The Round Table

Every Sunday from the early 1930s to the mid-1950s, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) presented over its nationwide network of stations a unique program, the University of Chicago Round Table...

Three organizations, the Basic Acrylic Monomer Manufacturers (BAMM), Methacrylate Producers Association (MPA), and Vinyl Acetate Toxicology Group (VATG), have sponsored development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for nasal tissue dosimetry with, respectively, acrylic acid (AA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and vinyl acetate (VA). These compounds cause lesions in nasal epithelial tissues and are classified as "Category 1" gases within the U.S. EPA (1994) classification scheme. The National Center for Environmental Assessment in the U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development also has continuing interests in refining its methods for dosimetry adjustments when data on mode of action are available for Category 1 gases. A round-table discussion was held in Research Triangle Park, NC, on 11-12 February 1998, to develop a broader appreciation of the key processes and parameters required in developing nasal tissue dosimetry models. The discussions at the round table drew on these three case studies and several background presentations to assess the manner in which chemical-specific and mode-of-action data can be incorporated into nasal dosimetry models. The round table had representation from the U.S. EPA, academia, and industry. This article outlines the presentations and topical areas discussed at the round table and notes recommendations made by participants to extend models for nasal dosimetry and to develop improved data for modeling. The contributions of several disciplines-toxicology, engineering, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling-were evident in the discussions. The integration of these disciplines in creating opportunities for dosimetry model applications in risk assessments has several advantages in the breadth of skills upon which to draw in model development. A disadvantage is in the need to provide venues and develop cross-discipline dialogue necessary to ensure the understanding of cultural attitudes, terminology, and methods. The round-table discussions were fruitful in achieving such enhanced understanding and communication. Subsequent elaboration of these models will benefit from the interactions of these groups at the round table. The round-table discussions have already led to model improvements-as noted in several recently published articles. Participants emphasized several generic data needs in relation to nasal vapor uptake studies in human subjects, to broader discussion of tissue diffusion models, and to extensions to other classes of gases. The round-table articles that are published separately in this issue and the discussions, captured in this overview, provide a glimpse of the state of the science in nasal dosimetry modeling and a clear indication of the growth of and continuing opportunities in this important research area.

This project was commissioned by the Round Table on Women's Issues (RTWI) at the 66th IFLA conference. The Round Table on Women's Issues is a sub-division of IFLA which concerns itself extensively with questions and issues that have special relevance for women in the library profession and in the user community. Further it develops programmes designed to enhance the opportunities and the image of these two groups of women. The Round Table on Women's Issues promotes the collection, research, publication and dissemination of information on the status of women in librarianship. Another concern is to identify discrimination in all forms, and disparities in resources, programmes, and opportunities relating to women in librarianship. At the 66th Conference, members of the Round Table discussed the Association of Research Libraries' Annual Salary Survey, 1999-2000 and noted that the average salary for female directors (USD 132,000) in United States university libraries was slightly higher than the average salary of male directors (USD 125,000) (pp. 16-18). There is now the highest number of women in top administrative positions than there has been before: 54 women out of a total of 111 directorships. This was of course the good news.The bad news was that the overall salary for women in research and academic libraries in the USA was still only 94 percent that of men. During the 19 years that statistics have been gathered women have been gradually closing the earnings gap, as in 1980 they earned only 87 percent, but it is a slow process. Overall, men represent only 35 percent of the workforce among professional librarians. The Round Table felt it would be interesting to discover how this compared with salaries in other countries and other sectors. This could form the basis for some comparative statistics if other members of the group could follow up. Although aware that delegates at IFLA conferences were not representative of the profession as a whole, it was felt that it might be possible to conduct a 'snapshot' project of delegates, women officers and committee members at IFLA's 67th conference to ascertain the status of women librarians internationally. Sandra Parker and Pat Gannon-Leary from the Information Management Research Institute, University of Northumbria School of Information Studies, obtained an IFLA small grant to undertake this work and to report on findings at the 68th IFLA conference.

