The Relationship Between Urbanization and Household Income

Purpose This study aims to examine the simultaneous and interactive effects of credit supply and urbanization on housing prices in Iranian provinces. The significance of housing as a share of household portfolios, its role as a valuable commodity, has been the main focus of many studies in recent decades. However, housing prices and their fluctuations are influenced by several factors. The economic literature reveals that credit-driven growth and urbanization have emerged as prominent drivers of housing price fluctuations, and the interplay between credit supply and the degree of urbanization significantly affects housing prices in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors investigate the impact of credit supply and urbanization on house prices across 31 Iranian provinces between 2010 and 2022. Diverse long-term estimations indicated that without controlling for total inflation and urban household income, credit supply has a large and statistically significant effect on housing prices. In these models, except for the fixed-effects regression with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors, urbanization negatively influenced housing prices. Findings By including overall inflation and urban household income, both credit and urbanization exhibited a significant positive effect on housing inflation in Iranian provinces. Moreover, these findings are supported by quantile regression. In addition, the results of the impulse response function indicated that a shock in credit supply increases housing prices. Originality/value Based on these findings, this study concluded with policy recommendations.

Impact of Income Inequality on Consumption Expenditures Inequality: A Case Study of Iranian Households, 1966-2008

ObjectiveIdentifying those infected with tuberculosis (TB) is an important component of any strategy for reducing TB transmission and population prevalence. The Stop TB Global Partnership recently launched an initiative with a focus on key populations at greater risk for TB infection or poor clinical outcomes, due to housing and working conditions, incarceration, low household income, malnutrition, co-morbidities, exposure to tobacco and silica dust, or barriers to accessing medical care. To achieve operational targets, the global health community needs effective, low cost, and large-scale strategies for identifying key populations. Using South Africa as a test case, we assess the feasibility and effectiveness of targeting active case finding to populations with TB risk factors identified from regularly collected sources of data. Our approach is applicable to all countries with TB testing and census data. It allows countries to tailor their outreach activities to the particular risk factors of greatest significance in their national context.MethodsWe use a national database of TB test results to estimate municipality-level TB infection prevalence, and link it to Census data to measure population risk factors for TB including rates of urban households, informal settlements, household income, unemployment, and mobile phone ownership. To examine the relationship between TB prevalence and risk factors, we perform linear regression analysis and plot the set of population characteristics against TB prevalence and TB testing rate by municipality. We overlay lines of best fit and smoothed curves of best fit from locally weighted scatter plot smoothing.FindingsHigher TB prevalence is statistically significantly associated with more urban municipalities (slope coefficient β1 = 0.129, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.133), lower mobile phone access (β1 = -0.053, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.089), lower unemployment rates (β1 = -0.020, p = 0.003, R2 = 0.048), and a lower proportion of low-income households (β1 = -0.048, p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.084). Municipalities with more low-income households also have marginally higher TB testing rates, however, this association is not statistically significant (β1 = -0.025, p = 0.676, R2 = 0.001). There is no relationship between TB prevalence and the proportion of informal settlement households (β1 = 0.021, p = 0.136, R2 = 0.014).ConclusionsThese analyses reveal that the set of characteristics identified by the Global Plan as defining key populations do not adequately predict populations with high TB burden. For example, we find that higher TB prevalence is correlated with more urbanized municipalities but not with informal settlements. We highlight several factors that are counter-intuitively those most associated with high TB burdens and which should therefore play a large role in any effective targeting strategy. Targeting active case finding to key populations at higher risk of infection or poor clinical outcomes may prove more cost effective than broad efforts. However, these results should increase caution in current targeting of active case finding interventions.

System optimisation for random earthquake forces

China's real estate market has made an important contribution to economic and social development and has attracted widespread attention. The real estate market is not only concerned with housing problems, but also closely related to finance, residents and public services, and has become an important factor affecting economic and social development. This paper analyzes the main reasons driving the development of China's real estate market and discusses the possible problems. The results show that China's real estate market is in urgent need of reform and innovation to solve some existing contradictions, so as to promote high-quality economic development. Finally, this paper provides some suggestions for real estate development.

