The Research into Dark Mode: A Systematic Review Using Two-Stage Approach and S-O-R Framework

Object. The purpose of the article is to analyze the impact of innovative trends in UI/UX design on the promotion of web resources, identify their relationship with user behavior metrics and SEO effectiveness, and outline the primary challenges and prospects for further development in this area. Methods and methodology. The study employs a comprehensive analysis of current UI/UX design trends, including micro-animations, dark mode, VR/AR technologies, adaptive and personalized content, and their effects on user experience and SEO factors. Special attention is given to methods integrating UI/UX principles with modern SEO strategies, specifically the SXO (Search Experience Optimization) approach. Scientific novelty. It consists in the systematization and comprehensive analysis of the relationship between innovative trends in UI/UX design and the effectiveness of web resource promotion from the standpoint of UX metrics and SEO. For the first time, attention is focused on the need for an integrated approach to implementing innovations, in particular by applying the SXO concept, which allows you to simultaneously satisfy the requirements of users and search engine algorithms. The results. The primary results include identifying key innovative UI/UX trends such as micro-interactions, adaptive content, immersive experiences (VR/AR), dark mode, and personalization. These trends significantly influence user experience by reducing bounce rates, increasing user engagement, and improving conversion rates. It has been proven that search engines increasingly factor user experience indicators into rankings, demonstrating the growing convergence of UX and SEO, culminating in the SXO (Search eXperience Optimization) concept. Essential implementation methods were systematized, highlighting user-centered design, A/B testing, prototyping, and the application of design systems. Conclusions. Innovations in UI/UX design are pivotal for the successful promotion of web resources in today's digital landscape. Effective implementation of UI/UX trends contributes not only to enhanced user experiences but also positively affects business outcomes, such as improved conversions, user retention, and SEO visibility. Future research directions include exploring deeper integrations of UX and SEO strategies, maximizing personalization and context-awareness, and developing standards and educational programs for evaluating and implementing effective UI/UX solutions.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to propose a research model based on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model to explore whether interactivity (INT) and virtual rewards giving (VRG) as environmental stimuli to learners’ learning engagement (LE) elicited by massive open online courses (MOOCs) affect their learning persistence (LP) and learning outcome (LO) in MOOCs. This study further examines whether usage experience (UE) moderates the path relationships within the research model. Design/methodology/approach Sample data for this study were collected from learners who had experience in taking VR-based MOOCs provided by the MOOCs platform launched by a well-known university in Taiwan, and 313 useable questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings This study proved that learners’ perceived INT and VRG in MOOCs positively influenced their psychological LE and social LE elicited by MOOCs, which concurrently expounded their LP in MOOCs, and in turn uplifted their LO in MOOCs. Besides, this study showed that learners’ UE partially moderated the path relationships in the research model. The research model respectively explains 71.8 and 56.6% of the variance (R2) in learners’ LP and LO in MOOCs. This study first reveals that learners’ perceived INT in MOOCs is the largest antecedent that can maximize their LP and LO in MOOCs via their PLE elicited by MOOCs. Next, learners’ perceived VRG in MOOCs is the strongest antecedent that can maximize their LP and LO in MOOCs via their SLE elicited by MOOCs. Originality/value This study utilizes the S-O-R model as a theoretical groundwork to construct learners’ LO in MOOCs as a series of the psychological process, which is affected by INT and VRG. Noteworthily, while the S-O-R model has been extensively employed in previous literature, little research uses the S-O-R model to explain the impacts of INT and VRG on learners’ LP and LO in MOOCs and examine whether learners’ UE can moderate the model relationships. Hence, this study enriches the research for understanding how learners value their learning gains via INT and VRG to support them in MOOCs.

Light-on-dark color schemes, so-called “Dark Mode,” are becoming more and more popular over a wide range of display technologies and application fields. Many people who have to look at computer screens for hours at a time, such as computer programmers and computer graphics artists, indicate a preference for switching colors on a computer screen from dark text on a light background to light text on a dark background due to perceived advantages related to visual comfort and acuity, specifically when working in low-light environments. In this paper, we investigate the effects of dark mode color schemes in the field of optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs), where the characteristic “additive” light model implies that bright graphics are visible but dark graphics are transparent. We describe a human-subject study in which we evaluated a normal and inverted color mode in front of different physical backgrounds and among different lighting conditions. Our results show that dark mode graphics on OST-HMDs have significant benefits for visual acuity, fatigue, and usability, while user preferences depend largely on the lighting in the physical environment. We discuss the implications of these effects on user interfaces and applications.