Currently, over 100 million European citizens are affected by obesity and non-communicable diseases. These health conditions impact individuals and society economically as well as socially. Therefore, an increasing number of Member States has introduced taxes on foods high in fat, sugar, or salt. However, divergent national fiscal health measures can lead to market distortion or fraudulent activities, revealing that, although the responsibility for implementing fiscal measures lies with national governments, health systems of different Member States are much interlinked. The increasing health risks for European citizens and its broader impact underline the importance of resilience in European health systems more than ever before, calling for early response and effective concrete actions from both EU institutions and national governments. Additionally, the topic of resilient health systems currently ranks high on the European agenda, with the Belgian Presidency promoting health system preparedness and early response and health care strengthening as one of their six priorities. The European Commission will also continue its work on this issue for the next five years. The EU has already taken steps in this matter, such as the launch of the European Health Union and the creation of HERA. However, in order to preserve a healthy society, the EU must further develop in this regard. Therefore, this round table discussion will focus on the question of how fiscal measures in Member States can contribute to resilient health systems. It aims to generate ideas on how Ministries of Health can contribute to resilient health systems via fiscal measures compatible with European Community law that promote health and prevent disease. Panellists from the WHO Regional Office for Europe, the Hungarian Ministry of Health and Ecorys, a research-based consultancy, will provide diverse perspectives on the topic. The added value of the round table is laying out possible ways of how both the EU and Member States can contribute to enhancing the resilience of European health systems. In the discussion, knowledge is derived from various research projects, such as Ecorys’ study for DG TAXUD on health taxes, their study for the Dutch Ministry of Finance on sugar taxes, and their literature study on sugar taxation and VAT reduction on fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, as an example of alternative funding mechanisms for resilient health systems, the Hungarian approach to health taxes will be reviewed, since a portion of the tax revenue from their public health tax is used to finance public health initiatives. From a policy perspective, the round table will aid in formulating recommendations for improving the resilience of EU health systems for the next five years. Key messages • Unhealthy foods and drinks consumption poses significant health risks, impacting economy and society, and requiring evidence-based fiscal measures as part of comprehensive measures. • The round table provides public health stakeholders the opportunity to generate recommendations for improving the resilience of EU health systems for the next five years. Speakers/Panelists Kremlin Wickramasinghe Division of Country Health Programs, WHO/Europe, Denmark Krisztina Biró Ministry of Interior, State Secretariat for Health, Budapest, Hungary Soila Karreinen Tampere University, Tampere, Finland Rana Orhan Pees Ecorys, Rotterdam, Netherlands Sara Cerdas Former Member of the European Parliament, Brussels, Belgium

The paper provides an overview of the round table meeting “Organizational, Legal and Scientific Methodological Foundations of the Accelerated Development of Genetic Technologies for Medicine”, held on February 5, 2021 by the Department of Medical Law, Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL) The round table was attended by representatives of the country’s leading universities, including Sechenov University, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Medical and Biological University of Innovation and Continuing Education named after A. I. Burnazyan, Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), St. Petersburg State University, Ural State Law University, A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, North Ossetian State Medical Academy, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Izhevsk State Medical Academy, A. N. Bakulev Institute for Professional Training and a number of other leading educational and scientific organizations. The round table was held within the framework of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation “Legal regulation of the accelerated development of genetic technologies: Scientific and methodological support” (No. 730000F.99.1.BV16AA02001) and with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research.

