The recognition potential and conscious awareness

Neuroimaging study of numbers, Chinese words, and English words reading in brain

Two groups of subjects were tested to investigate the effect of language on recall span under different memory preload conditions (two, four, or six digits). Native English-speaking monolinguals in Group 1 recalled 1-, 2-, and 3-syllable English words. Chinese-English bilinguals in Group 2 recalled both English words and 1-, 2-, and 3-syllable Chinese words. Word articulation rates for the English monolinguals and the Chinese-English bilinguals in each language were also obtained. An advantage for 1-syllable words over 2- and 3-syllable words was obtained for both articulation and recall. Whereas the effects of word length on recall were constant for English words in all preload conditions, the effect of word length varied with preload condition for the Chinese words: The advantage for 1-syllable Chinese words was very large when preload was small but diminished as digit preload increased. The notion of the “articulatory loop” alone fails to account for this cross-linguistic difference.

Data point overlap exists in the model translation recognition results of generalized maximum likelihood ratio detection (GLR) algorithm. A fuzzy semantic optimal control intelligent recognition model for English translation based on improved GLR algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is used to create a phrase corpus for marking tens of thousands of English and Chinese words, so that phrases can be searched automatically. The algorithm builds a phrase corpus of about 710,000 Chinese and English words. Phrase structure is constructed through phrase centers. Partial speech recognition results can be obtained. According to the syntactic function of analytic linear list, the ambiguity of Chinese and English structures in part of speech recognition results is corrected. Finally get the content of the identifier on the basis of comprehensive evaluation. The recognition accuracy based on the improved algorithm is more than 95%. The overall score was 92.3. This algorithm overcomes the disadvantages of GLR. Compared with statistical algorithm and dynamic memory algorithm, the algorithm improves the operation speed and processing performance and is more suitable for machine translation tasks. It provides a new idea in the field of machine translation.

Aims: The present study aims to examine the cross-script cognate facilitation effect that cognates have processing advantages over non-cognates and this effect is strong evidence supporting the non-selective access hypothesis for bilinguals. Methodology: By adopting a masked translation priming paradigm, Experiment 1 used 48 Chinese–English cognates (Chinese words) and 48 non-cognates (Chinese words) as primes and their English translation equivalences as targets. Chinese–English bilinguals were instructed to judge whether the target stimuli were real words or not. In Experiment 2, another group of participants took the same lexical decision task as in Experiment 1, except that English–Chinese cognates and non-cognates (English words) served as primes and their Chinese translation equivalences were targets. Data and analysis: Response latency and accuracy data were submitted to a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Findings/conclusions: Experiment 1 showed that Chinese–English cognates (Chinese words) and non-cognates (Chinese words) produced similar priming effect, while Experiment 2 revealed that English–Chinese cognates (English words) generated a significant priming effect, whereas non-cognates (English words) failed to induce any priming effect. Overall, Chinese words did not show cognate advantage, while English words produced a significant cognate facilitation effect. These results might be attributed to different mappings from orthography to phonology in English and Chinese. Opaque mapping from orthography to phonology in Chinese hindered phonological activation and reduced Chinese–English cognate phonological priming effect. However, English–Chinese cognates benefited from transparent mapping from sound to print and thus generated a significant phonological priming effect. Implications of the current findings for bilingual word recognition models were discussed. Originality: The present study is the first to investigate the cross-script cognate facilitation effect by ensuring both the heterogeneity of primes and targets (English and Chinese) and the homogeneity of primes (Chinese or English). The results indicated that the writing systems of the primes constrained the cross-script cognate priming effect.

This article is devoted to the problem of the main ways of assimilating English words into Chinese: phonetic, semantic and calque are the main methods of assimilation of English words. Which way of loan words is preferable remains a debatable question among the Chinese linguistics. Specifics of hieroglyphic writing of the Chinese language predetermined a number of features of assimilating English neologisms by calque. Currently, a large number of words are assimilated in a mixed way, in addition to the exact translation of an English word or part of a word into Chinese, there is necessarily a hieroglyph or a combination of hieroglyphs that convey the sound of English word or part of an English word. Such sound characters can be found in both the preposition and the postposition of the semantic part of word. A distinctive feature of such hieroglyphic signs is their asemantic character. As for the graphic method, it is not a productive way in Chinese. In recent years, in Chinese language a method that hieroglyphic word synthesized by hieroglyphic signs, digital signs, symbols and English graphemes is actively used. The specific point of this loan words method in Chinese is their function as abbreviations. A separate role is the classifier in terms of assimilation of English new words in Chinese. Adding a classifier to a loan word makes it easier for Chinese speakers to understand. This article also describes the variants of assimilation English loan words in Chinese. The article provides a large number of examples illustrating typical ways of assimilating English neologisms in Chinese.

