The metrics of visual and haptic space based on parallelity judgements

Visual space is, according to Luneburg, a non-Euclidean hyperbolic space of constant negative curvature. Two personal constants enter into the geometrical description of binocular subjective space. One is σ indicating the degree of depth perception characteristic to the observer. The second is K, the curvature; a value which denotes by how much the visual space of an individual departs from Euclidean space. The constants σ and K were determined experimentally for 30 untrained observers by Luneburg's 3- and 4-point tests. All values found for K were negative and support the hypothesis that the geometry of binocular space is hyperbolic. Some discrepancies between the theory and findings were observed, while the sensitivity of the experiments to the lack of training and even a slight measure of aniseikonia is evident.

Analytic properties of the scattering amplitude for Coulomb potential on the background of the space of constant negative curvature are studied. Special attention is given to the comparison of the Regge trajectories for curved and flat spaces. We show that there exist considerably differences in the behavior of the Regge trajectories in these spaces.

Alleys in visual space

The present work is motivated by the problem of Bayesian inference for Gaussian distributions in symmetric Hadamard spaces (that is, Hadamard manifolds which are also symmetric spaces). To investigate this problem, it introduces new tools for Markov Chain Monte Carlo, and convex optimisation: (1) it provides easy-to-verify sufficient conditions for the geometric ergodicity of an isotropic Metropolis-Hastings Markov chain, in a symmetric Hadamard space, (2) it shows how the Riemannian gradient descent method can achieve an exponential rate of convergence, when applied to a strongly convex function, on a Hadamard manifold. Using these tools, two Bayesian estimators, maximum-a-posteriori and minimum-mean-squares, are compared. When the underlying Hadamard manifold is a space of constant negative curvature, they are found to be surprisingly close to each other. This leads to an open problem: are these two estimators, in fact, equal (assuming constant negative curvature)?KeywordsHadamard manifoldGaussian distributionBayesian inferenceMCMCConvex optimisation

The leaky tori model for scattering theory in mesoscopic systems was introduced by Gutzwiller in 1983. Muller’s class of admissable surfaces subsumes the leaky tori models of Gutzwiller. In addition, they form a natural generalization of locally symmetric spaces of constant negative curvature and finite volume. In this chapter we review Muller’s spaces in Section 1. In Section 2 scattering operators are developed. In Section 3 Weyl’s law for mesoscopic systems is discussed. In Section 4 Miiller’s trace formula is presented. In Sections 5 to 8 work of Guillope and Zworski (1994) on scattering theory on hyperbolic half-cylinders is developed. Their work uses some classical results of Poschl and Teller which allows one to explicitly deduce the resonance set for the Laplacian on the hyperbolic half-cylinder. In Section 9 we briefly review related results on scattering theory for two strictly convex bodies. And in Section 10 we return to the Gutzwiller trace formula and look at including diffraction terms.

A noncompact, nonintegrable billiard of importance in cosmology---the infinite equilateral triangle on a space of constant negative curvature---gives rise to a natural noncompact integrable approximation, which is studied here quantum mechanically. The Weyl formula for the averaged spectral staircase contains a nonstandard logarithmic term due to the noncompactness of the billiard. For two symmetry classes we determine numerically the spectral staircase, the level-spacing distribution p(s), and the averaged ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{3}$ statistic, and compare with analytical expressions that follow from Poisson statistics and semiclassical theory. The Poissonian result for the correlation function of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{3}$ is derived in closed form and also compared with the data.

The two-dimensional one-component logarithmic Coulomb gas is mapped onto a non-hermitian fermionic field theory. At $\beta=2$, the field theory is free. Correlation functions are calculated and a perturbation theory is discussed for extending to other $\beta$. A phase transition is found at the mean-field level at large $\beta$. Some results are extended to spaces of constant negative curvature.

The quantum-mechanical problem of a harmonic oscillator on a hyperbola as a one-dimensional space of constant negative curvature is considered in this article. A generalization to the singular oscillator model in the context of one-dimensional Cayley – Klein geometries is given by the factorization method. The energy spectrum and wave functions of stationary states are found having the curvature of space as a parameter. For the energy levels of the singular oscillator, the effect of non-zero curvature is clearly manifested through a positive or negative term, depending on the sign of the curvature, which is quadratic in the level number. The results obtained are consistent with those previously published. The dynamical symmetry of the problem is shown explicitly as a quadratic Hahn algebra QH(3) or its isomorphic Higgs algebra.