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges for modern society. The health effects of climate change lead to negative impacts on European health systems, and conversely, European health systems contribute significantly to climate change. To overcome challenges posed by the climate crisis, European cooperation is essential. The interdependencies between climate change and public health and its broader impact underline the importance of resilience in European health systems, calling for concrete actions from both EU institutions and national governments. Additionally, the topic of resilient health systems currently ranks high on the European agenda, with the Belgian Presidency promoting health care strengthening as one of its six priorities. The European Commission will also continue its work on this issue for the next five years. The EU has already taken steps in this matter, such as the launch of the European Health Union and the adoption of the EU4Health Programme. However, in order to better prepare for climate resilient health systems, the EU must further develop in this regard. To explore this pressing issue, the round table discussion will focus on how EU actions in climate adaptation can synergistically contribute to the resilience of health systems. Resilience, often associated with adaptation, embodies the capacity to anticipate, withstand, and recover from shocks and stresses related to climate change. By delving into this question, the workshop seeks to uncover ways in which EU and Member State climate initiatives can reinforce health system resilience, thereby fostering a more adaptive and responsive health workforce and infrastructure. Featuring 4 panellists from Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Austrian National Public Health Institute, the Dutch Green Healthcare Alliance and the European Environment Agency, the round table will bring together diverse perspectives on this issue. The added value of the round table is laying out possible ways of how both the EU and Member States can contribute to enhancing the resilience of European health systems. After establishing the necessity for action, the round table discussion will focus on generating ideas to address climate change. Specifically, this discussion will cover examples of national policies, such as from the Netherlands, Austria, and other Member States. Also discussed will be the importance of monitoring and surveillance, and conducting a health and vulnerability assessment. This ensures better understanding of the relevant current and future health impacts, which will inform resilience measures. This will be followed by a discussion with the audience to formulate recommendations for improving the resilience of EU health systems for the next five years. Key messages • Climate change challenges European health systems, emphasising the need for European cooperation in resilience efforts. • Synergising climate adaptation with health system strengthening enhances EU’s capacity for resilience. Speakers/Panelists Chiara Cadeddu Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands Aleksandra Kazmierczak European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark Andrea Schmidt Austrian Public Health Institute, Vienna, Austria Juliette Mattijsen Groene Zorg Alliantie, Rotterdam, Netherlands

To summarize the progress that has been made since the laststrangeness conference and to focus on the ourstanding questions whichremain to be addressed, the organizers of the conference decided tohold a `round table' discussion with some of the chairman of theindividual sessions.The goals of the presentations were not simply to recapitulate thepresentations in the various sessions but to present the views of thechairmen as to the significant advances reported, to place them in abroader context, and to emphasize those aspects which in their viewrequired additional attention.In addition to the chairmen, the conference organizers asked twoadditional physicists to join the round table, Jan Rafelski and Nu Xu.Most of the round table participants submitted summaries of theircomments as noted in the following. They varied considerably innature, as could be expected from the different state of the researchin the various areas. In some cases the chairman felt that theircomments did not add sufficiently to the work presented in theseparate sessions for their contributions to be useful.In perusing these contributions the reader will undoubtedly concludethat although much has been accomplished, there are still crucialoutstanding questions. One of the concerns which, in the view of thiswriter, was brought into sharper focus than previously, is the factthat we do not yet understand the nature of the p-A interaction. E.g. to interpret one of the most striking strangeness signals, theenhancement of strange particles as a function of their strangeness,it has become very clear that related effects in p-A must be studiedand understood.