Group chat socialization is increasingly central to online activities, yet design strategies to enhance this experience remain underexplored. This study builds on the Stimuli–Organism–Response (SOR) framework to examine how usability, chat rhythm, and user behavior influence emotions and participation in group chats. Using data from 546 users in China, a relevant demographic given the dominance of platforms like WeChat in both social and professional settings, we uncover insights that are particularly applicable to highly connected digital environments. Our analysis shows significant relationships between usability (γ = 0.236, p < 0.001), chat rhythm (γ = 0.172, p < 0.001), user behavior (γ = 0.214, p < 0.001), and emotions, which directly impact participation. Positive emotions (γ = 0.128, p < 0.05) boost participation, while negative emotions (γ = −0.144, p < 0.01), particularly when linked to user behaviors, reduce it. Additionally, we discussed the mediating effects, notably that usability significantly impacts participation through positive emotions, while user behavior exerts a significant influence on participation through negative emotions. This research offers actionable design strategies, such as tailoring sensory inputs to reduce cognitive load and implementing reward systems to motivate participation. Positive feedback mechanisms enhance engagement by leveraging the brain’s reward systems, while optimized error messages can minimize frustration. These insights, which are particularly relevant for China’s active group chat culture, provide a framework to improve platform design and contribute valuable findings to the broader HCI field.

Background: The integration of Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) framework and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is still in need of improvement, particularly in studies examining individual behavior in Indonesian e-commerce context. A common challenge in e-commerce adoption is individual willingness and intention to adopt, which is influenced by previous user experience. Consequently, there is a need for the establishment of standard to measure user experience in e-commerce. Objective: This study aims to measure the post-adoption experience of e-commerce user, which will shape attitude and influence future continuance intention (CI). Methods: This study integrated SOR and TAM frameworks, followed by the collection and analysis of data from 263 respondents using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). Among the four hypotheses proposed, two represented novel contributions to the existing literature. Results: The results showed a positive and significant influence of Interaction Experience (IE), Sense Experience (SE), and Flow Experience (FE) on Attitude Toward Using (ATU). The data analysis also indicated a positive and significant effect of ATU on Continuance Intention (CI). However, the influence of ATU on CI became insignificant when moderated by Shopping Orientation (SO). Conclusion: Based on the results, not all hypotheses proposed in this study are supported. However, the results provide both theoretical and practical contributions. Keywords: SOR, TAM, User Experience, Continuance Intention, e-commerce

Purpose Mobile apps are one of today’s consumers’ primary purchase and information search conduits. The key to their success lies in perceived consumption values. However, the impact of these values on retailer performance has been the subject of only a few studies. This study aims to comprehend how various consumption values, as suggested by the mobile value scale (MVAL-SCALE), impact mobile app satisfaction (MAS) and mobile app loyalty (MAL). To address this gap, this study adopts the stimulus–organism–response model as the theoretical underpinning. Design/methodology/approach Data, collected from 893 mobile app users, were analysed using structural equation modelling and bootstrapping. Findings The results found a significant influence of various consumption values on MAS. Furthermore, informational, convenience, customisation and system credibility values impacted MAL significantly, whereas the impact of the other values could not be confirmed positively. Analysis of the mediating effect of MAS identifies effects that have not yet been documented in the literature. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to build on existing mobile app consumption values literature based on the MVAL-SCALE. This study suggests that retailers should make their mobile apps more effective and efficient through consumption values management as a means of enhancing MAL.

