THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE IN AMERICAN SOCIOLOGY: ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENT, AND FUTURE

As an introduction to this report I would like to cite two comments from the book MK Process and Stellar Classification (ed. by R.F. Garrison, 1984). The first is from the article by W.W. Morgan The MK system and the MK process: “The MK system furnishes a satisfactory frame of reference for stars of Population I in the solar neighborhood; but when we consider the variety of stellar spectra encountered in our galaxy and in other stellar systems we are unable to classify many stars satisfactorily from the MK standards alone. What we now require is a more general frame of reference – or frames of reference – that will accept with precision a greater variety of ‘specimens’ (stellar spectra).” The second is an excerpt from one of the conclusions in the article by D.L. Crawford The relationship between the MK system and photometric classification: “The future potential of all this classification work is great. Technological change is rampant, and most interesting. New and powerful 1(λ) machines will be with us soon, as well as direct CCD photometers. Their power is great and we’ll all end up using them. The opening of new wavelength regions is a fantastic advantage to classifiers. The challenges and opportunities are vast.”During the last three years there have been technical improvements in CCD detectors and as a result they are now much better adapted to the needs of photometry and spectroscopy. Signal processing by modern computers now permits rapid utilization of large quantities of information. Technical progress in detectors and computer science now provides us with powerful and relatively low-cost tools for computation, and leads us to view with optimism the development of the powerful 1(A) machines anticipated by Crawford.

Institutional theory is an important framework for various research fields. It gives a general frame of reference as to what constitutes an institution and what are the factors that affect it. However, the theory requires more than a general frame of reference because in today’s world the characteristics of the organizations are changing with the change in factors related as well as unrelated to the processes of organization. In this background, the paper attempts to provide a brief historical overview of institutions, institutionalisation, differences among institutions and institutional environment to unveil the development of institutional theory. It also looks at the application of institutional theory in the context of multinational enterprises. The findings indicate that emphasis of institutional theory has shifted from generalized system of social belief to appropriate means to become legitimate with the pressures.

Form of the quantum kinetic energy operator for relative motion of a group of particles in a general non-inertial reference frame

This paper offers new insights into gravitational interactions within a general non-inertial reference frame. By utilizing symbolic tensor calculus, the study establishes a unified framework that connects time derivatives in non-inertial frames to those in inertial frames. The research introduces new first integrals of motion for a system of many particles in arbitrary non-inertial and barycentric rotating reference frames. These first integrals provide a kinematic and geometric visualization of motion in non-inertial frames. Additionally, a generalized potential energy function is presented for broader applicability. For the gravitational two-body problem, the paper delivers a closed-form, coordinate-free solution for the motion of each body relative to the original frame. Consequently, sufficient conditions for stability against collisions are established within the context of the two-body problem in a non-inertial reference frame. Furthermore, the paper examines the relative orbital motion of spacecraft, presenting a closed-form and coordinate-free solution in the local vertical local horizontal (LVLH) non-inertial frame, which is centered on the center of mass of the main spacecraft.

The huge progress made in recent decades in the medical-health field, together with the large-scale introduction of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other emergency techniques and procedures, has made it possible to save a growing number of human lives. Also because of this, the testimonies classified as Near Death Experiences (NDEs) have increased exponentially, mostly in Western countries. The present work aims at first to identify six basic inclusion-exclusion clinical criteria to be adopted for the definition of a Near Death State (NDS), distinguishing between an objective NDS and a subjectiveNear Death Like State (NDLS). This classification leads to having NDEs split into two distinct groups: Near Death Experiences associated to NDS and Near Death Like Experiences (NDLEs) associated to NDLS. A general frame of reference, namely Tenso-Relational Model, within which consciousness and the mind-body system (MBS) can be located, is discussed. In conclusion it is introduced a bio-physical frame of reference to be adopted for a possible explanation 1) of the so called Out of Body Experience (OBE), which can occur while experiencing an NDS or an NDLS, 2) of the so-called Electromagnetic After-Effects (EAEs), namely electro-sensitivity, which can be caused both by an NDS or by an NDLS, and 3) of other NDS-NDLS aftereffects such as the so-called Energy Healing Abilities (EHA) and the psi abilities, i.e. psychokinesis, telekinesis and psychic-teleportation, and Extra-Sensory Perceptions (ESPs) such as telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition and psychometry.

In view of the considerable evidence of systematic violations of expected utility by individual subjects, a number of alternative models generalizing expected utility have been developed. As P.Fishburn put it once [1988], we have entered “a new era” in the domain of decision under risk, but “we shall have to wait and see” during the “time of shakedown and sifting” ahead of us, i.e. until one or possibly several of the models put forward until now can attract a clear consensus. Most of these models weaken the independence axiom. But some of them retain some linearity properties, like Chew’s weighted utility theory [1983] or Fishburn’s skew-symmetric bilinear utility theory [1988]. Machina provided a quite general frame of reference, by dispensing altogether with the independence axiom and allowing one to envision different alternative hypotheses — among which his Hypothesis II [1982] is only one possibility. Other models emphasize the idea that decumulative probability distributions straightforwardly undergo a (necessarily nonlinear) cognitive transformation, like Quiggin [1982], Yaari [1987], Allais [1988], Segal [1989], Wakker [1993].