There are more and more independent English words formed by Chinese pinyin in English words, and many Chinese borrowed words even appear in English dictionaries and become complete English words. Some researches have found that the particularity of English and historical reasons led to the occurrence of this phenomenon, but there are few articles explaining why this phenomenon occurs and what impact it will have on the culture of different countries in the future. Through the method of literature research and observation, this paper studies why there are more and more Chinese loan words and the importance of Chinese loan words to English, and draws the conclusion that nowadays Chinese loan words have become an indispensable part of English dictionary, which is due to the collision of different cultures and the formation of similar parts of Chinese culture and other countries increasingly frequent. The significance of this study lies in that understanding the development and evolution of languages will help to build a bridge of communication between Chinese and foreign languages and cultures.

It is a challenging task to identify sentiments (the affective parts of options) of reviews. One of the most important problems is to predict the sentiment orientation of the words. This paper proposes a new method for determining the sentiment orientation of the Chinese words by using bilingual lexicons. Given a Chinese word, we observe the occurrences of English sentiment words in its interpretations, to predict the sentiment orientation of the Chinese word. The whole process can be illustrated logically as follows: (1) translate a Chinese word into Chinese-English interpretation; (2) generate an English word sequence by parsing the interpretation; (3) calculate the sentiment vector from the English word sequence; (4) use a classifier to predict the sentiment orientation for the Chinese word. The performance of two kinds of classifiers (SVM and C4.5) is studied. The experiments show that the proposed method performed well and achieved high accuracy.

First of all, Tesseract OCR technology is used to automatically identify English words on the picture, including English words in the horizontal direction, vertical direction and a certain tilt Angle direction on the picture. Then, the automatic translation system is used to translate English words into Chinese words. Finally, OpenCV technology is used to automatically fill the translated Chinese words into the corresponding position in the English of the original picture, replace the original English words, and realize the automatic recognition and translation of foreign words in the picture. This research greatly improves the efficiency of machine translation. The research content of the project can also be applied to the automatic translation of images between any other languages.

Attention plays an important and pervasive role in human perception, filtering complex sensory input based on what is most salient or relevant, and gating the entry of this information into conscious awareness. In addition to modulating processing of the current environment, the control of attention over perception has downstream consequences for processing of the past and future, determining what information is available for memory encoding and retrieval. This interaction between attention and memory is bidirectional, as goals, episodes, and knowledge held in memory in turn inform attentional selection and vigilance. These bidirectional interactions can be found across different types of memory and their underlying brain systems. This chapter catalogs the ways in which attention and memory interact, focusing on working memory, episodic memory, and learning. By reviewing the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying these interactions, the chapter reconceptualizes attention as serving a broader role in the organization of the mind, and memory as being fundamentally selective and interwoven with perception.

Objective To study on the neural mechanism of deficits in Chinese developmental dyslexia from the aspects of the phonological processing, orthographic skills, visual magnocellular function and cerebellum function. Methods Critical words in Chinese and English (e.g. dyslexia, reading development, Chinese, neural) and formula (e.g. Chinese and (reading development) and (neural or neuroimage or fMRI or ERP or brain area) related with the present topic were searched among the article abstracts in Chinese and foreign databases (e.g. CNKI, Pubmed, Sciencedirect) from July to December, 2014. Results Fifty-two relevant articles were gained access to the database. Referring to the present topic, research on the neural mechanism of dyslexia with neuroimaging technique was reserved, while the studies in which the reading impairment of the participants was caused by acquired factors were eliminated. Finally, thirty-three valid articles were retained. Conclusion According to previous studies, although there might be similarities in cognitive deficits of dyslexia between alphabetic languages and Chinese, it was still found that the Chinese children with developmental dyslexia exhibited abnormal neural activities and impaired brain structures in areas associated with Chinese phonology (i.e. left middle frontal gyrus, which was different from the left inferior frontal gyrus always related with phonological processing in alphabetic languages) and orthographic skills (right occipitotemporal areas which was responsible for the visuospatial processing), revealing language specificity of Chinese to some extent. However, some other studies reported the similarities in neural mechanisms of dyslexia across languages. Therefore, more studies were required to further examine the cross-cultural mechanism of the neural activity regarding the developmental dyslexia. Meanwhile, researches on the aspects of general perception showed Chinese dyslexic individuals had deficits in visual magnocellular function, and cerebellum. Future studies were required to explore the relationship between the linguistic and non-linguistic deficits. Key words: Developmental dyslexia; Chinese reading; Language skills; General perception; Neural mechanism