The sustained economic and social inclusion growth along with the noticeable expansion of social and private housing supply over the last decade have not been accompanied by an improvement in the access to land and housing in the cities of Argentina. On the contrary, the housing problem and the access to well-located formal land, with good facilities and environmentally safe conditions have worsened like never before. The Metropolitan Region of Buenos Aires (rmba, for its acronym in Spanish) is one of the cities in the country where this paradox is most manifest. In this article conceptual and empirical bases are developed in order to understand the contradiction. The functioning of land markets and the real estate development in the RMBA will be analyzed, considering the period 2003-2013 in relation to the macroeconomic context, the monetary effort for the acquisition and rent of a formal dwelling and certain logics of urban development.

Food insecurity and insufficient household income are among the major challenges faced by inhabitants of informal settlements globally. Urban agriculture provides food and income for many informal settlement households. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many operations were disrupted and measures implemented to curb the spread led to food insecurity and income losses. This study sought to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the income and food security of urban agricultural households in informal settlements in Windhoek, Namibia. A survey was conducted to obtain information on urban agriculture, income, food security, socioeconomic demographics and COVID-19challenges. HFIAS was used to assess the food insecurity status of households, and an ordered logit model was used to determine the factors influencing food insecurity among urban agricultural households. The findings revealed that the number of respondents who earned more than N$4000 per month decreased income by 7.3%, those who earned less than N$1000 increased by 8% during the COVID-19 period. Closure of open markets and employment losses are the main causes of income change. Most respondents (71.2%) were food insecure and only (28.2%) were food secured during the pandemic. Secondary education and business ownership are associated with lower food insecurity in households and are significant at p < 0.05, whereas unemployment is associated with higher food insecurity levels ( p < 0.05). Urban agriculture was the main coping strategy (82.2%) during the pandemic, suggesting a need to support households in informal settlements to produce their own food for self-sufficiency and livelihood security.

During the 1970s, the media headlined one housing crisis after another. Concern about these alleged crises tended to disappear as more dispassionate and less well-publicized follow-up studies demonstrated that the claims had been exaggerated. Nearly all comprehensive government and academic evaluations of housing problems and policies during the decade reached the same conclusions about the nature of the nation's housing problems and offered identical recommendations about desirable changes in housing policy. All found that housing conditions improved steadily in the postwar period, that the improvement was largely caused by a rapid growth in per capita and household incomes, that government programs made a minor contribution at best, and that existing housing programs and policies were both inequitable and inefficient. As the fraction of households living in substandard housing declined, moreover, the housing problems of poor persons were increasingly recognized as problems of poverty. All evaluations argued in favor of a reduction in housing subsidies for middle-and low-income households, a shift away from production programs, and greater reliance on cash grants that would provide assistance to low-income households in acquiring standard housing. In spite of this near unanimity of findings and policy recommendations, the nation's housing policy has consistently followed a different course.

The main aim of this study is to measure direct and indirect income effects of cash subsidies on producing activities, factors of production and institutions’ incomes with the focus on rural and urban household income. An assessment is conducted in the social accounting matrix model using the fixed price multiplier matrix in which the relationship between income injection and income distribution policies is taken into account. Therefore, the 2006 social accounting matrix (prepared by Majlis Research Center in 2012), the population and housing census of Iran and subsidies for a fixed monthly payment are employed as the main data resources. The results show that the income impact of this policy on urban households is stronger than that on rural households. Moreover, service, agriculture, home appliances, food and retail sail sectors get the greatest influence of the policy.

This paper examines the impact of financial globalisation and trade globalisation on income inequality using the Chinese urban household. It formally tests whether the effect of financial globalisation and trade globalisation on income varied at different levels in urban China between 1990 and 2017. Methodologically, it departs from the existing literature by exploiting quantile regression analysis. This methodological approach allows the testing of globalisation’s impact on income at different levels. The overall quantile regression results clearly reveal that the effects of various factors on urban household income are heterogeneous, depending on the income level. In the case of financial globalisation, the coefficients are positively and statistically significant at the usual level at all quantiles. However, a closer observation reveals that the magnitude of the impacts on income is heterogeneous. More specifically, at high levels of income (i.e., the 85th quantile), financial globalisation has a high impact on income compared to its impacts at low-income levels (i.e., the 20th quantile). This suggests that financial globalisation has improved the income of the rich more rapidly than that of the poor, mean financial globalisation would widen income gap within urban China.

