The Split-up project: induction, context and knowledge discovery in law

Comparative law or legal system is a scientific activity in comparing one legal system with another legal system, both the legal system between countries and the legal system in a particular country by comparing the legal system that used to apply with the legal system that is currently in force in a particular country, to find and find similarities and differences both in terms of its advantages and disadvantages in the legal system. In order to get an explanation to assess the effectiveness of the legal system. The legal aid system for the poor in Indonesia to access justice, until now, still felt not practical to provide meaningful benefits for the poor in Indonesia when facing legal problems.

Rule-based reasoning (RBR) and case-based reasoning (CBR) are two complementary alternatives for building knowledge-based “intelligent” decision-support systems. RBR and CBR can be combined in three main ways: RBR first, CBR first, or some interleaving of the two. The NEST system, described in this paper, allows us to invoke both components separately and in arbitrary order. In addition to the traditional network of propositions and compositional rules, NEST also supports binary, nominal, and numeric attributes used for derivation of proposition weights, logical (no uncertainty) and default (no antecedent) rules, context expressions, integrity constraints, and cases. The inference mechanism allows use of both rule-based and case-based reasoning. Uncertainty processing (based on Hájek's algebraic theory) allows interval weights to be interpreted as a union of hypothetical cases, and a novel set of combination functions inspired by neural networks has been added. The system is implemented in two versions: stand-alone and web-based client server. A user-friendly editor covering all mentioned features is included.

We are currently developing concepts and software tools designed to aid legal practitioners in the process of statutory interpretation: the process of determining the meaning of a statute or regulation and applying it to a particular set of facts. This is being attempted through the integration of database and expert system technologies. Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) is being used to model legal precedents while Rule-Based Reasoning (RBR) modules are being used to model the legislation and other types of causal knowledge. It is hoped to generalise these findings and to develop a formal methodology for integrating case-based databases with rule-based expert systems in the legal domain.

This thesis establishes that a fiscal crisis occurred in the legal aid system in the early 1990s. The result was a restriction in the availability of legal aid for some types of legal matters, in particular civil law cases. Various reviews of the legal aid system were conducted throughout the 1980s and 1990s some of which identified rising professional costs as a significant factor in the shrinking availability of the legal aid dollar. Few reforms to combat that issue were proposed or implemented.The study examines the benefits and disadvantages of introducing competition policy to the delivery mechanism of a community service, legal aid. It concludes that while tendering has generally delivered cost savings, its impact on the quality of services is more ambiguous. The issues in introducing tendering to a community service are also discussed.The study describes the development and implementation of the Tendering Project and identifies key historical factors and forces which influenced the nature of the Project and its outcomes. It found that the legal aid system is currently captured by the interests of the legal profession and this has shackled the legal aid system's ability to be an effective advocate for recipients of legal aid. The study found that the exposure of the legal profession as a whole to the forces of competition would decrease the cost of justice and allow a greater distribution of the legal aid dollar. If the savings were retained within the legal aid system, they could be used to either enhance the quality of legal aid services or increase the volume of those services.

The development of data warehouses for the storage and analysis of very large corpora of medical image data represents a significant trend in health care and research. Amongst other benefits, the trend toward warehousing enables the use of techniques for automatically discovering knowledge from large and distributed databases. In this paper, we present an application design for knowledge discovery from databases (KDD) techniques that enhance the performance of the problem solving strategy known as case- based reasoning (CBR) for the diagnosis of radiological images. The problem of diagnosing the abnormality of the cervical spine is used to illustrate the method. The design of a case-based medical image diagnostic support system has three essential characteristics. The first is a case representation that comprises textual descriptions of the image, visual features that are known to be useful for indexing images, and additional visual features to be discovered by data mining many existing images. The second characteristic of the approach presented here involves the development of a case base that comprises an optimal number and distribution of cases. The third characteristic involves the automatic discovery, using KDD techniques, of adaptation knowledge to enhance the performance of the case based reasoner. Together, the three characteristics of our approach can overcome real time efficiency obstacles that otherwise mitigate against the use of CBR to the domain of medical image analysis.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

This paper discusses significant contribution that legal aid and criminal justice reform makes to ensure that the legal justice system is fair and equitable. Although several improvements have been made, criminal justice system still suffers from inequalities and discrimination that mainly affect those who are considered weaker segments of society. The research paper discusses the historical frame of legal aid and outlines the development of fairness and equity in justice, while laying concern on the problems of access to the legal aid and consequences of an unfair justice system. The present review of proposed and implemented reforms including bail, sentencing and policing reforms aims to cover experiential lessons from other jurisdictions. Moreover, the functions of legal aid services with respect to criminal justice reforms will be in the spotlight, highlighting the necessity of legal representation to achieve fair outcomes. The research ends with the analysis of the societal profitability of the reform and offers some policy recommendations to be implemented in future. Through incorporation of case studies, statistics and international perception, this study is aimed at giving ideas on best ways to the most just legal system.

Case-based reasoning and rule-based reasoning are two techniques using the experience to resolve problems in fixture design. Each method has some shortcoming when it is employed separately. A hybrid method of case-based and rule-based reasoning can eliminate the drawbacks of each method and provide a better way for fixture design. In this paper, a retrieval mechanism of case-based reasoning in fixture design is analyzed. An improved algorithm taking the influence of fixture structure into account is proposed for calculating the similarity of fixture cases. A reuse mechanism of fixture cases is discussed from different levels and different groups. The expanded conception of fixture case is proposed. Moreover, variation level and variation method based-on the expanded fixture cases are studied. Finally, a real case is presented to demonstrate that the hybrid of case-based reasoning and rule-based intelligent variation approaches can improve the re-usability of the fixture cases.

