The Renewable Energy Cooperatives in Turkey

Renewable energy scenario in India: Opportunities and challenges

This paper reviews the prospects of available renewable energy resources along with various private and government future project plans to incorporate renewable energy sources and its potentials in perspective of Bangladesh. In an arising country like Bangladesh demand for energy will be burgeoning. Present day, in Bangladesh dearth of energy is ubiquitous and near about 70% of its population is excluded from access to electricity and bulk of the people are living in rural areas. Among several renewable energy resources, the application of solar Photo Voltaic (PV) is renowned although the largest plant based on renewable energy goes into hydroelectricity. Additionally, wind, biogas, mini hydro and tidal are also well known. A plan has been initiated by the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) to generate 5% of the total energy from renewable energy resources within 2015 and 20% by the year of 2020. Through the approved renewable energy policy, the GOB is devoted to facilitate investment in both public and private sectors in renewable energy projects to substitute contemporaneous non-renewable energy resources and escalate the contributions of renewable energy based electricity generation. With this context, review of recent activities on concurrent renewable energy resources is imperative as well as to explore potentials of the resources. However, not all renewable energy sources are suitable to install indiscriminately in all regions, rather there are certain parameters to choose a source of RER for efficacy. After reading this paper, an investor will get significant information about current scenario and steering for future involvement of renewable energy sources in Bangladesh. Furthermore, this paper will be instrumental to select optimum efficacious renewable energy sources for a particular region.

Solar energy is an inexhaustible and pollution-free energy source that plays a significant role in the sustainable provision of energy services. The main purpose of this study is to examine the potential, current situation, future strategies, and policies of solar energy, which is a renewable resource in Azerbaijan. This study is research in which qualitative methods are used and within the scope of the study, literature review, systematic approach and inductive methods were used. In the study, Azerbaijan's policy towards solar energy has been examined based on the potential sources of solar energy, the current situation and the country's future strategies. Azerbaijan is slightly behind in the production of electricity from renewable energy sources. Along with all this, the most important strategic goals for the use of renewable and alternative energy sources in Azerbaijan have been defined. Thus, by 2030, the share of renewable energy investment in the country's total energy balance to 30% has been determined as the main goal. As a result of the study, it can be said that solar energy policies will have a positive effect on the country's economy in the coming years, since Azerbaijan has a geographical location and an infrastructure system that can be delivered to the countries in need.

Review of renewable energy use in Lithuania

This paper reviews the energy sector in Rwanda with an accent on Renewable Energy. In Rwanda, energy sector plays a vital role in supporting socio-economic evolution and has a close connection to the growth of other economic sectors. The country has both renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Energy policies of the country give special attention to the use of modern, clean and energy efficient technologies. Most of Electricity in Rwanda comes from renewable sources: The total currently installed electricity capacity is 160 MW (March 2015), of which approximately more than 60% comes from hydrological resources along with other indigenous sources and less than 40% comes from diesel-powered generators. The current on-grid access to electricity is estimated at 23% of households and off-grid is 1.5%. Rwanda has envisaged increasing electric power supply by maximizing use of various indigenous energy resources and reach its ambitious target of 563 MW (domestic generation + imports) with electricity access of 70% (on-grid and off-grid) by the end of 2018. However, several challenges laying behind the development in the electric energy sector and utilization of renewable energy resources should be addressed. Challenges to be tackled and measures to be taken to achieve this goal have been presented in this study.

Energy consumption is the indicator of the development of a country. An adequate power supply is a prerequisite of sustainable development, where Bangladesh has been struggling. This study focuses on the technological barriers of renewable energy implementation in Bangladesh, which has salient renewable energy sources: biomass, solar power, solar photovoltaic (PV) cells, wind energy, and hydroelectricity. Despite having rich renewable energy resources, the country still depends on its gas and oil reserve for power generation. The geographic significance of installing new sustainable technologies like wind power and biomass power plants has been studied in this research. Besides, to profile the socio-economic barriers provoking behind the insurance of renewable energy sources for the mass population, a comprehensive survey was conducted with 200 individuals, including 50 experts on renewable energy research. Quantitative analysis of issues like the monthly electricity bill, types of power sources used up, public satisfaction, and consciousness, along with their concepts regarding sustainable technology fabrication to synthesize renewable energy, were conducted. Finally, all qualitative and quantitative outputs were statistically analyzed to figure out the actual status of renewable energy usage in Bangladesh's perspective simultaneously, which is vital for us to ensure new renewable energy sources to achieve environmental sustainability for the future.