PurposeThis study's purpose is to propose a research model based on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model to examine whether gamification and social interaction as environmental stimulus antecedents to learners' perceptions of presence can affect their continuance intention of massive open online courses (MOOCs).Design/methodology/approachSample data for this study were collected from learners who had experience in taking gamified MOOCs provided by the MOOC platform launched by a well-known university in Taiwan, and 353 usable questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsThis study demonstrated that learners' perceived gamification, learner–instructor interaction and learner–learner interaction in MOOCs positively affected their cognitive presence, teaching presence and social presence elicited by MOOCs, which jointly expounded their continuance intention of MOOCs. The results support all proposed hypotheses, and the research model accounts for 72.6% of the variance in learners' MOOCs continuance intention.Originality/valueThis study employs the S-O-R model as a theoretical umbrella to frame learners' MOOCs continuance intention as a series of the internal process, which is influenced by gamification and social interaction. Noteworthily, three psychological constructs of the community of inquiry model (i.e. cognitive presence, teaching presence and social presence) are adopted to represent learners' internal experiences of MOOCs usage. To date, hedonic/utilitarian concepts are more commonly adopted as organisms in prior studies based on the S-O-R model, whereas psychological constructs have received lesser attention. Hence, this study enriches the S-O-R model into an invaluable context.

BackgroundThe prevalence of long-term or chronic conditions that limit activity and reduce quality of life in young people aged 10-24 years is rising. This group has distinct health care needs and requires tailored support strategies to facilitate increasing personal responsibility for the management of their condition wherever possible, as they mature. Mobile phone and tablet mobile technologies featuring software program apps are already well used by young people for social networking or gaming. They have also been utilized in health care to support personal condition management, using condition-specific and patient-tailored software. Such apps have much potential, and there is an emerging body of literature on their use in a health context making this review timely.ObjectiveThe objective of this paper is to develop a systematic review protocol focused on identifying and assessing the effectiveness of mobile phone and tablet apps that support young people’s management of their chronic conditions.MethodsThe search strategy will include a combination of standardized indexed search terms and free-text terms related to the key concepts of young people; long-term conditions and mobile technology. Peer-reviewed journal articles published from 2003 that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be identified through searching the generated hits from 5 bibliographical databases. Two independent reviewers will screen the titles and abstracts to determine which articles focus on testing interventions identified as a mobile phone or tablet apps, and that have been designed and delivered to support the management of long-term conditions in young people aged 10-24 years. Data extraction and quality assessment tools will be used to facilitate consistent analysis and synthesis. It is anticipated that several studies will meet the selection criteria but that these are likely to be heterogeneous in terms of study design, reported outcomes, follow-up times, participants’ age, and health condition. Sub-group analyses will be undertaken and where possible meta-analyses will take place.ResultsThis review will synthesize available knowledge surrounding tablet and mobile phone apps that support management of long term physical health conditions in young people. The findings will be synthesized to determine which elements of the technologies were most effective for this population.ConclusionsThis systematic review aims to synthesize existing literature in order to generate findings that will facilitate the development of an app intervention. The review will form the first phase of development and evaluation of a complex intervention as recommended by the United Kingdom Medical Research Council. The knowledge gained from the review will be verified in subsequent phases, which will include primary qualitative work with health professionals and young people with long term conditions as research participants. Young people living with long-term conditions will be involved as co-researchers and consumer advisors in all subsequent phases to develop and evaluate an app to support the management of long-term physical health conditions.Trial RegistrationPROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews: CRD42014015418; http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42014015418#.VRqCpTpnL8E (Archived by Webcite at http://www.webcitation.org/6XREcWqQY).

With the rapid development of the mobile Internet, mobile reading has transcended the limitation of time and space, becoming an indispensable part of people’s living and learning. As the direct service object of mobile reading APP, users’ subjective use experience is decisive in the success or failure. It is of great significance to identify the key influencing factors of user experience of mobile reading APP. It is conducive not only to improving users reading experience and increasing users stickiness but also to improving mobile reading service quality, which is essential to promote the healthy and sustainable development of mobile reading APP. From the perspective of user experience, content analysis and questionnaire survey are used to construct the index system of influencing factors of mobile reading APP user experience, which includes 6 dimensions of reliability, usefulness, thoughtfulness, interactivity, security, and compatibility, and 21 influencing factors. Based on the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method, introducing the triangular fuzzy number, the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (fuzzy-DEMATEL) model is established, extending the single value of the comparison matrix to a fuzzy interval and then giving the decision makers a proper judgment space. The key influencing factors of mobile reading APP user experience are identified by algorithm design. Ultimately, the 10 key influencing factors of mobile reading APP user experience are identified, which are information quality, content richness, value fit, copyright protection, timeliness, personalized service, reading function richness, interpersonal interaction, system performance, and privacy protection, and suggestions for improving the user experience of mobile reading APP are put forward to provide reference for mobile reading APP developers. The research results not only enrich and perfect the theoretical and practical research in the mobile reading field to a certain extent, providing a new research perspective for the field of mobile reading, but also effectively solve the defects of the traditional DEMATEL method that expert judgment is subjectively biased and difficult to express with an exact number directly. The research expands the application scope of DEMATEL.

