The MIMIC Program—A Retrospective

Silicon-based millimeter-wave integrated circuits are playing more and more important roles in high frequency microwave electronics. Recent progress in SiGe device technology has improved cutoff frequencies of these devices to beyond 110 GHz. Such high speed transistors, compatible with standard, industrial Si production lines, allow low cost, high level integration and make the fabrication of silicon-based monolithic millimeter-wave integrated circuits (MIMICs) a genuine possibility. This paper presents a one dimensional calculation of the transistor performance and the trade-offs available to operate this device at millimeter-waves frequencies. The device structure of a SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor and the Si-SiGe MIMIC technology are discussed.

A novel MEMS wireless millimeter-wave power sensor based on GaAs MMIC technology is presented in this paper. The principle of this wireless millimeter-wave power sensor is explained. It is designed and fabricated using MEMS technology and the GaAs MMIC process. With the millimeter-wave power range from 0.1 to 80 mW, the sensitivity of the wireless millimeter-wave power sensor is about 0.246 mV mW−1 at 35 GHz. In order to verify the power detection capability, this wireless power sensor is mounted on a PCB which influences the microwave performance of the CPW-fed antenna including the return loss and the radiation pattern. The frequency-dependent characteristic and the degree-dependent characteristic of this wireless power sensor are researched. Furthermore, in addition to the combination of the advantages of CPW-fed antenna with the advantages of the thermoelectric power sensor, another significant advantage of this wireless millimeter-wave power sensor is that it can be integrated with MMICs and other planar connecting circuit structures with zero dc power consumption. These features make it suitable for various applications ranging from the environment or space radiation detection systems to radar receiver and transmitter systems.

The United States (US) Department of Defense (DoD) has been tasked by the DoD chief information officer (DoD CIO) to transition its networks from Internet protocol (IP) version 4 (IPv4) to IP version 6 (IPv6) by fiscal year 2008 (FY08). This will be a daunting task and presents significant challenges to DoD network architects, engineers and operators. One of the most difficult challenges will be to ensure that sensitive DoD information is not compromised by the introduction of IPv6. Currently, DoD information assurance (IA) professionals are studying this problem and architecting solutions to mitigate these risks. In this paper, we present a notional security architecture for DoD networks transitioning to IPv6

This is the final report of the Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Suitability study by Sandia National Laboratories and the Scitor Team (Scitor Corporation and Landrey & Company). SMRs are being considered by the U.S. government as a clean energy option that can meet the economic, environmental and energy security goals of the country. This report was sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE) under the SMR Licensing Technical Support program, of which one of the goals is to advance the commercial viability of domestic SMR designs. The study reflects the intent of the memorandum of understanding between the DOE and the Department of Defense (DoD) to enhance national energy security and demonstrate leadership in transitioning the United States (US) to a low carbon economy. This report assesses the suitability of using US-developed light water SMR technology to provide energy for Schriever Air Force Base, CO and Clear Air Force Station, AK, and for broader SMR applications to meet DoD and Federal energy needs. This report also outlines deployment scenarios to optimize the use of an SMR's capacity to meet aggregated DoD and Federal energy needs within selected regions of the US. Finally, the report includes recommendations for follow-on actions by DoD and DOE to further the development of US SMR technology and effectively address viable solutions for national energy security and clean energy goals.

Despite its status as a world leader in treatment innovation and medical education, a quality chasm exists in American health care. Care fragmentation and poor coordination contribute to expensive care with highly variable quality in the United States. The rising costs of health care since 1990 have had a huge impact on individuals, families, businesses, the federal and state governments, and the national budget deficit. The passage of the Affordable Care Act represents a large shift in how health care is financed and delivered in the United States. The objective of this review is to describe some of the economic and social forces driving health care reform, provide an overview of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), and review model cardiovascular quality improvement programs underway in the state of Michigan. As health care reorganization occurs at the federal level, local and regional efforts can serve as models to accelerate improvement toward achieving better population health and better care at lower cost. Model programs in Michigan have achieved this goal in cardiovascular care through the systematic application of evidence-based care, the utilization of regional quality improvement collaboratives, community-based childhood wellness promotion, and medical device-based competitive bidding strategies. These efforts are examples of the direction cardiovascular care delivery will need to move in this era of the Affordable Care Act.