This study examines the relationship between real estate developers' management strategies and the resilience of communities in Batangas City, with a focus on sustainable development and disaster preparedness. The research investigates five key management strategies: sustainable design and construction, disaster preparedness and mitigation, community engagement, regulatory compliance, and risk assessment and management. It also evaluates the impact of these strategies on community resilience, specifically in terms of disaster response and recovery, social cohesion, infrastructure resilience, economic resilience, and the sustainability of livelihoods. Data were collected through surveys administered to real estate developers and community members. The findings reveal that while real estate developers in Batangas City are implementing strategies that strengthen community resilience, particularly in infrastructure and disaster recovery, there is room for improvement in supporting economic resilience and social cohesion. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating disaster preparedness into real estate development and recommends policy interventions to foster collaboration among developers, local authorities, and communities for sustainable, resilient urban development.

This paper estimates the incomes of self-employed households in Korean urban areas under the assumption that the consumption pattern of the self-employed household group is the same as that of salary-and wage-earning household group. The incomes of the self-employed households are surveyed but are not reported in Korea due to the unreliability of the surveyed data. Since the self-employed household group contains very sensitive potion of the population in income distribution, our results would help obtaining more reliable estimates for the distribution of househo0ld incomes in Korea. [D31]

Leadership and innovation management are academic disciplines of high interest to scholars for decades. The fast changing and volatile business environment require companies to constantly improve their processes to remain competitive on the market. In particular, real estate development companies significantly benefit from innovativeness as each property development is unique, underlies different construction purposes and laws. Therefore, real estate developers need to bring the developable area in line with the building construction. One major driver to boost the competitiveness of organisations can be found in the individual innovative work behaviour of employees. To benefit from the individual’s innovative work behaviour, leadership embodies a major influence factor. In particular, this article examines how leader attitudes affect the innovative work behaviour of staff members working in real estate development companies. Therefore, the author developed and calculated a structural equation model to examine this relationship. The results from the structural equation modelling show that integrity and loyalty positively and significantly affect the innovative work behaviour of employees in real estate development companies. Consequently, demonstrating loyalty and integrity from leaders towards staff members improves the innovativeness of the entire organisation. Moreover, this research supports the relevance for the trait approach to leadership as leader attitudes contribute to different extents to the innovative work behaviour.

随着我国城市化的快速发展，区域城市之间的联系逐渐加强，不同的扩张模式对城市间经济增长溢出效应会产生不同的影响。基于Capello模型，计算了京津冀城市群地区13个城市扩张带来的经济增长溢出效应，通过比较扇状扩张城市和轴向扩张城市得到和给出的城市增长溢出效应，研究了不同扩张类型城市溢出效应的差异，以及京津冀地区经济增长溢出效应的空间分布特征。结果表明，京津冀城市群地区城市间经济增长溢出效应明显，北京和天津给出的溢出效应远高于其他城市，扇状扩张城市比轴向扩张城市更有利于城市之间的增长效益溢出。京津冀地区已经形成了以北京、天津、廊坊和唐山为中心的核心区，石家庄、保定为核心的次级核心区，位于城市群边缘的城市与核心城市联系较弱，在未来的城市群发展中，可通过政策和规划优化城市形态，使城市空间形态更有利于城市经济发展。

Unmet basic needs in childhood predict a range of behavior problems, but long-term pathways from childhood food and housing insecurity to adolescent behavior problems are not well understood. Applications of the Family Stress Model suggest parenting stress may mediate this relationship in the transition to adolescence. The present study tested whether the links from childhood food and housing insecurity to adolescent aggressive and depressive behaviors were mediated by parenting stress over 10 years. The analytic sample included 2454 mother-child dyads and skewed socioeconomically disadvantaged. The majority (78%) of mothers were nonwhite, half had not received beyond a high school education, and 60% were single. The first wave of data for the present study occurred when children (48% female) were approximately five years old, with follow-ups at age nine and 15. Structural equation modeling with latent variables showed direct associations from housing insecurity to both behavioral outcomes, and indirect associated from food insecurity to both outcomes via parenting stress. The findings point to the need for screening and supports for food and housing problems in order to prevent long-term mental health consequences.