Purpose This study examines how the overall experience provided by mobile shopping apps influences impulse buying behavior in the context of fast fashion retailers. Specifically, it explores the impact of experiential marketing on consumer behavior, focusing on impulse buying and its post-purchase outcomes, such as cognitive dissonance, customer loyalty and repurchase intention. Grounded in the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) theory, this research investigates the mediating roles of cognitive and emotional engagement as well as flow experience in shaping the relationship between app design and consumer behavior. Design/methodology/approach Grounded in experiential marketing, flow theory and the S-O-R model, the study analyzes data from 1,340 users of fast fashion mobile shopping apps. Partial least squares modeling was employed to examine the proposed relationships between experiential marketing, flow experience, impulse buying and post-purchase consequences. Findings The findings reveal that experiential marketing strategies (sense, feel, think, act and relate) significantly enhance affective and cognitive involvement, which indirectly influence impulse buying behavior through the mediating role of flow experience. Additionally, impulse purchases elevate post-purchase cognitive dissonance, adversely affecting customer loyalty and repurchase intention. Originality/value This research contributes to the literature by integrating the S-O-R model and flow theory to explore the mechanisms underlying impulse buying in mobile commerce. It provides actionable insights for retailers to optimize app experiences, balancing immediate sales gains with long-term customer loyalty. The originality of this study lies in its comprehensive model linking experiential marketing, flow experience, and impulse buying behavior.

This study investigates the indirect interaction mode of hand-eye synergy (gaze + pinch) in virtual reality. Based on the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) framework, a multidimensional chain-response framework is constructed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). A generalized linear model (GLM) was utilized to analyze the main and interaction effects of directness of interaction and dimensionality of interaction. PLS-SEM was applied to examine the cognitive-affective chain reaction pathways, with data collected through a between-subject design. The results reveal that: (1) dimensionality of interaction shapes user experience primarily through its impact on immersion, whereas directness of interaction contributes to user experience by strengthening interactivity; (2) pleasure functions as a significant mediator linking interactivity and immersion to both user experience and behavioral intention, while arousal exhibits a more limited role, mediating only their relationship with user experience; (3) directness and dimensionality of interaction jointly yield synergistic benefits for user experience and behavioral intention. These findings support the dual-track optimization principle for VR design: “Environmental immersion is prioritized, and operational naturalness is synergized.” It provides theoretical insights and practical implications for cognitive-emotional coupling in multimodal systems. Future research could explore cross-cultural emotional responses and multisensory synergy.

BackgroundLongitudinal studies of many health behaviors often rely on infrequent self-report assessments. The measurement of psychoactive substance use among youth is expected to improve with more frequent mobile assessments, which can reduce recall bias. Researchers have used mobile devices for longitudinal research, but studies that last years and assess youth continuously at a fine-grained, temporal level (eg, weekly) are rare. A tailored mobile app (mNCANDA [mobile National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence]) and a brief assessment protocol were designed specifically to provide a feasible platform to elicit responses to health behavior assessments in longitudinal studies, including NCANDA (National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence).ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine whether an acceptable mobile app system could provide repeatable and valid assessment of youth’s health behaviors in different developmental stages over extended follow-up.MethodsParticipants were recruited (n=534; aged 17-28 years) from a larger longitudinal study of neurodevelopment. Participants used mNCANDA to register reports of their behaviors for up to 18 months. Response rates as a function of time measured using mNCANDA and participant age were modeled using generalized estimating equations to evaluate response rate stability and age effects. Substance use reports captured using mNCANDA were compared with responses from standardized interviews to assess concurrent validity. Reactivity was assessed by evaluating patterns of change in substance use after participants initiated weekly reports via mNCANDA. Quantitative feedback about the app was obtained from the participants. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a subset of participants who used the app for at least one month to obtain feedback on user experience, user-derived explanations of some quantitative results, and suggestions for system improvements.ResultsThe mNCANDA protocol adherence was high (mean response rate 82%, SD 27%) and stable over time across all age groups. The median time to complete each assessment was 51 s (mean response time 1.14, SD 1.03 min). Comparisons between mNCANDA and interview self-reports on recent (previous 30 days) alcohol and cannabis use days demonstrate close agreement (eg, within 1 day of reported use) for most observations. Models used to identify reactivity failed to detect changes in substance use patterns subsequent to enrolling in mNCANDA app assessments (P>.39). Most participants (64/76, 84%) across the age range reported finding the mNCANDA system acceptable. Participants provided recommendations for improving the system (eg, tailoring signaling times).ConclusionsmNCANDA provides a feasible, multi-year, continuous, fine-grained (eg, weekly) assessment of health behaviors designed to minimize respondent burden and provides acceptable regimes for long-term self-reporting of health behaviors. Fine-grained characterization of variability in behaviors over relatively long periods (eg, up to 18 months) may, through the use of mNCANDA, improve our understanding of the relationship between substance use exposure and neurocognitive development.