In 2011, the United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DOD) named cyberspace a new operational domain. As cyberspace is significantly different from the physical domain in the dimensions of time and space, it presents a much more dynamic and complex operational environment for the U.S. military. Yet, the DOD is currently applying command and control (C2) concepts developed for operations in physical space to operations conducted in cyberspace. The challenge facing the DOD is that it does not yet understand the factors related to C2 agility for the cyberspace domain, nor does it possess strategies to implement agile C2 in the face of the complex dynamics presented by this domain. The purpose of this exploratory research is to accurately frame the cyberspace operations C2 challenge and to identify an initial set of factors related to agility in one dimension of the C2 problem space. This research used a 3-round Delphi study to identify the factors related to the agility in allocating the decision-making rights necessary to make high quality decisions for cyberspace operations. This survey of 31 experts in cyberspace operations yielded an initial prioritized list of 21 factors related to the U.S. military's agility in allocating decision-making rights for cyberspace operations. The top five factors identified were: command intent, cyberspace situational awareness, command authorities and relationships, legal authorities and rules of engagement, and education and expertise. The results of this study suggest that the United States Department of Defense should examine its current command and control doctrine to determine the more agile decision-making methods for conducting cyberspace operations called for by the Commander of United States Cyber Command.

To improve microwave characteristics and the frequency response, and achieve the state conversion, an inline RF MEMS power sensor with an impedance matching structure and a capacitance compensating structure, and two shunt capacitive MEMS switch structures is presented in this paper. This power sensor is accomplished with GaAs MMIC technology. In detection state, experiments demonstrate that the improved power sensor has reflection losses and insertion losses of less than -17 dB and 0.8 dB, and the flatness of X-band frequency response. In non-detection state, the sensor has reflection losses and insertion losses of less than -19 dB and 0.6 dB.

Implementing total quality management at the U.S. Department of Defense

The United States is a warrior state. Not a state at war but a state of war. Since 1776, the United States has engaged in war or significant military action for 80 percent of its history and has not had one year since 1941 when the nation was not involved in some type of significant military engagement (Brandon 2003, 1820). The United States spent $682.5 billion dollars on military expenditures in 2012, an astounding 39 percent of total world military expenditure for that year. In 2012, the United States spent more than the next ten countries combined and a little more than four times that of China ($166.0 billion), the country with the second largest military expenditure (SIPRI 2013b). The total number of US military personnel in 2012 was over 3.6 million, making the military the largest employer in the United States (Department of Defense (DoD) 2012b), and the military owns or leases 5,211 geographic sites domestically and globally (DoD 2012a). The United States was the largest arms exporter in all years from 1990 to 2012 (except for two years 2001–2002) (SIPRI 2013a) and controlled 30 percent or more of the market from 2003 to 2012 (Holton et al. 2013). The United States is undoubtedly a nation of war.

The United States is facing one of the sternest challenges in its history. The United States is acknowledged as the world leader in science and technology. The United States has also developed a system of civic education that is among the very finest in the world. Nevertheless, American elementary and secondary education, especially in the areas of science and mathematics, is seriously deficient. Practically all Soviet young people complete secondary school or its equivalent and work through extensive compulsory science and mathematics programs. The Soviets' mathematics and science education in grades 1-10 has been developed to the point where the entire young population receives two years of compulsory training in calculus. The USSR Academy of Sciences sets educational policy and determines curriculum design. Soviet scholars publish several excellent and widely circulating journals in science and technology for both young people and the general public.

Off Course? A Career in Archaeology Outside of the Academy

: In 2001, the United States suffered from a bioterrorist anthrax attack. The US government recognized that it was unprepared to respond to such bioterrorist attacks. This monograph will argue that the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides robust biodefense support to the Department of Defense (DOD). Bioterrorist agents, like anthrax, are easily accessible and inexpensive weapons of mass destruction and may be highly favored by terrorist organizations. Given the dramatic expansion of terrorism in both Africa and Middle East, it is not a question of whether terrorists will attack the United States again, but when and how. Since 2001, the VA has instituted several biodefense strategies. However, the White House report on the VA has recently criticized agency leadership, which may conceivably render VA's current emergency preparedness process unsuitable to support the DOD and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in a future bioterrorist attack. This monograph proposes several ways to enhance VA's biodefense capabilities to provide proper support to the DOD and the DHS. In addition, VA can also use its network of facilities to conduct surveillance of imminent endemic of infectious diseases. Based on these findings, the monograph concludes that the VA can play a very important supportive role in DOD's biodefense program.

