory and windows of opportunity hypothesis, the results reveal that on one hand, issue size and oversubscription negatively affect BHAR, while on the other hand, auditor reputation, underwriter reputation, hot market, underpricing, inverse of issue price, profits prior to listing positively affect long-run performance. However, firm age, firm size, debt equity ratio, volatility and long-run performance computed through BHAR lacks significant relationship.Research limitations/implicationsThe study relied on event time methodology of measuring aftermarket performance of one year because of the limited availability of price offerings. Hence, the study could be extended to analyze aftermarket returns over a period of three to five years to enable reaching the vivid conclusions. Calendar time methodology may also be used to compute abnormal returns.Practical implicationsThe results based on the study provides an implication to the investors by providing them an opportunity to bank higher long-run returns by engaging in active and timely trading strategies. Nevertheless, the results also show that investors should be cautioned while taking investment decisions.Originality/valueThe study contributes to rising body of international literature by analyzing the larger and recent sample of IPOs issued from 2012 to 2018 listed on SME exchange.

Pre-offering earnings and the long-run performance of IPOs

Real estate investment trusts (REITs) provide a unique setting to study the impact of aggregate funding on momentum. REITs provide many of the same features of common stocks, but also include a dividend provision mandate, which may mitigate the illiquidity concerns that drive momentum patterns in common stocks. Overall, we found that REIT momentum was associated only with restrictive funding conditions. However, unlike in common stock, this effect can be explained by particularly strong performance of winner REITs during restrictive periods. Furthermore, we found that the strong performance of winner REITs in restrictive states was related to strong dividend performance. These results suggest that the unique income provision feature of REITs generates momentum patterns as aggregate funding availability is diminished.

REITs, as unconventional real estate financial tools, are considered to be the most advanced productivity representatives in the real estate industry. With the issuance of the “Notice on Promoting the Pilot Work of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in the Infrastructure Sector”, the establishment of China’s real estate investment trusts (REITs) market has become a frontier issue that academia, real estate and financial industries are most concerned about. This article mainly uses the comparison method to analyze the average return rate, FFO growth rate and dividend rate of US and Singapore REITs from 2019 to September 2020. The study found that: when the COVID-19 pandemic and the overall economic environment is unstable, all REITs have varying degrees of negative impact, especially for hotel REITs and retail REITs, the adverse impact is more serious, and the adverse impact on logistics REITs and digital computer room REITs is small. The results show that US and Singapore REITs can better resist risks by adopting the diversified portfolio theory. Based on the comparison of the performance of US and Singapore REITs, this study suggests the future of China: First, pay more attention to the central and western regions and thirdand fourth-tier cities to achieve geographic diversification; second, pay attention to the bright future of logistics REITs and new infrastructure REITs.

리츠는 주식시장에 상장되어 있으면서 부동산 개발을 위한 자금조달의 성격과 부동산에 투자하는 특징도 있으므로, 주식 시장과 건설 및 부동산시장과 관계가 있을 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 리츠와 주식시장, 건설 및 부동산 경기와 관계된 지표들을 시계열 분석하여, 리츠와의 영향관계를 분석하였다. 시계열 분석은 백터자기회귀모형과 백터오차수정모형을 사용하였으며, 다음의 세 부분으로 분류하여 분석하였다. 첫째, 리츠와 건설 코스피 지수와의 관계를 분석한 결과, 건설 코스피 지수가 리츠에 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 리츠와 건설경기 동행지수인 건축착공면적, 부동산 경기 지수인 오피스 임대지수와 주택매매가격지수와의 관계를 분석하였다. 각 지표들은 서로 인과관계는 없는 것으로 분석되었지만, 리츠와 주택매매가격지수는 서로에게 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 리츠와 건설경기 선행지수인 건축허가면적의 관계를 분석하였다. 두 지표는 서로 인과관계가 없는 것으로 분석되었지만, 건축허가면적이 리츠에 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구를 통해 리츠는 주식시장과 주택경기, 건설경기 선행지표인 건축허가 면적에 영향을 받지만, 건설경기 동행지표인 건축착공면적과 오피스 임대지수에는 상대적으로 영향을 작게 받는 것으로 분석되었다. Even though REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) are listed on the stock market, REITs have characteristics that allow them to invest in real estate and financing for real estate development. Therefore REITs is related with stock market and construction business and real estate business. Using time-series analysis, this study analyzed REITs in relation to construction businesses, real estate businesses, and the stock market, and derived influence factor of REITs. We used the VAR (vector auto-regression) and the VECM (vector error correction model) for the time-series analysis. This study classified three steps in the analysis. First, we performed the time-series analysis between REITs and construction KOSPI(The Korea composite stock price index) and the result showed that construction KOSPI influenced REITs. Second, we analyzed the relationship between REITs and construction commencement area of the coincident construction composite index, office index and housing price index in real estate business indexes. REITs and the housing price index influence each other, although there is no causal relationship between them. Third, we analyzed the relationship between REITs and the construction permit area of the leading construction composite index. The construction permit area is influenced by REITs, although there is no causal relationship between these two indexes, REITs influenced the stock market and housing price indexes and the construction permit area of the leading composite index in construction businesses, but exerted a relatively small influence in construction starts coincident with the composite office indexes in this study.

Kahramanmaraş earthquakes devastatingly hit the northern Syria and 11 provinces of Türkiye, causing thousands of deaths, injuries and property losses. The magnitude of the earthquakes and the extent of their impacts were huge enough to affect the entire Turkish economy. Real estate industry has been one of the most affected sectors as thousands of buildings were collapsed or damaged by the quake. This study aims to explore the impacts of Kahramanmaraş earthquakes on real estate related sectors in the Turkish stock market: Construction, cement-concrete, iron-steel, real estate investment trusts, and insurance. Using an event study methodology, our short-run analyses indicated that all given sectors were affected by the earthquakes. According to our findings, abnormal returns varied among the sectors: The construction materials sectors had positive abnormal returns while the insurance sector did abnormal returns on the opposite way. The findings are vital for market participants, policymakers and governments.

Announcement effects of convertible bond loans and warrant-bond loans: An empirical analysis for the Dutch market

The Rewards of a Long-Term Investment Strategy: Case of REITs

Logistic service providers are facing significant challenges in recent years due to intensified competition and ever-increasing customer expectations for cohesive high-standard services at low cost. To cope with these developments many companies aim for external growth to realize operational efficiencies and exploit productive opportunities of new markets and diversified services. Accordingly, 2015 has even become the most active year for mergers and acquisitions in logistic service industry. However, studies examining the post-merger performance effect and its determinants are scarce. Consequently, this paper takes up this issue by analysing a sample of 826 transaction announcements taken place between 1996 and 2015 and their performance effect in terms of short- and long-term abnormal shareholder returns. The results reveal, that although overall transactions exhibit significant positive abnormal returns, post-merger performance for the acquiring companies differs considerably according to the logistic services offered. In the short-term trucking, railway, 3PL and air cargo companies experience significant positive abnormal returns of about 0.6%–2.6%, while sea freight carriers realize only marginal effects and CEP companies do even not show any significant reaction. In the long-term, railway and 3PL companies realize a significant abnormal return of about 20%–24%, while trucking, sea freight and air cargo carriers do not exhibit significant returns and CEP companies do even experience significant losses of about −17%. Overall, diversifying transactions of established full-service providers outperform focus-increasing transactions of specialized operators.