National Icon: The Winchester Round Table and the Revelation of Authority Jon Whitman (bio) With its numinous aura the Winchester Round Table displays critical transitions in the conception of English royal authority at the turn of the medieval and early modern periods. (JW) A. Table of Contents ‘Thys is the rownde table of kyng Arthur,’ begins the inscription at the center of the expansive object, suspended high in the Great Hall of Winchester Castle. The object (Figure 1)—a tabletop eighteen feet in diameter, originally about three-quarters of a ton in weight1—is by now a familiar reference point in discussions of Arthuriana. From the late Middle Ages to the modern period, it has attracted the attention of a range of chroniclers, courtiers, poets, scholars, and publicists, from John Hardyng, William Camden, and Michael Drayton to Thomas Warton, William Savage, and contemporary commentators.2 Whatever its relation to an elusive King Arthur, the Winchester Round Table has for hundreds of years been a fixture of the Arthurian establishment. In recent years the modern academy has also developed an increasingly established approach to questions about its material and conceptual origins. That approach has acquired particular authority with a meticulous research project conducted by Martin Biddle and others that began in the 1970s and that culminated in the year 2000 with the publication of King Arthur’s Round Table: An Archaeological Investigation. Though the book, with its fascinating findings, has deservedly reached a wide audience, perhaps it would be in order to indicate briefly what seems to me its basic orientation to the Winchester Round Table—before I suggest some further points of view. From the perspective of this archaeological investigation the Winchester Round Table emerges primarily as an expression of political, chivalric, and imperial aims in late medieval and early modern England. The original circular table itself, evoking the legendary realm of early Britain, may have been made [End Page 33] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Round Table in Great Hall of Winchester Castle Photograph IBM. Copyright Winchester Excavations Committee. [End Page 34] at Winchester in the late thirteenth century to celebrate the arrangements of that Arthurian enthusiast, Edward I, for the dynastic marriages of his children.3 The top of the table may have been hung in the Great Hall in the mid-fourteenth century by Edward III, as his plans for a new Round Table fellowship at Windsor evolved into the founding of the Order of the Garter.4 The tabletop was eventually painted (for the first time) in the early sixteenth century, as Henry VIII invoked his authoritative royal predecessor to promote his drive for imperial power in Europe at large.5 Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 2. Winchester Round Table (detail) Photograph IBM. Copyright Winchester Excavations Committee. This kind of emphasis on worldly programs has an indisputable point. Such programs play a fundamental role in the Arthurian legend since the twelfth century, when Geoffrey of Monmouth makes Arthur an imperial successor to the legendary founder of Britain, who dreams of a promise that his descendants will be sovereigns of the ‘whole world.’6 There is no question that the sixteenth-century design of the Winchester table gives such an imperial agenda contemporary form. As shown in the close-up in Figure 2, at the center of the table is the composite Tudor Rose, an expression of national [End Page 35] consolidation after the fifteenth-century Wars of the Roses. The array of expanding bands from the interior circle to the perimeter is dominated by the imposing figure of Arthur, with one hand possessing a sword and with the other controlling an orb of sovereignty. And not only does the sixteenth-century work portray Arthur with a contemporary type of imperial crown on his head. It gives the very face of Arthur features resembling those of Henry VIII himself.7 Henry, in effect, uses the primal figure of Arthur to authorize himself and his aims. The far-reaching investigation underlying King Arthur’s Round Table is fundamental to any subsequent treatment of the Winchester table, and I am deeply indebted to it. The study offers a probing analysis of...

Given the materials of the International scientific "Round Table" on "Quo Vadis, Justitia? Development of legal systems from the position of law faculties", which took place on March 14, 2019 at the faculty of law of St. Climent Okhridsky Sofia University (Bulgaria). The “Round Table” was organized by the Department of theory and history of state and law of the faculty of law of St. Climent Okhridsky Sofia University and the Department of theory of state and law and political science of legal faculty of Lomonosov Moscow state University.

As visitas domiciliárias são uma estratégia de cuidado conectada à política de assistência social e elas fazem parte das ações desenvolvidas pelos Centros de Referência da Assistência Social (CRAS). Este artigo pretende analisar, a partir da Teoria das Representações Sociais (TRS), como os/as usuários/as de um CRAS têm compreendido as visitas realizadas em suas casas pelos/as profissionais dessa unidade. Observação das visitas domiciliárias, anotadas em diário de campo e discussão em grupo (roda de conversa) foram utilizadas para a construção das informações. A partir das representações sobre a prática das visitas domiciliárias foi possível refletir sobre como ela tem sido desenvolvida e o que ela significa às famílias e à sociedade. Os/as participantes partilharam representações sobre a visita domiciliária, demonstrando que ela está associada a antinomias como bom/ruim, segurança/insegurança e liberdade/opressão. Foram debatidas, pelos/as participantes, questões relacionadas à dialogicidade, ao controle, à punição e a uma possível vocação para desempenhar determinadas funções. Conclui-se que, para além de roteiros e protocolos, é essencial embasar o cuidado e construir intervenções em uma comunicação ética dialógica.