Renewable energy is a sustainable and green energy converted from renewable energy resources in the nature. There is a huge amount of renewable energy resources in the ocean that can be changed into useful energy like electricity, store for long time use, or apply in the daily energy consumption. These marine renewable energies (MRE) include wave energy, ocean thermal energy, tidal energy, ocean current energy, salinity gradient energy, and offshore energy. With a big area, the oceans have been prospected that it brings endless renewable energy sources for social development and human demand. The renewable ocean energy shows many advantages of sustainable energy, clean energy, and non-carbon dioxide emissions by generating from wave and water in the ocean with an enormous amount of natural energy resources. The MRE can service at many areas of off-shore, on-shore, and remote areas where need energy to drive daily living demands. The MRE reveals some disadvantages such as the influence of daily, monthly, season, and period of time. The solutions have been developed to solve the limitations of the MRE such as developing the storage method to store energy for long time use or making the balance of the output performance to improve quality of the renewable energy. The MRE has also received many concerns from countries by promulgating policies, strategies, and plans to develop the renewable ocean energy such as green economy development, blue economy strategy, carbon dioxide emission reduction, and encouragement of using marine renewable energy. This paper reviews current marine renewable energy with its generation, storage, and application. The work also mentioned some advantages, disadvantage, policies, strategies, and solutions to encourage the development of the renewable ocean energy in over the world. The results hope that it will be spread development, exploitation, and application of marine renewable energy in the near future. Keywords: Marine renewable energy, energy storage, generation, application, sustainable energy

Role of green finance, volatility and risk in promoting the investments in Renewable Energy Resources in the post-covid-19

The transition towards a more affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy provision paradigm is one of the main 21st century challenges that humanity must overcome to protect the planet from the harmful effect caused by climate change. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has been dramatically increasing since the pre-industrial era. If the increase of green-house gasses emissions continues unabated, this will bring dramatic consequences for planet Earth, compromising eventually the existence of many species, including the human race. To avoid a climate change catastrophe, the share of primary energy coming from renewable energy resources must increase from around 15% in 2015 to 65% in 2050. This energy transition can not rely solely on few successful technologies (i.e., solar photovoltaic, and wind energy), but it must count on a larger variety of technical solutions that are suitable for a wider range of renewable sources and diversity of circumstances. For instance, renewable thermal energy sources for power generation (i.e., geothermal reservoir, biomass fuel, and concentrated solar radiation), can provide a large portion of the world electricity demand in the future. However, the exploitation of a good portion of these sources strongly depends on the market success of technologies such as the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power system. One of the key aspects to make ORC systems economically competitive, especially at the smaller sizes (⇡ 1 − 50 kW), is the realization of highly efficient turbomachinery components. The fluid-dynamic design of ORC turbomachinery significantly differs from the design of traditional machines (i.e., steam and gas turbines), and this is mainly due to the different thermo-physical properties and gas dynamic behavior of the organic working fluids. This means that design methods devised for standard steam and gas turbomachinery can not be used for turbomachinery operating in the Non-ideal compressible fluid dynamics (NICFD) region. Furthermore, no experimental campaigns have ever been carried out to create a body of empirical knowledge to support the design highly efficient ORC turbomachinery. As a consequence, the entire design process of ORC turbomachinery relies only on the use of advanced CFD software. The current trend is to couple CFD tools with numerical optimization techniques in order to automatically obtain optimal flow passage geometries. In particular, adjoint-based methods have clearly demonstrated to be the only optimization technique capable of tackling the multi-stage turbomachinery design problem, in which thousands of design variable must be concurrently optimized. Therefore, the research documented in this PhD dissertation aimed at extending the adjoint method in order to perform the fully-turbulent fluid-dynamic shape optimization of 3D multi-stage ORC turbomachinery. This document contains an extensive introduction, three main chapters, each documenting a building block towards the accomplishment of the main goal of this PhD project, and a final concluding chapter that summarizes all the research outcomes of this work and proposes future steps for research in this field. The first part of the thesis describes the extension of the RANS equations, the convective numerical schemes, and the viscous numerical schemes to the use of complex thermo-physical laws, so to simulate turbulent flows of components working in the NICFD thermodynamic region. The second part documents the derivation of the adjoint solver in order to resolve shape-optimization design problems for 2D single row of ORC turbomachinery. Finally, the last part reports the extension of the adjoint method to 3D multi-stage turbomachinery design.