This outstanding collection of essays is authored by eminent scientists and science educators, including Bruce Alberts, Howard Gardner, Margaret Geller, Stephen Jay Gould, George A. Keyworth, Lawrence M. Krauss, Leon Lederman, Sheila Tobias, and James Trefil. It provides suggestions for enhancing science education in the United States and improving the standards of scientific literacy throughout the world. If current trends continue, in the 21st century, new scientific information will probably outpace the level of science education of most of the world's citizens. Nonetheless, all citizens in this increasingly interdependent global community will be called on to face many daunting questions that this knowledge will raise, ranging from the sustainability of our global environment to new moral dilemmas created by such technologies as cloning and recombinant gene therapy. As the world leader in science and technology, the United States, now more than ever, must raise the level of scientific literacy among its citizens to ensure that wise and responsible decisions about the uses and possible misuses of science are made. Unfortunately, our educational system is now suffering from a shortage of science teachers, and many of those already teaching science need to be better qualified. Furthermore, our science curriculum must be designed to teach our children to be conversant with and to think critically about the complex scientific issues they will face as adults. Finally, our high schools need to be in a position to offer all students a world-class science foundation, which prepares them to pursue scientific training at the university level if they so choose.

HE ownership of resulting from T government financed research and development constitutes a very controversial problem. The federal government mainly the Department of Defense (DOD) has permitted industrial firms to obtain the patent rights to most of the inventions emerging from its contract research, under the so-called with the government acquiring royaltyfree licenses on the inventions. Our task here is an empirical investigation of one of the issues in the controversy over federal patent policy, namely, the concentration of resulting from the operation of the license policy. One of the strongest objections to the license policy rests on the belief that it causes undue concentration of economic power. The objection has been raised repeatedly by attorneys general, by legislators, and by economists who favor the so-called ' under which the government retains ownership of resulting from its contract research. From records of the United States Patent Office, we have compiled data for the period 1946 to 1962 on the numbers of assigned to business firms that have been the research and development (R and D) for the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), the Department of Defense, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The data are neither estimates nor samples; they are complete counts. The three agencies account for nearly all of the issued under the license policy to contractors. Henceforth, we shall refer to these as license-policy patents. We also have data on the private patents resulting from the company financed R and D of the same contractors. The major R and D contractors are 177 business firms that were among the first 100 of DOD in any fiscal year from 1955 to 1962, or who had contract awards of $2 million or more from the AEC or from NASA.2 Of these 177 firms, 40 are among the first 100 in Fortune's list for 1962. Another 49 are among Fortune's 500 companies. A further 36 have been officially stamped as small businesses. With the exception of a few of the bigger chemical and oil companies that have done little or no research for the federal government, the names of nearly all the Schumpeterian giants of American industry are on our list. By treating each firm and its subsidiaries as a unit, we overstate patent concen* The research underlying this article was supported by a grant (NsG 425) from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to The George Washington University. 1 Department of Justice, Investigations of Government Patent Practices and Policies: Report and Recommendations of the Attorney General to the President 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947), 37; Report of the Attorney General Pursuant to Section 708 (e) of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as Amended (Nov. 9, 1956, mimeo.); Clair Wilcox, Public Policies Toward Business (Homewood, Ill.: Richard D. Irwin, 1960), 191; Walter Adams and Horace M. Gray, Monopoly in America: The Government as Promotor (New York: Macmillan, 1955), 47, 94, and 148-152. Testimony against the license policy and in favor of the title policy was given to a Senate subcommittee in 1963 by Horace M. Gray, Robert F. Lanzillotti, Wassily W. Leontief, Richard R. Nelson, and Lee E. Preston. See Aspects of Government Patent Policies, Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Select Committee on Small Business, United States Senate, 88th Congress, First Session, Impact of Government Patent Policies on Economic Growth, Scientific and Technological Progress, Competition, and Opportunities for Small Business, March 7, 8, 13, and 14, 1963 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963). Only Leontief (p. 236), however, addressed himself specifically to the question of concentration. 2 Department of Defense, 500 Contractors Listed According to Net Value of Military Prime Contract Awards for Experimental, Development Test and Research Work (Fiscal years 1955 through 1962, mimeo.); and Files of the Atomic Energy Commission and published reports of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 'Usually, government employees are required to assign title to the government. However, if a government employee, with his own resources, produces an invention that his agency wants, the government frequently files the patent application in exchange for a royalty-free license. Also, if an agency does not want a government financed invention made by an employee, the employee often is permitted to acquire title. Regulations governing employees were tightened in 1950. This fact and the relative growth of contract research are the causes of the decline in the number of licenses from employees after 1950.

Improving Care During Peacetime, War, and Disasters: A Call for Agile Military Civilian Strategic Alliances.