It is shown that no non-flat empty space-time can be embedded locally and isometrically in a five-dimensional space of nonzero constant curvature.

An approach to geometry of visual space with no a priori mapping functions: Multidimensional mapping according to Riemannian metrics

In a metrical space, there exists an intimate relation between collinearity and parallelity. In particular, in a Riemannian space collinearity is just a special case of parallelity. Is this true for visual space as well? We investigated the visual perception of collinearity by having subjects align two bars in the horizontal plane at eye height. The distances of the bars from the subject and the angles at which they were placed were varied. We found deviations of up to 22 degrees. The deviations of the left and right bars could be split into two independent components: namely, the sum and the difference of the deviations of the left and right bars. We found that the former depended only on the ratio between the distances of each bar from the subject, whereas the latter was largely independent of the positions of the bars. The difference in deviations corresponded to the deviation from parallelity. Compared with the results in the parallelity task (Cuijpers, Kappers, & Koenderink, 2000b), the deviations from parallel were much smaller. As a consequence, the results of the two experiments cannot be described by the same Riemannian geometry. This indicates that the intrinsic geometry of visual space differs across tasks. This is conceivable if the intrinsic geometry of visual space is operationally defined.

Previous studies on Sound Event Localization and Detection (SELD) have primarily focused on CNN- and Transformer-based designs. While CNNs possess local receptive fields, making it difficult to capture global dependencies over long sequences, Transformers excel at modeling long-range dependencies but have limited sensitivity to local time–frequency features. Recently, the VMamba architecture, built upon the Visual State Space (VSS) model, has shown great promise in handling long sequences, yet it remains limited in modeling local spatial details. To address this issue, we propose a novel state space model with an attention-enhanced feature fusion mechanism, termed FFMamba, which balances both local spatial modeling and long-range dependency capture. At a fine-grained level, we design two key modules: the Multi-Scale Fusion Visual State Space (MSFVSS) module and the Wavelet Transform-Enhanced Downsampling (WTED) module. Specifically, the MSFVSS module integrates a Multi-Scale Fusion (MSF) component into the VSS framework, enhancing its ability to capture both long-range temporal dependencies and detailed local spatial information. Meanwhile, the WTED module employs a dual-branch design to fuse spatial and frequency domain features, improving the richness of feature representations. Comparative experiments were conducted on the DCASE2021 Task 3 and DCASE2022 Task 3 datasets. The results demonstrate that the proposed FFMamba model outperforms recent approaches in capturing long-range temporal dependencies and effectively integrating multi-scale audio features. In addition, ablation studies confirmed the effectiveness of the MSFVSS and WTED modules.

In this paper I contrast the geometric structure of phenomenal visual space with that of photographic images. I argue that topologically both are two-dimensional and that both involve central projections of scenes being depicted. However, I also argue that the metric structures of the spaces differ inasmuch as two types of “apparent distortions”—marginal distortion in wide-angle photography and close-up distortions—which occur in photography do not occur in the corresponding visual experiences. In particular, I argue that the absence of marginal distortions in vision is evidence for a holistic metric of visual space that is spherical, and that the absence of close-up distortions shows that the local metric structure possesses a dynamic variable curvature which is dependent upon the distance away of objects being viewed at a given time.

We prove for a large class of n-body problems including a subclass of quasihomogeneous n-body problems, the classical n-body problem, the n-body problem in spaces of negative constant Gaussian curvature and a restricted case of the n-body problem in spaces of positive constant curvature for the case that all masses are equal and not necessarily constant that any solution for which the point masses move on a circle of not necessarily constant size has to be either a regular cocircular homographic orbit in flat space, or a regular polygonal rotopulsator in curved space, under the constraint that the minimal distance between point masses attains its minimum in finite time. Additionally, we prove that the same holds true if we add an extra mass at the center of that circle and find an explicit formula for the mass of each point particle in terms of the radius of the circle. Finally, we prove that for each order of the masses there is at most one cocircular homographic orbit for the case that the masses need not be constant.

Manifolds with harmonic Weyl tensor and nonnegative curvature operator of the second kind