There is a trend towards increasing the use of renewable energy resources worldwide. In addition to countries' efforts to increase this with the help of laws, the industry is also trying to expand the use of RE since the vast majority of the emissions are produced by the industry. Although Türkiye has rich renewable energy resources, these resources cannot yet be used effectively. Renewable energy certificate is one of the latest methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with the help of market mechanisms. Although renewable energy certificate is a very incipient concept for Türkiye, it has a significant potential to encourage and promote the usage and investments of renewable energy. In this study, current trends, and future expectations regarding renewable energy certificate in Türkiye have been compiled in line with the opinions of renewable energy certification experts from sector. It is thought that such analysis will be a guide for the sector and lawmakers on this subject. It is expected that the increase in academic discussions on market-based carbon emission reduction approaches will both contribute to the awareness of industry and the success of policies of national certification institutions. In this way, the payments made by industrialists in Türkiye to certification institutions abroad can be prevented from increasing at a level that would affect the current account deficit in the long term.

Energy-related concerns about traditional resources include the depletion of fossil fuel, a dramatic increase in oil prices, the global warming effect caused by pollutant emissions from conventional energy resources, and the increase in the energy demand. These concerns have resulted in the recent remarkable growth of renewable energy industries [1-3]. Furthermore, renewable energy has become a significantly important research area for many researchers as well as for governments of many countries as they attempt to ensure the safety, long-term capability, and sustainability of the use of global alternative energy resources [2]. Renewable energy resources include solar, geothermal, wind, biomass, ocean, and hydroelectric energy. [4] In particular, both solar (i.e. photovoltaics) and wind energy are considered to be leading technologies with respect to electrical power generation. The study of photovoltaics (PV) has been carried out since the 1980s’ and is currently the most significant renewable energy resources available. According to the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), there has been a strong growth in the use of PV of 55 % and the worldwide solar PV electric capacity is expected to increase from 1,000 MW in 2000 to 140,000 MW by 2030 [5]. Moreover, it is forecast by the European Renewable Energy Council that this renewable electric energy could become sufficient to cover the base load and half of the global electricity energy demand by 2040 [6]. Generally in the PV industry, crystalline silicon has generally occupied about 95 % of the market share of materials, while only 5 % of all solar cells use amorphous silicon [7]. However, in order to improve the cost efficiency of solar cells by using less material, the thin-film PV module with amorphous silicon has become an active research and development (R&D) area [8]. In particular, solar cells that use amorphous silicon have the advantage of being able to generate a higher energy output under high temperatures than crystalline silicon solar cells, which are less affected by the temperature increase with respect to performance of electricity output than are the crystalline silicon solar cells. Moreover, installed at the rooftop and on the exterior wall of the building, a thin-film solar cell can be conveniently used as a facade that generates power for the entire building. This system is known as a building integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV). The thin-film solar cell can also provide the advantage of heat insulation and shading when incorporated into a harmonious building design. Therefore, the thin-film solar cell is expected to be a very bright prospect as a new engine for economical growth in the near future. Currently in Korea, many researchers are conducting

Las tarifas sociales son, junto con la transferencia de rentas y las medidas de eficiencia energética, uno de los instrumentos para paliar la pobreza energética. A la tarifa social española, creada en el año 2009 se le denomina “bono social”.Para acceder al bono social, aparte de cumplir los requisitos socioeconómicos estipulados por ley, hay que tener contratada la electricidad con alguna comercializadora de referencia, las cuales tienen la obligación de ofrecer el bono social.Las cooperativas energéticas verdes, un fenómeno reciente, al no ser comercializadoras de referencia, no están obligadas a ofrecer el bono social. Esto no quiere decir que entre los socios de estas cooperativas no haya personas vulnerables o en riesgo de pobreza energética.Este trabajo centra su análisis en dos objetivos. El primero es trazar el perfil socioeconómico del socio de las cooperativas verdes. El segundo es observar si estos socios tienen derecho al bono social actual, así como a otras tarifas sociales alternativas con requisitos diferentes a los del bono social.Para ello, se realiza una encuesta a los socios de la mayor cooperativa energética verde de España. Los resultados evidencian que sí existe riesgo de pobreza energética entre los socios de las cooperativas energéticas verdes, si bien su incidencia depende de cómo se defina al consumidor vulnerable.

