The positioning system based on IEEE 802.15.4a PHY and MAC protocol for low rate WPAN

Power efficient ultra-wideband based wireless communication for wireless body area network applications

1.1 Impulse Radio (IR) Ultra Wideband (UWB) Communications Ultra wideband (UWB) communication is a fast emerging technology that offers new opportunities such as high data rates, low equipment cost, low power, precise positioning capability and extremely low interference Ghawami (2005). A wide range of possible UWB communication system applications includes radars due to UWB ultra high precision ranging at the centimeter level, wireless personal area networks (WPAN), sensor networks, imaging systems, UWB positioning systems, etc. Yang (2004), Kshetrimayum (2009). From a commercial point of view, the high data rates are the most attractive feature of UWB systems for which speeds of over 100Mb/s have been demonstrated Ghawami (2005). There exist three main types of UWB technologies: impulse radio (IR UWB), direct sequence (DS UWB), and multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB OFDM) Ran (2009). IR UWB communication technique is essentially different from all other communication techniques because it is carrier free and uses for communication between transmitters and receivers very narrow radio frequency (RF) pulses generated from the UWB pulse generator, while traditional transmission systems transmit information by varying the power, frequency, and/or phase of a sinusoidal wave in a modulation process Kshetrimayum (2009), Yao (2007). Consequently, complicated frequency mixers and local oscillators for carrier frequency up and down conversion are not necessary Yao (2007). IR UWB modulation techniques are especially important because the UWB spectrum has been made available by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and it can be used with IRs developed to date Lin (2005). Waveforms for IR UWB are designed to obtain a flat frequency response over the bandwidth of the pulse and to avoid a DC component. The large spectrum of a UWB signal may interfere with existing users. In order to keep this interference to the minimum, FCC specifies spectral masks for different applications, i.e. the allowed power output for specific frequencies Ghawami (2005). A contiguous bandwidth of 7.5GHz is available in the frequency interval of (3.1− 10.6)GHz at a maximum power output of −41.3dBm/MHz which is considered as extremely low Ghawami (2005). The power spectral density (PSD) of UWB systems defined as a ratio of the transmitted power P in watts and a signal bandwidth B in hertz is extremely low as compared to other communication systems due to the very wide bandwidth B of short pulses that are typically of nanosecond or picosecond order Ghawami (2005). The selection of the impulse signal type for IR UWB communication system is essential since it determines

The wireless personal area network (WPAN) is an emerging wireless technology for future short range indoor and outdoor communication applications. The IEEE 802.15.3 medium access control (MAC) is proposed to coordinate the access to the wireless medium among the competing devices, especially for short range and high data rate applications in home networks. In this paper we use analytical modeling to study the performance analysis of WPAN (IEEE 802.15.3) MAC in terms of throughput, efficient bandwidth utilization, and delay with various ACK policies under error channel condition. This allows us to introduce a K-Dly-ACK-AGG policy, payload size adjustment mechanism, and Improved Backoff algorithm to improve the performance of the WPAN MAC. Performance evaluation results demonstrate the impact of our improvements on network capacity. Moreover, these results can be very useful to WPAN application designers and protocol architects to easily and correctly implement WPAN for home networking.

IEEE 802.15.4의 물리계층은 저속, 저전력, 저가격 기반의 LR-WPAN(Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network)의 물리계층으로 세계적으로 가장 많이 사용되고 있다. IEEE 802.15.4에 대한 기존의 많은 이론 연구들은 저전력 무선네트워크 환경에서의 에너지효율성, 전송처리율, 전송신뢰성에 대한 거시적 이해와 안목을 제공하는 중요한 결과들을 산출하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 이론연구에 실환경 요소를 보완하기 위해 MAC(Medium Access Control) 소프트웨어 구조부터 실제 네트워크 기반 성능분석에 이르는 실험연구를 수행한다. 연구에서는 수직분할 모델의 네트워킹 스택의 MAC 계층 기능으로 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC 스택을 구현하고 이를 네트워킹 스택에 통합하여 시험 분석을 수행한다. 이 연구에서 도출한 네트워크 소프트웨어 모델과 실험결과는 향후 IEEE 802.15.4 MAC 소프트웨어의 구현과 실용적인 네트워크 스택 환경에서의 성능에 참고자료로 활용될 수 있다. IEEE 802.15.4 is one of the most widely adopted physical layer standards in the area of LR-WPAN(Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network). Numerous previous researches have contributed to deep insights on energy efficiency, transmission throughput, and reliability that IEEE 802.15.4 delivers to the LR-WPAN. As a research that is orthogonal and complementary to previous researches, we explore the implementation and practical performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC software. We implement the MAC software from the perspective of the networking stack, exploring the issues raised when the MAC software serves as a functional component in a complete networking stack consisting of MAC, network as well as well as application support layers. The performance is evaluated on a realistic experimental software environment integrated with operating system, networking stack, and applications.

IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard to address the need of low cost, low power consumption and low data rate low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN) which is widely used in remote metering, building automation, smart tags, industry control and etc. The IEEE 802.15.4 protocol specifies the physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) sub-layer for LR-WPAN.Due to the MAC protocol is addressed to potential contentions and collisions, and the slotted CSMA/CA algorithm can not avoid collision effectively on IEEE 802.15.4. Therefore, the transmission performance is affected.In this research, the novel hash channel selection mechanism is proposed for improving performance of IEEE 802.15.4. Meanwhile, the star topology is constructed to simulate and evaluate based on NS-2 simulations respectively. The results of simulation reveal that proposed mechanism could improve the performance of throughput, utilization, average delay and drop in all respects of IEEE 802.15.4 about 100%.

The Standard for Wireless personal area network (WPAN) has been given by IEEE 802.15.4-2003 these networks are consists of Low rate, Low powered, Low memory devices. ZigBee Alliance has provided Network layer specification and Physical layer (PHY) and Medium access control (MAC) specification has been given by IEEE. In general the networks are of two kind Tree/Mess. In tree network no routing table is required for routing. After the great success in PAN this technique has also been tried to apply in business Network too. The main problem with this routing is that the maximum no of child (Router capable or end device) at any level and maximum network depth is fixed and this is done at the time of network formation. So the network can’t grow beyond that max limit of breadth and width. We have addressed the network depth problem in our paper “Address Borrowing in Wireless Personal Area Network”. Now in some other network configuration the maximum breadth of the network may be attained but the maximum depth of the network may not be attained (because of the asymmetric nature of the physical area) at that part and hence address lies unused. Here In this paper we have provided a unified address reorganizing scheme which can be easily applied to tree network so that the network can grow beyond the maximum no of child present at any level and overcome the address exhaustion problem by reorganizing address as per the requirement but without adding any extra overhead of having a routing table.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has a large number of nodes capable of sensing, communicating and computing. WSNs have limitations due to limited storage, processing and transmission power. The IEEE802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is used for low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN). LR-WPAN is basically designed for static wireless sensor networks. However, from literatures, we observed that IEEE802.15.4 is able to support weak mobility in mobile sensor networks [7]. This paper evaluates the IEEE802.15.4 MAC for strong mobility in mobile sensor network environments. We evaluate the performance of IEEE802.15.4 MAC based on both static and mobile coordinators, and taking into account two parameters which are speed and number of beacon orders. We observed the effect on association period, disassociation, and synchronization between the mobile node and the coordinator in strong mobility of mobile nodes. From the experiments, we obtained results on throughput, association and synchronization with different speed and beacon orders. We found that the IEEE802.15.4 cannot maintain association period in strong mobility. The weaknesses of mobile node association attempt and synchronization process degrade the overall performance of a network. We also identify some research problems that need to be addressed for successful implementation of MAC protocol with strong mobility in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks.

Ultra-wideband (UWB) transmission is an emerging wireless technology for future short-range indoor and outdoor multimedia applications. To coordinate the access to the wireless medium among the competing devices, the IEEE 802.15.3 medium access control (MAC) is proposed for short-range high-speed wireless personal area networks (WPANs) in the IEEE 802.15.3a task group. In the MAC, three acknowledgment (ACK) mechanisms are adopted during channel time allocation for error control over the error-prone wireless channel: No-ACK, Immediate-ACK (Imm-ACK), and Delayed-ACK (Dly-ACK). Frames received with errors can be retransmitted in the Imm-ACK and Dly-ACK mechanisms. However, how to optimally use these ACK mechanisms during channel time allocation is still an open issue. In this paper, we investigate how to configure the ACK mechanism parameters in order to achieve optimal throughput performance. We first formulate the throughput optimization problem for a contention-free channel time allocation under error channel condition. We then apply the three ACK mechanisms in the contention access period, to optimize the channel throughput. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our investigation.

The standard IEEE 802.15.4 medium access control (MAC) protocol is designed for low-power transmissions in low-rate and short-distance wireless personal area networks (WPANs). The modified CSMA/CA contention protocol suffers from inefficient channel utilization that is mainly caused by no carrier sensing during backoff. Nodes usually perceive channel busy after backoff but channel may be idle during backoff period. Moreover, standard protocol can not get rid of collisions. In this article, we propose a rotational listening strategy (RLS) to improve the opportunity of success transmissions in IEEE standard protocol. In RLS, to behave like a contention-free network, channel access period is partitioned into a number of mini-slots, in which one mini-slot is allotted for one node, and channel sensing of a node is restricted on its own mini-slots. Simulation results demonstrate that RLS indeed improves the transmission efficiency and conserves energy.