The Social Network Site (SNS) feature continues to be developed so users can quickly spread COVID-19 information. Unfortunately, the number of features or system feature overload can impact discontinuous usage because the feature design makes it difficult for users. Discontinuous usage is a phenomenon that reduces the intensity of SNS use. This research aimed to bring a new system feature overload that leads to discontinuous usage from the perspective of human opinion and behavior. Therefore, the researchers analyzed the role of SNS feature design on discontinuous usage from the perspective of the qualitative Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) theory. This research was conducted in Indonesia, the country with the largest SNS users, on subjects affected by information overload and SNS exhaustion. The research objective was to comprehend the phenomenon's impact and the driving factors of discontinuous usage. This research had two contributions to understanding the effects of SNS feature design on user behavior. It showed a conceptual model of discontinuous usage related to the driving factors of information overload and SNS exhaustion.

Text is a burgeoning data source for psychological researchers, but little methodological research has focused on adapting popular modeling approaches for text to the context of psychological research. One popular measurement model for text, topic modeling, uses a latent mixture model to represent topics underlying a body of documents. Recently, psychologists have studied relationships between these topics and other psychological measures by using estimates of the topics as regression predictors along with other manifest variables. While similar two-stage approaches involving estimated latent variables are known to yield biased estimates and incorrect standard errors, two-stage topic modeling approaches have received limited statistical study and, as we show, are subject to the same problems. To address these problems, we proposed a novel statistical model-supervised latent Dirichlet allocation with covariates (SLDAX)-that jointly incorporates a latent variable measurement model of text and a structural regression model to allow the latent topics and other manifest variables to serve as predictors of an outcome. Using a simulation study with data characteristics consistent with psychological text data, we found that SLDAX estimates were generally more accurate and more efficient. To illustrate the application of SLDAX and a two-stage approach, we provide an empirical clinical application to compare the application of both the two-stage and SLDAX approaches. Finally, we implemented the SLDAX model in an open-source R package to facilitate its use and further study. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

This study explores user experiences of a sample of college age young adults from western India, with a bird ID mobile app. Mobile apps provide an attractive and interactive access to information and their reach and versatility can often bypass challenges of poor infrastructure and lack of access to sources for information. Studies that examine the influence of mobile apps on users’ knowledge and awareness are still in their infancy. Mobile phones and mobile applications have become increasingly prevalent in the educational setting, not only as technology for instructional delivery, but also as a means of improving user experience when accessing information. Researchers have been studying the usability features and end- user experiences from mobile applications for innovative design improvements (Tang, Abraham, Stamp & Greaves, 2015). Despite its potential to impact learning and user attitude, very limited research exists on how passive interactions with certain content specific mobile applications may increase users’ knowledge and awareness on issues of contemporary importance to our society. Therefore, given the ever-growing reach of mobile devices and applications, the researcher is interested in exploring if a mobile app that allows users to identify the birds of western India, influences their knowledge and awareness of birds around them. This study will provide insight on how mobile apps may be designed to provide unique experiences leading to awareness and change in conservation knowledge and perception.