Comparison of spatiotemporal cortical activation pattern during visual perception of Korean, English, Chinese words: An event-related potential study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference of spatial perception of users which is composed by the sort of ‘selective attention’ at working memory. This is based on the visual attention resource’ is the plural number and influences in spatial perception through interacting with each other.BR To do that, firstly, the understanding of what the perception is composed differently by ‘selective attention’ is asked through reviewing reference literature and previous research. The norms to classify for ‘selective attention’ are ‘shape’, ‘material’, ‘contrast’ and ‘complex’.BR In the next position, six representative housing space images are selected as survey targets for investigation of spatial perception and attention resources at working memory. The analysis of the difference comparison in the relation between ‘attention resources’ and spatial perception in this study is conducted by descriptive statistic and one way ANOVA by SPSS program 22.BR The results are as following;BR Firstly, ‘attention resources’ are very important on the visual process at working memory. The method for grasp attention targets of users is needed to seek scientifically and cognitively, but observation targets and attention targets are different. Secondly, we could know that ‘attention resources’ and type of its users are different in same space through this research, and we could make a decision that ‘shape’ and ‘contrast’ might be visual attentions target in space. Thirdly, we could confirm that ‘attention resources’ are changed between day and night in the same space due to ‘contrast’ which is created from the ‘light’. Therefore, this effective method is to induce users’ emotion and perception differently if designers utilize it aggressively at the same space. Lastly, we could recognize that ‘attention resources’ interact with each other through the verification of the difference the spatial perception of users according to the type of ‘attention resources’. Specifically, one of the effective types is ‘shape-complex’.

A lesion approach to neurobiology of dissociative symptoms.

We start by noting the rule whereby the original character of particular word is already known for a dialect, the literary and vernacular pronunciations of that character evidence phonetic correspondence. Likewise, the basic assumption for determining the original character for a word in a particular dialect is that if the literary pronunciation and the original character are already known or determined, the phonetic position of the vernacular pronunciation and the original character will be identical. Next, we focus on one of the most basic words in Chinese - da - and its two historical pronunciations. Interestingly, the word da is an exception to the above rule insofar as its literary and vernacular pronunciations may be either, or neither, of the two readings given above. We continue by considering the fact that sometimes it is necessary to search for evidence for which character is best suited to represent a word either internally, through correspondences between literary and vernacular pronunciations, or externally, from words common to different dialects or from cognatic relations among related dialect words. Once this distinction is made, research into Chinese historical linguistics, the history of dialects, or the history of dialect regions will be able to provide valuable historical/cultural evidence that could also be of use in resolving the big problem of the word da.

Affective realism, the phenomenon whereby affect is integrated into an individual’s experience of the world, is a normal consequence of how the brain processes sensory information from the external world in the context of sensations from the body. In the present investigation, we provided compelling empirical evidence that affective realism involves changes in visual perception (i.e., affect changes how participants see neutral stimuli). In two studies, we used an interocular suppression technique, continuous flash suppression, to present affective images outside of participants’ conscious awareness. We demonstrated that seen neutral faces are perceived as more smiling when paired with unseen affectively positive stimuli. Study 2 also demonstrated that seen neutral faces are perceived as more scowling when paired with unseen affectively negative stimuli. These findings have implications for real-world situations and challenge beliefs that affect is a distinct psychological phenomenon that can be separated from cognition and perception.