Acquisition of spatial knowledge for routes

This article evaluates the 3 general frames of reference used in analyzing the nonphysiologic origins of fertility differences: utility, normative, and drift. It is suggested that the drift model overcomes some of the limitations of the other 2 models and provides a closer approximation to behavioral realities. Implicit in the utility model is the assumption that people's behavior expresses their preferences amony available alternatives. It is further assumed that the individual has available a range of possible behaviors, means to the atgtainment of behavioral goals chosen, and reliable information concerning the likely consequences of a given choice. A weakness of this approach has been its rather parochial concentration on economic costs and benefits and its failure to take account of the ways these costs and benefits are differentially assessed and weighted by different populations. The normative model emphasizes the individual's group affiliations and social roles. A criticism of this model is that it ignores the possibility of conflict among the different norms associated with an individual's various roles or among interacting individuals such as husbands and wives. Together, the utility and normative models imply the existence of more conscious rationality in human behavior than may actually be the case. The 3rd model, drift, emphasizes the ongoing, developmental, incemental nature of human behavior. It posits a behavior that begins almost by accident at some point within the range of possible and allowable behaviors, then moves toward conslusion in a manner largely imperceptible to the actor. The idea of drift is compatible with the observation that social structures are constantly changed while at the same time providing the framework within which reproducing and changing behaviors can unfold. In contrast to the utility and normative models, which tend to be static, the drift model emphasizes both change and the manner in which change takes place.

This paper examines issues revolving around providing appropriate psychological services to a bi-lingual population in Wales. At present,Welsh speakers are underrepresented in the psychological services and service providers are typically monoglot English speakers. These issues and their mental health and cultural implications have been met with silence by service providers and invisibility by potential users. Reasons for this are examined with reference to general mental health statistics and evidence from other groups.This paper explores three interweaving strands of evidence:(a) the nature of professions and the current socio-economic climate of the NHS; (b) the general frame of reference in the theoretical conceptions, research and practice of psychological therapies; (c) cultural and social attitudes of both service providers and potential users.Similarities are drawn with Ireland and other Celtic countries that share a similar colonial heritage and legacy withWales, which includes personal, social and cultural constructs including attitudes and expectations to self and others.

Sociology is the study of societ(ies): this expression sounds so obvious that it has not even been discussed. Most people have agreed, moreover, that a society is defined by a correspondence between institutions, values and forms of authority, on one side, and internalized norms and agencies of socialization and maintenance of normal behavior, on the other. Very few people today use these words or this general frame of reference, because societies, to a large extent, have disappeared, fallen into pieces or faded away. We are in a constantly changing world and there is no general, integrated process of change. We live in social settings in which the autonomization of various components of social life is so complete that it is useless to consider them as subsystems. Many sociologists are satisfied with notions like mass culture, individualization, fragmentation or dissocialization processes, or are fascinated by a spreading violence, internal or international wars and our capacity for self-destruction, etc. But this approach is too limited, because it is entirely negative. Thus, a high priority for sociologists is to propose one or various images of social actors collective or individual. But is it possible to propose an analysis of actors completely separate from a theory of social systems? This article proposes a positive answer to this difficult question.

Synchrotron radiation has been traditionally treated as an effect which only depends on the linear beam dynamics. Electrons in advanced accelerators and storage rings, however, can lose several percent of their energy in one turn, especially when the ring incorporates synchrotron radiation sources or free electron lasers. In these machines nonlinear effects can become important, not only because of the high variation of the particle's energy around the ring, but also because of the necessity to have very good beam quality in wigglers, undulators, and free electron lasers. Since these instruments can have helical structure, a general reference frame with torsion is used and the Lorenz-Dirac radiation reaction of the charged particle is taken into account. We will utilize the differential algebra technique to compute nonlinear transfer maps of general optical elements. Applications include radiation damping in multipoles, its effect on closed orbit distortion in a storage ring, and nonlinear tune shifts due to various radiating devices. The software provided will also be useful in simulating Siberian snakes.

Voltage source inverter driven multi-phase induction machine

Brushless doubly fed induction machine has recently attracted attention in variable speed generators and motor drives. In order to have a high performance control, a precise dynamic model is required. This paper aims at introducing a model of brushless doubly fed induction machine taking core loss into account. The details of model derivation are outlined and the torque relation is expressed in the general reference frame. The model is then used for simulation of the dynamic performance of the machine. The error introduced by neglecting core loss effect is also shown.

This paper presents a d-q model of dual stator induction machine supplied by a two identical PWM voltage source inverters suitable for analysis the dynamic steady under balanced operating condition. In the analytical model, the effects of common mutual leakage inductance between the two three-phase stator winding sets have been included. The model has been developed in general reference frame and it is suitable for analysis of the machine behavior with spatially shifted by 0, 30 and 60 electrical degrees between the two three-phase stator winding sets.

Signal processing based on frequency polarity has been attracting wide attentions due to its potential industrial-applications. It is popular to employ two vector-rotators for such signal processing. But, It was very recently reported that equivalent signal processing effect can be attained in a much simpler manner using two-input two-output filters in the D-module. This paper further investigates a class of characteristic-varying systems in the D-module, which contains the filters in the D-module as a special case, and gives new analytical results on their properties from viewpoints of existence, realization and stability. If the results are applied to filter problems, n-th order D-module filters in new forms can be easily and directly obtained, whose stability and response equivalent to the associated filters with vector-rotators are guaranteed. If the results are applied to AC motor modeling problems, dynamic models and block diagrams of AC motors in general reference frame are easily and directly obtained. Very general and useful analyses are given for newly proposed a class of characteristic-varying systems in the D-module that have potential usefulness in various industrial applications including control of magnetic bearing system, analyses and active compensations of power systems, and sensorless drives of AC motors.