Optical wireless communication (OWC), the IEEE 802.15.7 standard (revised 2018) is developed in normative reference to low-rate wireless personal area networks IEEE 802.15.4 standard. One significant difference between the two standards is the highly directional transmitters in the OWC networks. This difference opens up the possibility of adding full-duplex communication to wireless networks. Our work proposes adding full-duplex functionality in the contention-free period (CFP) of the OWC media access control (MAC) layer. We justify the significance of our proposal by implementing IEEE 802.15.7 resource allocation scheme for both our proposed full-duplex optical MAC (FD-OMAC) and the IEEE 802.15.7 MAC. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed work improves the spectral efficiency in the CFP without compromising delays. We also discuss the minor changes required in the IEEE 802.15.7 MAC for implementing FD-OMAC. We further extend the FD-OMAC to a multiple access point network and evaluate its performance in comparison with IEEE 802.15.7 MAC.

A dual‐band printed monopole antenna useful in low‐rate wireless personal area networks (LR‐PAN) and GPS operation for tablet devices is presented. Antenna has monopole strips arranged in planar configuration on substrate suitable to match standard tablet computer display size. The overall antenna dimension is 150 × 50 × 1.6 mm3. The long and short strips of monopole are separated by notch to increase the bandwidth of antenna. The operating impedance bandwidths of 14.97% and 5.09% are obtained across LR‐PAN band and GPS band, respectively. The presented monopole antenna provides significant gain in order of 4.48 dBi for lower resonant mode and 3.26 dBi for higher resonant mode. The antenna covers LR‐WPAN frequency bands of 868.3 MHz, 915/920 MHz, GSM 850, UMTS/LTE 850, 1.57 GHz GPS bands.

Impulse radio ultra wide band (IR-UWB) is gaining consensus within the recently formed IEEE 802.15.4a Task Group as a solution for providing combined communication and ranging in low data rate indoor/outdoor networks. In this work we propose a solution for medium access control in low data rate IR-UWB networks that uses the specific features of IR-UWB and enables location-based network optimizations by providing and storing estimates of the distance between network terminals. The performance of the protocol as a function of channel characteristics, transmission range, number of users and user data rates is evaluated by means of simulations, taking into account an accurate MUI model based on the concept of pulse collision. Results highlight that in all considered scenarios the protocol provides high throughput and low packet delay, and constitutes thus a viable solution for location-aware low data rate UWB networks

The IEEE 802.15.4 protocol has become the primary solution for many low‐rate wireless personal area network (LR‐WPAN) applications. This is especially the case for industrial sensor network applications such as automation control. We contribute to the better understanding of the protocol behavior by presenting a set of results of simulation experiments. Our results outline the capabilities of this protocol in the selected scenarios but also the limitations. In particular, we investigated the dependency of the protocol on protocol‐inherent parameters such as the beacon order and the superframe order but also to different traffic load. Our results can be used for planning and deploying IEEE 802.15.4‐ based sensor networks with specific performance demands. We put a special focus on application scenarios in industrial sensor network applications. The primary requirements are reduced end‐to‐end latency and energy consumption. Our studies are based on our new implementation of IEEE 802.15.4 developed for the simulation framework OMNeT++. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Generally sensor network and wireless ad hoc network use a symmetric key agreement scheme, although this mechanism has some problems, such as key management, complex network deployment and configuration. This is because the devices of sensor network have limitations such as power, memory, processor speed and implementation cost. The public key algorithms are considered to be too expensive in term of memory and processing requirements. In Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN), we propose a new key agreement mechanism using the Security Manager (SM) for public key management based on the EC-MQV algorithm. And also, we define two security levels by means of device's power and security policies in the network. We have measured the performance of this mechanism and at the same time meeting the low implementation cost and low power.

Pulse-based communication systems are a promising candidate in the deployment of future wireless networks, thanks to the potential robustness and capacity guaranteed by the transmission of pulses of very short duration. In the framework of pulse-based communication systems, the Impulse Radio-Ultra Wide Band (IR-UWB) technique recently received particular attention. In the past, most of the UWB research focused on hardware and physical layer aspects in order to solve the technological challenges posed by IR-UWB. UWB peculiar characteristics may, however, also stimulate innovative higher layers' design. This work addresses Medium Access Control (MAC) issues for IR-UWB communication systems and extends the discussion to wireless optical communication systems. Typical characteristics of an IR-UWB system are presented, and solutions proposed for such systems at the MAC layer are reviewed. The applicability of such solutions to an optical wireless communications system is then discussed, highlighting analogies and differences between IR-UWB and wireless optical systems.