The Neuronal Connection

SUMMARYConsideration is given to the changes in organization of the nervous and vascular systems which accompanied the posterior migration of the mantle complex and assumption of slug‐like form, major adaptations incurred during the transition from prosobranch to opisthobranch organization which allowed assumption of an infaunal mode of life.An anatomical account is provided of the visceral nerve loop of several tectibranch opisthobranchs ranging from primitive to advanced: Acteon tornatilis (L.), Bulla striata Bruguiere, Akera bullata Miiller and Scaphander lignarius (L.), together with descriptions, of the vascular supply to the mantle cavity roof of Acteon and Scaphander and of circulation in the cephalopedal mass.Three major changes appear in the early evolution of the nervous system: (1) separation of pallial ganglia from the pleurals, concurrent with anterior elongation of the head‐foot, (2) initial shortening of the rear portion of the loop (Acteon) upon reduction of the nuchal area, and (3) change of innervation of part of the mantle from the right pallial ganglion to the suboesophageal, consequent upon posterior migration of the skirt. This migration caused the suboesophageal ganglion to move posteriorly, to lie adjacent to the visceral (Bulla, Akera, Scaphander), with the effect that the pallial nerve which in Acteon emerges from the suboesophageal ganglion, in these forms leaves from the visceral. Despite changes in disposition and proportion of the skirt, the fields of innervation of emergent nerves of the visceral loop, most of which wholly or partially innervate the mantle, remained relatively unchanged, though with lengthening of the free border, the left pallial ganglion came to innervate, a relatively greater length than the corresponding left pleural of proso‐branchs. The evolution of the genital ganglion, changing importance of the visceral ganglion, re‐routing of nerve tracts at the rear of the loop, and further minor changes in innervation are discussed.Vestiges of streptoneury linger at the rear of the loop, a feature explained by the relative disposition of structures innervated by ganglia there.Upon removal of the mantle complex posteriorly, the mantle cavity roof received blood from the visceral haemocoel rather than from the kidney as in prosobranchs. Acteon, which retains the typical monotocardian venous return from the cephalopedal haemocoel utilizing an afferent renal vessel, still accepts some, for the kidney lies in the thickness of the mantle skirt. With complete reduction of the nuchal region in more advanced tecti‐branchs (Scaphander), virtually all blood entering the mantle cavity roof is derived from the visceral haemocoel.Much evidence indicates that early opisthobranchs were small and lacked a gill. With subsequent increase in size, features including the siting of the kidney in the mantle cavity roof, and formation of a pallial caecum alleviated possible inadequate respiratory exchange under adverse infaunal conditions. Also a gill was re‐developed which, together with the kidney, utilizes the once efferent branchial vessel in order to return blood to the heart; it receives blood from the visceral haemocoel through the short rectal sinus (efferent renal vessel of prosobranchs) which lies on the mantle cavity floor below the gill. Separation of inflows into (1) caecum and kidney, and (2) gill then took place to ensure adequate passage of blood through both routes, especially important in Scaphander, for the gill acts as a co‐ordinated, accessory heart providing a favourable return route. A second pump is required in Scaphander in order to draw blood from the spacious visceral haemocoel, in turn drawn from a relatively more spacious cephalic haemocoel than is characteristic of prosobranchs.

Mechanisms of action of transmitters and other substances on smooth muscle.

As a critical part of the circulatory system, blood vessels transport oxygen and nutrients to every corner of the body, nourishing each cell, and also remove waste and toxins. Defects in vascular development and function are closely associated with many diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and atherosclerosis. In the nervous system, the nervous and vascular systems are intricately connected in both development and function. First, peripheral blood vessels and nerves exhibit parallel distribution patterns. In the central nervous system (CNS), nerves and blood vessels form a complex interface known as the neurovascular unit. Second, the vascular system employs similar cellular and molecular mechanisms as the nervous system for its development. Third, the development and function of CNS vasculature are tightly regulated by CNS-specific signaling pathways and neural activity. Additionally, vascular endothelial cells within the CNS are tightly connected and interact with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, and microglia to form the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB strictly controls material exchanges between the blood and brain, maintaining the brain's microenvironmental homeostasis, which is crucial for the normal development and function of the CNS. Here, we comprehensively summarize research on neural regulation of vascular and BBB development and propose directions for future research.

