The relationship between the centre and the periphery

Michigan State UniversityBeginning with an observation about the neglect of the historyof racial and ethnic minority psychology in our mainstream pub-lications, this Guest Editor’s Introduction to the special issuemoves on to provide a overview of the contributors and their foci.The special issue consists of seven lead articles covering AfricanAmericans, American Indians, Asian Americans, Native Hawai-ians, Hispanic Americans, the American Psychological Associa-tion (APA) Minority Fellowship Program, and the APA Division45. Commentary articles are provided by two pioneers in the fieldand an historian. A rationale for the special issue, as well assuggestions for its use, is also provided.Any cursory review of the leading books about the history ofAmerican psychology will reveal that there has been little or nocoverage regarding the history of racial and ethnic minority psy-chology. Although it is true that the history of this special subfieldof psychology is somewhat shorter than that of mainstream Amer-ican psychology, there have also been important and significantdevelopments in the subfield during the last 5–6 decades. In orderto take advantage of the success of Cultural Diversity and EthnicMinority Psychology (CDEMP ) as the premier journal coveringissues related to racial and ethnic minority psychology, a specialissue focused on the History of Racial and Ethnic Minority Psy-chology was proposed and accepted.The purpose of the special issue is to provide a snapshot of thehistory and development of racial and ethnic minority psychologyin the United States. It will also attempt to link these historicaldescriptions to possible future developments in the field.Although some of this history has already been published indifferent outlets, much of this literature is scattered and oftendifficult to locate [e.g., Leong wrote a monograph on History ofAsian American Psychology for the Asian American Psychologi-cal Association (AAPA) in 1993, but this monograph is not widelycirculated nor readily available]. Therefore, this special issue willprovide a current and systematic treatment of the topic withinCDEMP , which will be readily available for future generations ofpsychologists.The major goal of the special issue is to document some of themajor accomplishments and challenges faced by racial/ethnic mi-nority psychology from an historical perspective (i.e., past 50–60years). The historical review covered by the special issue wouldprovide important lessons for psychology and for historians whoseek to analyze the development of this subfield of psychology. Assuch, this special issue should be of interest to scholars andscientists, as well as students of history and of racial and ethnicminority psychology.In order to provide a scholarly overview of the history of racialand ethnic minority psychology, some of the leading scholars inthe field were invited to prepare an article covering the significantpeople, events, and associations related to their specific racial andethnic minority groups. This resulted in four articles covering thefour major racial and ethnic minority groups, namely AfricanAmericans, American Indians, Asian Americans, and HispanicAmericans. There has been a tendency for the federal government,through it various departments and agencies, to lump Hawaiiansand Pacific Islanders in with Asian Americans for the sake ofconvenience, even though these groups share little in commonexcept their location in the Pacific Ocean. To counter this difficult-to-justify classification, a separate article on the history of NativeHawaiian psychology was included. In addition, the special issuewill also provide an historical overview to two other importantdevelopments in the history of racial and ethnic minority psychol-ogy, namely the APA Minority Fellowship Program and the APASociety for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues,Division 45.The article on African American psychology was written by Dr.Bertha Holliday, Senior Director of APA Office of Ethnic Minor-ity Affairs who had authored the History chapter in the Handbookof Racial and Ethnic Minority Psychology (Bernal, Trimble, Bur-lew & Leong, 2003). The article about American Indian psychol-ogy was prepared by Dr. Joseph Trimble, Professor of Psychologyat Western Washington University and Past President of APADivision 45. Professor Trimble, a leading Native American psy-chologist was assisted by Dr. Mary Clearing-Sky, Odama mother,grandmother, and clinical psychologist who practices in FortMeade, South Dakota. Dr. Clearing-Sky is only one of a handful ofNative American clinical psychologists.The article on Asian American psychology was written by Dr.Frederick Leong, Professor of Psychology at Michigan State Uni-versityandPastPresidentofboththeAAPAandtheAPADivision45. He had authored the History monograph for AAPA which wasreproduced in the CD format in his Digital History Project for theAssociation. Dr. Sumie Okazaki, Associate Professor Psychologyat New York University, coauthored this article with Dr. Leongand both of them also prepared the History chapter in the Hand-book of Asian American Psychology (Leong, Inman, Ebreo, Yang,Kinoshita, & Fu, 2007) with E. J. R. David. The Hispanic Amer-ican article was authored by Dr. Amado Padilla, Professor ofEducation at Stanford University and one of the leading pioneersin Hispanic American issues in Psychology and Founder andEditorofthe HispanicJournalofBehavioralSciences. Dr.Esteban