Cancer remains one of the greatest health threats of our time. Over a quarter of the European population will be diagnosed with it and around one in ten will die from it before the age of 75. To lower the burden cancer poses, the European Commission launched Europe's Beating Cancer Plan (EBCP) in 2021, a strategic policy-driven initiative to support European Union Member States (EU-MS) in addressing cancer across the full continuum of care, from prevention and early detection to treatment and survivorship. It also aims to reduce disparities and promote equity within and between countries. This round table will present and discuss findings from two complementary EU-funded projects: the ‘Joint Action on Contribution to the Cancer Inequalities Registry to Monitor National Cancer Control Policies (OriON JA)’, undertaken by a consortium of 24 institutions across 17 countries, and ‘OBS-Learning from Progress Addressing Cancer in Europe (OBS-PACE)’ led by the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies and covering all EU-MS. Building on these findings, the workshop's objective is to zoom in on national-level experiences to tackle cancer and assess how EU-MS are implementing EBCP. First, the OriON JA will showcase a framework created to monitor the uptake of EBCP by the EU-MS. This includes results from a Delphi consultation used to build consensus on key process-based indicators, as well as outcomes from piloting the framework in three EU-MS, involving a range of stakeholder groups. A complementary presentation will dive into insights from patient workshops held during the pilot, highlighting the importance of involving patients in the monitoring process and of considering how they have experienced EBCP's relevance and impact. Following this, OBS-PACE will present a new qualitative tool developed to capture practical insights from the implementation of innovative actions in cancer research, care, and policy across the EU. Examples will be provided to demonstrate how this mechanism draws out good practices and identifies health system enablers and barriers across the full spectrum of cancer care. Highlights from cross-cutting analyses drawing on key learnings from case studies will also be unveiled. In this round table the audience will be invited to explore the rollout of large policy-focused plans like EBCP, the need for tracking what EU-MS are (not) doing in response, and the impact on diverse groups of stakeholders. By featuring exchanges on lessons learned, challenges experienced, and solutions proposed, this discussion and the session overall will provide added value for public health experts and decision-makers working in the field of cancer and beyond, including input on where to guide investment decisions in the future, and will contribute to building more effective, evidence-informed, and equitable efforts to control cancer and other non-communicable diseases at both European and national levels. Key messages • Monitoring the implementation and impact of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan requires stock-taking of national experiences with cancer control and involvement of all stakeholders, especially patients. • Sharing learnings across countries on key challenges and best practices for tackling cancer can enhance the effectiveness and equity of broader non-communicable disease control efforts. Speakers/Panellists Giada Scarpetti TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany Beatrice Durvy European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Berlin, Germany Robbe Saesen Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium Marjetka Jelenc NIJZ, Ljubljana, Slovenia

The article deals with the topical problem of modern professional education – formation of first-year students' motivation for educational and professional activity as a guarantee of successful and high quality preparation of future specialists. The author emphasizes the fact that the use of active teaching methods will help to solve this problem. The article covers a variety of active teaching methods, describes some aspects of their application to enhance the motivation of students of pedagogical specialties in higher education institutions. The author actualizes the problem, first of all, through the analysis of the Law of Ukraine "On Education" in the part of staffing of educational institutions, which guarantees the recipients of education to provide high-quality specialists, capable of achieving high results and providing creative approaches to the organization of the educational process, thus creating innovative education. This social need determines the actualization of the problem of qualitative training of future teachers in the educational process of institutions of higher education, in particular, by reviewing the range of methods of classroom work organization. In the first year of training of future specialists, the methods should be selected in such a way as to promote the development of cognitive interest in the chosen specialty and gradually form the motivation for educational activity, because it is during this very period that a didactic adaptation of a future teacher to conditions of an institution of higher education takes place. In addition, for the future teacher, motivation to study in the first year already has great professional meaning. The author concludes that the review of the achievements of research, which is the subject of active teaching methods, allowed us to highlight the benefits of these methods for the educational process of higher education institutions. In particular, it is necessary to increase the educational motivation of freshmen in pedagogical specialties. In addition, active methods are aimed at restructuring and improving the educational process, as well as training professionals for professional activity. The introduction of active methods in the educational process of higher education institutions will provide opportunities for enhancing the emotional response of freshmen to the process of cognition, intensification of their learning activities, interest in acquiring new knowledge, skills and practical use of them; development of students' creative abilities, speech; forming the ability to substantiate and express their own views, activate thinking and so on. Among the most successful active methods are the following: problematic lecture, "lecture for the two", "press conference", pre-planned mistakes, lectures-consultations, "round table", discussion, "brainstorming", case-study and others. Prospects for further research show empirical understanding of the effectiveness of active teaching methods in the classroom work of higher education institutions.