Given the remarkable advances made over the last several decades in science and medicine, there could be no better and opportune time to launch the Journal of Translational Science (JTS). We have been fortunate to witness the integration of multiple areas of discovery in science and medicine to push the envelope for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders that can affect any region of the body. In developed countries such as the United States, life expectancy continues to increase and is accompanied by a one percent decrease in the age-adjusted death rate from the years 2000 through 2011. Yet, with the increasing growth and lifespan of the world's population, it is expected that the incidence of a number of disorders, such as metabolic disease, and neurodegenerative disorders, also will continue to grow. For example, the World Health Organization reports that diabetes mellitus will be ranked as the seventh leading cause of death by the year 2030. As a result, multiple novel therapeutic strategies are currently being advanced to treat disorders that currently have limited remedies. In particular, stem cell applications have quickly advanced and are being considered for numerous disorders that include cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, peripheral ischemia, graft versus host disease, and nervous system disorders. More than 40 years prior, the use of bone marrow transplantation set the stage for the treatment of hematological disorders and cancer with the use of stem cells. Presently, more than 50,000 bone marrow transplants are performed every year using autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells. In addition, unique cellular channels, such as the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor TRPV1 (transient receptor potential, vanilloid subfamily member 1) and a member of the TRP superfamily of cation channels, are being pursued for a diverse spectrum of disorders that range from pain management to neuronal protection of the brain following stroke. Increasing consideration also is being directed to the field of microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs consist of 19-25 nucleotides, are small non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs), and can control gene expression by silencing targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs) translated by specific genes. With the explosion of new studies, miRNAs are reported to play critical roles in stem cell renewal, tissue repair, and potential disease progression in areas such as those of the cardiac, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Although these therapeutic strategies appear initially to be diverse, upon closer inspection each depends upon a “common signaling platform” that is intimately connected through cellular pathways that can significantly affect clinical outcome in patients. It is clear that cellular and genetic targets can easily impact multiple disease entities. The translation of these pathways into relevant clinical treatments can yield fruit for many disorders. JTS was conceived with this knowledge in mind. JTS is a novel open access journal that will focus upon the translation of cellular, molecular, and genetic pathways into clinical strategies for multiple medical disciplines that can impact a broad spectrum of disorders. These disorders can involve all aspects of translational research and medicine to include stem cells, degenerative diseases, aging, immune function, tumorigenesis, epigenetics, musculoskeletal function, cognition, behavior, metabolic function, and targets of the neuronal, cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and vascular systems. JTS will provide a platform in today's scientific and medical literature to serve as an international forum for the healthcare and scientific communities worldwide to translate basic and clinical research studies into clinical therapies as well as report upon prognostics, novel therapeutic strategies, and biomarker development. JTS will offer multiple venues to present authors' thoughts and investigations as original research papers, review papers, clinical studies, editorials, expert opinion and perspective papers, commentaries, book reviews, and letters to the editor. Ultimately, JTS will promote a rigorous, fair, and constructive evaluation of all submitted articles. Papers will be processed in an extremely timely fashion so that all authors can follow the progress of the papers during the evaluation, copyediting, and publication phases. We are extremely excited with the launch of JTS and believe that the journal will fill a great void in the reporting of today's scientific and medical discoveries. JTS will serve as an international forum for the greatest degree of scholarship in the research and clinical communities worldwide to translate pioneering “bench to bedside” breakthroughs into successful clinical strategies. On behalf of the Editorial Team and the Editorial Board, welcome to JTS!