Recent attention to historical, geographic, and class differences in the studies of women and gender in China has expanded our understanding of the diversity and complexity of gendered China. Nevertheless, the ethnic dimension of this subject matter remains largely overlooked, particularly concerning women’s conditions and gender status. Consequently, the patriarchy and its oppression of women among the Han, the ethnic majority in China, are often inaccurately or erroneously associated with the whole gendered heritage of China, epitomized by the infamous traditions of footbinding and female-infanticide. Such academic and popular predisposition belies the fact that gender systems in China span a wide spectrum, ranging from extreme Han patriarchy to Lahu gender-egalitarianism. The authors contributing to this book have collectively initiated a systematic effort to bridge the gap between understanding the majority Han and ethnic minorities in regard to women and gender in contemporary Chinese societies. By achieving a quantitative balance between articles on the Han majority and those on ethnic minorities, this book transcends the ghettoization of ethnic minorities in the studies of Chinese women and gender. The eleven chapters of this volume are divided into three sections which jointly challenge the traditions and norms of Han patriarchy from various perspectives. The first section focuses on gender traditions among ethnic minorities which compete with the norms of Han patriarchy. The second section emphasizes the impact of radical social transformation on gender systems and practices among both Han and ethnic minorities. The third section underscores socio-cultural diversity and complexity in resistance to Han patriarchal norms from a broad perspective. This book complements previous scholarship on Chinese women and gender by expanding our investigative lens beyond Han patriarchy and providing images of the multi-ethnic landscape of China. By identifying the Han as an ethnically marked category and by bringing to the forefront the diverse gender systems of ethnic minorities, this book encourages an increasing awareness of, and sensitivity to the cross-cultural diversity of gendered China both in academia and beyond.

The 55 officially recognized minority groups use over 120 different languages in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). In the semi-feudal and semi-colonial situation of dynastic China, the minority groups did not have political recognition. They suffered discrimination, and were undeveloped both economically and educationally. They lived in extremely impoverished conditions. Only a few minority peoples had writing systems, many of which were mainly used in religion, with very few being used in education. The majority of ethnic minorities either did not have scripts or had incomplete writing systems. With a literacy rate of less than 5%, many groups could only record events by carving wood, knotting string, or counting beans. The founding of the PRC marked the end of ethnic oppression and discrimination, ushering in a new era of unity, harmony, and equality among ethnic groups as well as equality for all languages. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and PRC government formulated a series of guiding policies to protect the equal rights of minority peoples. These included the establishment of policies for minority languages and writing systems, in order to protect their use and to aid the cultural and educational development of minority peoples. After the founding of the PRC, the Central Government was determined to acquire a thorough understanding of the political, economic, and cultural needs of the minority peoples. They sent out delegations on many occasions into all the minority regions of China, expressing their concern for the needs of the peoples. They conducted research into the local situations, and solicited opinions from the minorities themselves. One of the pressing requests from the minorities was a desire for the Central Government to create writing systems for groups without writing systems for their languages, in order to help in their cultural and educational development. Some ethnic minorities presented these central delegations with banners which had no writing on them, as powerful symbols of their urgent desire to have their own scripts.

With the advent of social media, fake news, conspiracy theories, and misinformation have emerged as major societal concerns. But why do citizens disseminate untrustworthy information online? I examine this question by testing how identification with societal groups affects citizens’ uptake of malevolent rumors about competing groups. I test the theoretical expectations in a survey study administered to large groups of majority Danes and ethnic minorities living in Denmark. The results show that participants identifying as Danes or immigrants are much more likely to believe and share malevolent rumors about the other group, and that these associations are mostly driven by outgroup anger rather than ingroup love. The article deepens our understanding of majority-minority relationships in a digital world as well as the challenges that must be overcome in order to stop the spread of online misinformation.

BackgroundWorking memory (WM) is the ability to store and process information over short time periods. WM is a strong predictor of educational attainment; which is important for health and wellbeing...

Belgium has three major ethnic minorities – Italians, Moroccans, and Turks – originating from guest workers who arrived in the post-war period. These groups continue to experience significant ethnic penalties in the Belgian labour market. For employment and occupational attainment alike, the Italian second generation experiences the smallest ethnic penalties and comes closest to achieving parity with native Belgians. In contrast, the Moroccan and Turkish second generation experience much larger ethnic penalties. Moreover, the Turkish second generation is clearly at the bottom end of the ethnic hierarchy, since it experiences at once the largest penalties on avoidance of unemployment and on access to the salariat. The persistence of ethnic disdvantage in the second generation suggests that at least part of the explanation is to be found in the receiving society. Possible explanations range from overt ethnic prejudice to citizenship status.