The birth of musicology as a theoretical discipline coincided with the professionalization of international academic bodies, most famously in natural and social sciences, but also in the humanities. While presenting an important example of transnational exchange, such trend in academic research was directly affected by intergovernmental relations. The intersections between the beginnings of musicology as a theoretical discipline and diplomatic relations will be the object of this round table. The birth of musicology was closely related also to the formation of modern nation states in an age of increased global exchanges, with important implications for the internationalization of the musical repertoire and the music industry. World fairs and exhibitions, and international political-commercial initiatives shaped these experiences. Musicologists felt compelled to compare and put order into a previously unknown multitude of musical practices. Without overlooking the power dynamics underlying processes of canon-building, traditionally expressed with the North-South dichotomy, this round table will contemplate an extended approach to comparativism. We will introduce an East-West dialectic, conceived both as a geographical framing – including Europe, Musicology, Diplomacy, and International Networks at the Turn of the 20th Century Discourses, Practices, Events Prof. Axel Korner, Chair Prof. Bonnie C. Wade, Respondent Dr. Ferran Escriva-Llorca Dr. Maria Caceres-Pinuel Dr. Vincenzina C. Ottomano Dr. Christiane Sibille Prof. Dr. Cristina Urchueguia, Team Leader MA Alberto Napoli, Coordinator 3 Asia, America – and a “longitudinal” exchange among different but equally empowered agents, who evaded fixed hierarchies and learned or profited from one another, continuously questioning the concept of a dominating “center.” Reflecting the complexity of the subject, our panel will include varied topics and disciplinary perspectives. Considering that the transnational flow of music theory and practice serving power relations has been studied in scholarship from Europe outward, in the first presentation Wade will address the adoption of Western theory and practice as a technology for modern nation-building by the Japanese government in late 19th century. Ottomano will explore the impact of the early dissemination of Russian music in Paris, focusing on the very close relationship between music, culture and political interests in the diplomatic exchanges between France and Russia after the Alliance franco-russe (1894). Focusing on international organizations dealing with musical questions in the early 20th century, Sibille will analyze their publications and conferences showing the experts’ efforts to gain political relevance, especially by the standardization of their methodological tools. Escriva-Llorca will then retrace the turn-of-the-century establishment of music divisions in several important European and American institutional libraries, analyzing the diplomatic and philanthropic actions of specific patrons and curators which constituted their pre-Baroque holdings. Urchueguia will present a case of direct interaction between politics and musicology, discussing the influence of the Spanish regent Maria Cristina in the preparation of Spanish contributions to the 1892 International Music and Theater Exhibition in Vienna. Caceres-Pinuel will then assess the role of Guido Adler in the organization of the same event, and its influence on subsequent discourses about music, particularly those referring to ‘national idioms.’ Finally, analyzing musical events at international exhibitions in fin-de-siecle Italy, Napoli will illustrate that consequent musicological writings reflected negotiations between nationalist narratives and local cosmopolitan aspirations. Korner will lead the following discussion, as a transnational historian particularly interested in the exchange of knowledge and the role of culture in international relations.

The paper is presented within the framework of the large project. The main aim of this project is a new class of intelligent information systems, namely cohesive hybrid intelligent multi-agent systems that simulate the process of rallying a team of experts when solving problems at the "round table" by coordinating the goals and ontologies of agents, as well as forming a cohesive interaction protocol by agents to solve the problem. The paper presents the results of the development of the visual way of describing cohesion in hybrid intelligent multiagent systems.

Factionalism is widely understood to be a distinguishing characteristic of Chinese politics. In this book, first published in 2000, Jing Huang examines the role of factionalism in leadership relations and policy-making. His detailed knowledge of intra-party politics offers an alternative understanding of still-disputed struggles behind the high walls of leadership in Zhongnanhai. Huang traces the development of factional politics from its roots in the 'mountaintops' and the enduring impact of the personal bonds formed between Mao and his supporters at the Yan'an Round Table. Critiquing the predominant theories on leadership and decision-making, he explains that it is not power struggles that give rise to factionalism, but rather the existence of 'factionalism that turns power into an overriding goal in CCP politics'. Huang explains why policy outcomes switched constantly between 'Left-adventurism' and 'Right-conservatism' under Mao's reign and between 'emancipation of mind' and 'socialist spiritual civilization' in the Deng era.