Acta Physiologica ScandinavicaVolume 151, Issue 4 p. 544-544 Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Symposium on ‘The role of EDRF/NO in the vascular and nervous systems' will be held in Bergen, Norway, 21–22 October 1994 First published: August 1994 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09778.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume151, Issue4August 1994Pages 544-544 RelatedInformation

Gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection

Electronic Blood Vessel

23 - Examination of the upper extremity

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter produced in mammalian cells. It is responsible for physiological functions in many organs and systems, with attention focused mainly on the cardiovascular and nervous systems. In the vascular system, H2S produces biphasic effects in regulation of vascular tone. At lower concentrations, it induces vasoconstriction predominantly via decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate in smooth muscle cell and inhibiting the production and bioavailability of nitric oxide. At higher concentrations, it produces vasorelaxation mainly through opening of KATP channels and induction of intracellular acidification. Scavenging reactive oxygen species and elevation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate are also implicated in the vasorelaxant response. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of H2S in the vascular system, with special emphasis and discussion on the involvement of various signaling pathways and ion channels based on current understanding and reported literature till date.

A histochemical study of the cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of the developing teeth and oral tissues in the mouse

Wiring the Vascular Circuitry: From Growth Factors to Guidance Cues

The importance of extracellular ATP for cell-to-cell communication in the nervous and vascular systems has been deeply studied for years, while less characterized is its role in regulating immune responses. Extracellular ATP is sensed by a class of ubiquitously expressed plasma membrane receptors termed P2 purinergic receptors (P2Rs), whose activation elicits different responses. Furthermore, extracellular ATP is rapidly degraded by ectonucleotidases such as CD39 and CD73 into adenosine, which in turn exerts additional regulatory effects through its own P1 receptors. In the first part of my PhD I addressed the role of ATP-gated ion channel P2X7 receptor in regulating T follicular helper (Tfh) cells functions. Tfh cells support affinity maturation of B cells in germinal centers (GCs) and differentiation to IgA-secreting plasma cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs). This function is critical in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and efficient mucosal defense. We have shown that P2X7 receptor is selectively and robustly upregulated in Tfh cells isolated from chronically stimulated secondary lymphoid organs, such as Peyer’s patches (PPs) and mesenteric lymph nodes. Deletion of P2rx7 in Tfh cells resulted in resistance to cell death, enhanced GC reaction in PPs, increased IgA binding to commensals, and reduction of mucosal bacteria. Our results unravel P2X7 as a regulator of the adaptive IgA response in the small intestine to allow commensalism and systemic stimulation of the immune system. In the second part of my PhD I addressed the role of the ectonucleotidases CD73 in the human B cell memory generation. It was previously shown from my host lab that peripheral human B cells co-expressing CD73 and CD39 have a more prompt capacity to expand and differentiate into antibody secreting cells in vitro. This property has been linked to the hydrolyzing enzymatic function of CD39 and CD73, which in tandem generates adenosine starting from extracellular ATP. We developed a method to functionally dissect antibody repertoire in different human B cell subsets differentiated according to CD73 expression and identified a novel subset of antigen-experienced B cells. We have shown for the first time that human peripheral IgM+IgD+CD27− B cells lacking expression of CD73 carry somatically mutated variable region genes, in contrast to CD73+ counterpart. Furthermore, IgM+IgD+CD27−CD73− B cells were less prone to perform class switch recombination in vitro and showed comparable functional properties with GC-independent memory B cells. Collectively, these results reveal CD73 as a novel human B cell marker that identifies functional distinct populations with different genetic hallmarks and a distinct differentiation fate.

The adult human parotid duct is roughly 6-8 cm long. From the parotid gland, parotid duct traverses through masseter muscle, penetrates through buccinator muscle, and opens into the oral cavity. This unique form of the parotid duct is likely correlated with the function of the duct, directly affected by the movement of the buccinator muscle during mastication and swallowing. Histological structure of the duct is known to be different in each region, and details of smooth muscle present in the parotid duct are mostly unclear. In this study, we conducted SEM and histological observations of the area where the parotid duct penetrates the buccinator muscle, and an observation of smooth muscle to investigate its existence using alpha-smooth muscle antibody. We confirmed the presence of an abundance of skeletal muscle bundles likely originating from the buccinator muscle under the epithelium of the parotid duct wall in the region where it penetrates the buccinator muscle. We also observed that some of the muscle fibers were completely attached to the epithelium. We observed a lack of smooth muscle in this region of the duct wall. From these results, we suggest that the area of the duct penetrating buccinator muscle plays a role in regulating the salivary passage through the contraction of the surrounding buccinator muscle fibers.