Until the middle of 20th century, there was a strong conviction that the next century would be the age of renewable and nuclear energy resources. However, at present, the whole world is dependent on fossil fuels to satisfy their energy need. Environmental pollution and global warming are the main issues associated with the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation. As per the report of US Energy Information IE Outlook 2016, coal, natural gas, and petroleum share nearly 67.2% of global electricity generation whereas renewable energy shares only 21.9%. This share is only one-fifth of the global electricity demand. According to the IEA 2016 Medium Term Renewable Energy Market Report, worldwide power production capacity of marine was only 539 MW in 2014, and to reach at a level of 640 MW, it will take 2021. The oceans cover about 70% of the Earth and acts as the largest thermal energy collector. A recent study reveals that global development capability of ocean energy is approximated to be 337 GW, and more than 885 TWH of electricity can be produced from this potential.

The efficient use of existing energy sources along with the development and widespread use of alternative energy sources, especially renewable energy sources becoming important issues. At this point, the energy content of municipal solid wastes (MSW) can be considered a renewable energy source. MSWs contain a large fraction of renewable material and are continuously produced as a result of human activity. Therefore, international authorized institutions such as the U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) assess MSWs as renewable and sustainable energy sources. Incineration is one of the options for energy recovery from MSW as a waste-to-energy (WTE) approach. The R1 energy efficiency is a criterion introduced by the European Union Waste Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC) to differentiate waste operation by incineration as either disposal or energy recovery. The paper focused on the evaluation of the MSW incineration potential of İzmir province in consideration of R1 energy efficiency criteria. According to the R1, the MSW energy recovery (both heat and electricity) potentials were investigated considering the amount, composition, and calorific value of MSW generated in İzmir province. The population growth, MSW generation, and calorific value alternation up to 2026 were estimated for İzmir. Based on MSW future projections of İzmir province, overall energy recovery potential was assessed. It is forecasted that the average net calorific value (NCV) of MSW generated in İzmir will exceed 6 MJ/kg. This NCV will be suitable for energy recovery from the İzmir MSW. Assuming R1=0.65, it is predicted that a minimum of 2231 GWh/year of heat energy or 932 GWh/year of electricity can be produced annually in the next years 2022.

Climate change, limited fossil fuel availability and the dependency on energy carrier imports lead the European Union to the formulation of an energy policy for Europe. The EU sets the following criteria for its future energy supply: sustainability, security of supply and competitiveness. Considering the carbon dioxide emissions of fossil fuels and the unsolved problem of the ultimate disposal of radioactive waste, only renewable energy can currently be considered sustainable if applied in a socially acceptable way and in accordance with nature conservation. The use of renewable energy can also reduce the dependency on energy carrier imports. Contrary to fossil fuels, renewable energy will become cheaper in the future due to technological learning. The main disadvantage of some renewable energy resources is their fluctuating availability. Adaptation of the energy supply system must take place especially in the power sector in order to reliably cover fluctuating demand with fluctuating resources at any time. In this work, the energy system model ‘REMix’ (Renewable Energy Mix for Sustainable Electricity Supply) is developed. It uses data on the availability of renewable energy across Europe and North Africa (EUNA) to dimension low-cost power supply structures for the EUNA-region, or parts of it, under specific conditions, such as specified shares of renewable energy in the power supply or specified national self-supply shares. The model takes into account the costs of generation technologies, transmission lines and storage units, and finds a combination of these technologies and their geographic locations that is least-cost under the given assumptions. A geographic information system was used for the analysis of the installable capacities and power generation potentials of typical technologies for harnessing renewable energy resources. This analysis is described and the potentials of solar PV, solar CSP, wind onshore and wind offshore, biomass, hydro and geothermal power plants are shown in tables and maps. The data are used as input into a linear programming energy system model which uses them as constraints on the power supply system to be dimensioned. The model, its sensitivity to input parameter variations and a test application are described. The findings confirm the basic findings of other work in this field: transmission lines can be a crucial element of a low-cost, renewable-energy-based electricity supply because they enable balancing effects in a large grid and the use of the highest quality resources even in remote areas, such as deserts or at sea. However, the international cooperation that is necessary to reach the cost-minimum for a given supply task may not be reached by politics or resulting dependencies may be opposed to political goals. Therefore, REMix was built such that countries can be examined individually and the influence of different parameters on their energy supply costs and structure can be investigated. In the test model application, power supply systems for 36 regions in Europe and North Africa, almost all individual countries, are designed with REMix as island grids on the one hand and on the other hand as a network without transmission restrictions (other than the costs of the transmission lines). The model shows that in certain regions the island grid electricity costs can be much higher than, only a little higher than, or even lower than the electricity costs in the network, under the given technological and economic assumptions. The sensitivity to parameter variations is shown to be high; the results of the test application must therefore be considered one example of a technically feasible and efficient supply system but cannot claim to be least-cost in general.