This study breaks away from traditional macroeconomic-data-based research that often overlooks the subjective experiences of communities and social groups in assessing their resilience to external stressors. Instead, we conducted a nuanced analysis of self-assessments provided by 364 household heads in the Nam Dong District, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam, to gain a comprehensive understanding of household resilience. Our investigation focused on two upland communities—the Kinh majority and Co Tu ethnic minority households—evaluating their resilience levels in terms of the five livelihood capitals and identifying significant disparities among different ethnic and gender groups. Our findings reveal notable differences in livelihood resilience to climate change and variability among these groups, particularly for women, the poor, and ethnic minorities who exhibit lower resilience levels. This underscores the need for policies and programs designed to improve resilience capacity while taking into account these groups’ cultural and social norms. We suggest focusing on improving financial, human, and social capitals to increase households’ resilience to external shocks. Specifically, building resilience for disadvantaged groups must go hand in hand with promoting their overall well-being and alleviating poverty. Additionally, we recommend tailored training programs to raise awareness among households and strengthening institutional systems to enhance overall resilience.

The title of this article, “Drinking Apple Tea”, refers to the account of a social
 worker visiting the family of his drug-addicted client. While the visit proceeds in
 silence, the social worker finds his own frustration rising: “We just sit there and
 drink apple tea. What am I doing here?” This story points to the fact that cultural
 differences are difficult to manage within the institutions of the Danish welfare
 state, since they tend to fall outside the scope of established universal categorizations
 and norms that form the basis for institutional practices. On the basis of
 an understanding of cultural encounters that emphasize the creativity of human
 agency, as well as the institutional fixation of hegemonic norms, the article
 discusses specific encounters involving majority institutions and ethnic minorities
 in Denmark. The analysis focuses on the ways cultural differences are either
 suppressed or displaced as irrelevant factors, or emerge as catchall explanations
 for the behavior of ethnic minorities. This pattern is to a large extent attributable
 to the institutional norms and practices that implicitly limit diversity. In some
 cases, a universal view of human nature means that difference becomes deviance;
 whilst in others, a focus on cultural difference reduces diversity resulting in stereotypical
 generalizations of the Other. One way of distributing culture and difference
 in alternative ways could result from a heightened awareness of the institutional
 rationalities and practices among the employees.

The Calabrian Region, in the past centuries, has been a refuge land for groups of different culture and religion from various Mediterranean areas. Today in this area it is still possible to identify three major ethnic language minorities related to historical events dating back to times past: the Greek of Calabria minority in the province of Reggio Calabria, the Waldensians one in the province of Cosenza and the Arbëreshë culture in the province of Cosenza, Crotone and Catanzaro. The existence in the same region of three "historical linguistic minorities", protected by the Law no. 482/1999, is unique in the Italian panorama: this territory is characterized by an ancient culture, an historic and architectonic heritage, and it is also inserted in an environment of great natural value, such as to create the conditions for the attempts to inclusion of this areas in the UNESCO heritage sites within the "Cultural Landscape" category. These territories are formed hierarchically by different ecosystems, deeply influenced by various factors such as the geological composition of the soil, the microclimate, the presence of the fiumare (characteristic Calabrian rivers), the geographical setting difficulties for agriculture and the use of terracing techniques to overcome the lack of large flat areas. The different combinations of these micro-ecosystems creates a complex landscape that can be observed at different scales and is determined by the human management of the various natural resources. No wonder that this landscape inspired Maurits Cornelis Escher to spend many months in this region, drawing and sketching.

Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While overall incidence and mortality rates have dropped in recent decades, GC remains a significant cause of health disparities for all major US racial and ethnic minority groups (Black/African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Alaskan Natives), who are all at least twice as likely to be diagnosed with and die from GC compared to non-Hispanic whites (NHW). Despite such high minority cancer burden, few FDA-approved targeted therapies are available for GC. This can be partially explained by limited availability of cancer genome data and patient-derived models from racial/ethnic minority populations, hampering gene target identification and drug efficacy studies. Our group has spearheaded the development of the University of California Minority Patient-Derived Xenograft Development and Trial Center (UCaMP) with the goal of addressing these critical issues for GC patient care. Thus far, we have characterized over 30 GC samples from racial/ethnic minorities (mGC), establishing patient-derived organoid lines (mPDOs) for more than half. Genomic analyses have revealed a significantly lower prevalence of chromosomal instability and higher prevalence of genomically stable GC tumors compared to TCGA, which consists predominantly of NHW patients. Our analyses have also identified high prevalence of alterations within the cell cycle regulation/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PI3K) pathways, both of which are therapeutically targetable by inhibitors already FDA-approved for other cancer types. At the individual gene level, these mGC patients demonstrate distinct patterns of somatic mutations, with fewer PIK3CA activating mutations, which is the most commonly mutated gene in the PI3K pathway among TCGA, and TP53 deleterious mutations while demonstrating significantly more deleterious mutations in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene. Indeed, when we treat our mPDOs with PI3K and CDK inhibitors, we observe significant responses in vitro. We are now generating genome-edited mPDO lines from normal gastric tissue to model specific alterations observed in our mGC cohort for functional characterization within GC pathogenesis and drug response validation. Our findings highlight an important molecular distinction of GC development in racial/ethnic US minorities, providing a rationale for alternative treatments to address GC health disparities. Citation Format: Nicole B. Halmai, Hongyong Zhang, Paul C. Lott, Ana Estrada-Florez, Ted Toal, Alexa Morales Arana, Rasika Venkatesh, Elizabeth Quino, Alma Poceros Coba, Guadalupe Carvajal, Javier Torres, UCaMP consortium, Luis G. Carvajal-Carmona. Establishing and characterizing patient derived models from racial/ethnic minority gastric cancer patients to advance cancer precision health equity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 698.

Mental health care for Latinos: introduction to the special section.

Foreword Aung San Suu Kyi - Preface P.Carey - Abbreviations - Notes on the Contributors - Introduction P.Carey - PART 1: POLITICS AND CONSTITUTION MAKING - The National Convention: An Impediment to the Restoration of Democracy J.M.Diller - The Constitutional Future of Myanmar in Comparative Perspective R.H.Taylor - PART 2: FOREIGN POLICY - Burma's Relations with the People's Republic of China: From Delicate Friendship to Genuine Cooperation C-S.Liang - PART 3: VIEWS FROM THE PERIPHERY - Burma's Ethnic Minorities: A Central or Peripheral Problem in the Regional Context? M.Smith - The Civil War, the Minorities and Burma's New Politics J.Silverstein - PART 4: THE CHALLENGES OF DEVELOPMENT - Priorities for Burma's Development: The Role of International Aid D.I.Steinberg - Economic Reform and Political Conditionality in Myanmar P.Cook & M.Minogue - Responding to Myanmar's Silent Emergency: The Urgent Case for International Humanitarian Relief and Development Assistance R.C.Carriere - Suggestions for Further Reading - Glossary - Index

One of the major challenges of modern educational policy remains addressing issues related to ethnic minorities, particularly in countries with densely populated ethnic minority communities. The aim of this article is to emphasize the problems currently faced by ethnic minorities within the Georgian education system. By employing research methods such as surveys, in-depth interviews, focus groups, case studies, and data collection, organization, and analysis—along with synthesis—attention has been given to challenges arising during the implementation of state programs in ethnic minority secondary schools. The research focuses on three key problematic issues: the challenges of implementing state educational programs in non-Georgian schools, the authorization process for secondary schools and its specific challenges in ethnic minority schools, and management issues within non-Georgian schools. Key problematic aspects of public policy have been identified, and relevant conclusions and recommendations have been provided. These findings will be of particular interest to policymakers, international scientific communities, and education sector professionals. The research findings clearly demonstrate that Georgia’s public policy lacks consistency when it comes to ethnic minority schools. There is no research-based action plan or strategy being developed, and the participation of non-Georgian schools in state general education programs reveals notable gaps.

Lithuania: Language Situation

Fifty years of research has considered how children view their racial identity in response to picture and doll tests. Early American work demonstrated that young Blacks were outgroup-oriented: they identified with, and preferred, White figures. Young Whites were ingroup-oriented. One view was that young Blacks suffered in their self-esteem, and therefore turned toward White models to enhance a positive self-image. This inference played a role in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1954 to outlaw racial segregation. A major critique of the research literature (Banks, 1976) argued that the trend in Black children's results was actually random, and was an outcome of the unsatisfactory test materials used. More recently, Cross (in press) has shown that different questions were asked in studies carried out before the beginning of the Black Power Movement of the 1960s, compared with those after that period of American history: methodological change had been introduced while rapid social change was going on. Vaughan's (1978) cross-cultural research conducted throughout the decade of the 1960s, using a consistent methodology, gave a clear picture of social-change effects among young Maori children, the major ethnic minority in New Zealand. Flawed as picture and doll studies may have been in this general field of research, they constitute important evidence bearing on the question of how minority children have responded to the changing image of their group within the dominant culture.