Objective To review the progress on the reconstruction of superficial palmar arch defect with vascular transplantation. Methods The literatures were searched by using the keywords of vascular system injuries, superficial palmar arch, vascular grafting, vein grafts, arterial graft, in the database of PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang. Articles about reconstruction of superficial palmar arch defect with vascular transplantation before December 2016 were searched and analyzed. Results For the damage injury of superficial palmar arch, the transplantation of superficial vein and small arterial are mainly used to reconstruct the vascular defect. Different methods have different advantages and disadvantages. Foot vein transplantation mainly adopts end-to-side anastomosis, and this method can provide adequate stomas. The operation is difficult. Y-type vein transplantation needs to bridge the vessels in series. The advantage is that the remote can provide multiple stomas. But the operation is complicated. The diameter of the vessel is different from that of the vessel of recipient site. Forearm vein net transplantation can resolve the mismatching of donor site with recipient site. The anatomy of the vein net is instable, and the operative procedure is difficult. The morphology and caliber of dorsal venous arch of hand are similar to those of superficial palmar arch, and the surgical resection and anastomosis are easy. The valve obstruction and obvious scar are the limitations. Reconstruction the defect of superficial palmar arch using arcus venosus dorsalis pedis transplantation can resolve the mismatching of the vessel in diameter and amount, but the difficulty is bloodstream obstruction due to the valves. Reconstruction the superficial palmar arch defect using small arterial graft is reliable, while the disadvantage is the influence on blood supply to the muscle of donor site. Conclusions Vascular graft can be used to reconstruct the defect of superficial palmar arch and restore blood flow to the distal fingers. Repairing of the defect of superficial palmar arch with vascular graft of different site varied in surgical procedure and the difficulty of the surgery, and these methods have some defects in certain aspects. Searching for a new and suitable donor site with a vascular network has become the trend in the reconstruction of the superficial palmar arch defect. Key words: Vascular system injuries; Superficial palmar arch; Vascular grafting; Vein grafts; Arterial graft

"Physics Is A Function Of Size. . . " The aim of the research is to create a new interactive communication system by 're-cabling' fabrics for releasing fragrances in 21st century fashion design. A new development, taking inspiration from biology, conjures up Multi-Sensorial Fabrics - based around the sense of smell. Using the theory that 'Smell Is Nanotechnology' and that biology works by nano-machines, biological actions can be miniaturised (such as 'sensing' in the animal world) to create an integrated system called THE WELLNESS COLLECTION. Fragrances (and eventually medication, monitoring devices and digital information) will be actively 'pulsed' electronically through a cabling device system which will 'mimic' the human senses and in particular the scent glands in our bodies and be literally incorporated into the fabric structure. Technology with therefore be integrated in fabrics and carried in invisible clothing. The system also acts as a new vehicle for designer perfumes, reducing the application of alcohol on skin and microencapsulation. Traditional textile design concerns passive issues relating to colour and texture (and performance purposes to a certain degree). However, this research concentrates on a more active approach to textile design, introducing the living active garment as a second skin. The aim is to combine a number of contrasting areas from the Arts and Sciences. For example : - Perfumery. Fashion Designs. Textile & Fibre Technologies. Space Age Clothing. Biosensing Techniques. 'Micro Tube' Technology. Fluid Control. 'Smart intelligence'. Human Biology & Psychology. Human Skin, Circulation & Nervous Systems. Medical Textiles. Controlled Drug Delivery Systems. Alternative Therapies. Nanotechnology. Although some might consider this project to be high risk, it is a general fact that creative and 'novel' research originates from multi disciplinary fields. Emphasis on this important fact must be acknowledged throughout the thought process of the following project which is documented as a thorough ‘library’ of valuable research information. The Science Fashion approach may therefore seem very futuristic, but as technology itself reduces in size such an approach becomes increasingly realistic.