Case-based reasoning is, without question, a puzzle. When students are taught to “think like lawyers” in their first year of law school, they are taught case-based common-law reasoning. Books on legal reasoning are devoted almost entirely to the topic. How do courts reason from one case to the next? Is case-based reasoning reasoning from analogy? How should case-based reasoning be modeled? How can it be justified?In contrast, rule-based legal reasoning (as exemplified in much statutory reasoning) is taken as simple in legal scholarship. Statutory interpretation—how to determine the meaning of words in a statute, the relevance of the lawmakers’ intent, and so forth—is much discussed, but there is little treatment of the structure of statutory reasoning once the meaning of the words is established. Once the meaning of terms is established, statutory reasoning is considered, roughly speaking, to be deductive reasoning.This Essay examines the structure of statutory reasoning after ambiguities are resolved and the meaning of the statute’s terms established. It argues that standard formal logic is not the best approach for modeling statutory rule-based reasoning. Rather, the Essay argues, using the Internal Revenue Code and accompanying regulations, judicial decisions, and rulings as its primary example, that at least some statutory reasoning is best characterized as defeasible reasoning—reasoning that may result in conclusions that can be defeated by subsequent information—and is best modeled using default logic. The Essay then addresses the practical and theoretical benefits of this alternative understanding of rule-based legal reasoning.

For the development of human rights and the protection of constitutional rights of a country, a proper Legal Aid System and its development are essential. Without proper Legal Aid System, ensured access to justice, fair trial, rule of law, fundamental rights, human rights, equality before law and human rights development is not possible. Legal Aid is a form of human rights. It protects the rights of backwards section of human. It also stimulates and encourages their new activities. This article focuses on the present laws ensure legal aid in Bangladesh, to point out the ways through which one can get legal aid, to expose the practical flaws to complied Legal Aid Act and to suggest the recommendations with necessary modifications in the existing Legal Aid Law of circumstances prevailing in our society would best meet our judicial needs and access to get justice in Court .

Since the Supreme People's Court took back the right of death penalty examination in 2007, defense counsels have come to play an important part in the Death Penalty Review Procedure. But for the defendants who haven't chosen a defense counsel, the past laws and regulations do not clearly specify if they access to legal aid in the Death Penalty Review Procedure. Until 2021, China passed the Legal Aid Law and relevant regulations, the new laws makes it clear that the defendant of death penalty review can obtain legal aid to defend. This paper focuses on the construction and improvement of the legal aid system of China's death penalty review procedure. Firstly, it combs the development context of China's death penalty review system. Secondly, it analyzes the theoretical basis of the legal aid system of death penalty review procedure, discusses the necessity of introducing legal aid defense into the death penalty review procedure, and puts forward the connotation and value of criminal procedure in the construction of the system. Finally, it puts forward views and suggestions on the further improvement of the system around the shortcomings of the existing provisions and the possible difficulties in judicial practice.

There has been an explosion of interest in health sciences applications of case-based reasoning (CBR), not only in the traditional CBR in medicine domain, but also in bioinformatics, enabling home health-care technologies, CBR integration, and synergies between CBR and knowledge discovery. This special issue features the best papers from the third workshop on CBR in the health sciences, held at ICCBR-05 in Madrid. It is the third in a series of exciting workshops, the first two of which were held at ICCBR-03, in Trondheim, Norway, and at ECCBR-04, in Madrid, Spain. The nine high-quality papers introduced here represent the research and experience of twenty-two authors working in eight different countries on a wide range of problems and projects. These papers illustrate some of the major trends of current research in CBR in the health sciences, and represent overall an excellent sample of the most recent advances of CBR in the health sciences.

We consider an approach to automatic knowledge acquisition through machine learning based on integration of two basic paradigms of reasoning – case-based and rule-based reasoning. Case-based reasoning allows to use high-performance database technology for storing and accumulating cases, while rule-based reasoning is the most developed technology for creating declarative knowledge on the basis of strong logical inference. We also propose an improvement of classification algorithm through extraction of fuzzy rules from cases. We have obtained higher classification accuracy for various membership functions and for sequentially reducing amount of training sample by application of special strategies for expanding the scope of fuzzy rules in the control sample classification.

The legal aid movement started from the notion of social action. Today, legal aid constitutes a highly commodified field that continues to be dominated by jurists and lawyers. For this reason, the kind of critical reflection that already exists in social work is also required in relation to the notion of legal aid as envisaged by the legal aid movement. Justiciable problems necessarily manifest themselves in a social context. An evolving community, faced with increasingly complex issues, demands a multidisciplinary approach, as it becomes clear that the traditionally deterministic view of professions ought to be abandoned. A ‘socially responsible legal aid system’ therefore presupposes that various disciplines should mutually influence one another. Hence, the jurist and the social worker should not only work side by side, but they should also collaborate and mutually enhance one another's activities and approaches. There is a need for an overarching holistic approach that can reassert the legitimacy of legal aid. Looking at legal aid services in Belgium, one may conclude that a critical reflexive attitude on the part of current legal aid providers is crucial for attaining an effective socially responsible legal aid practice that stretches across the boundaries of different professional groups.

The government-funded legal aid system in Bangladesh has been undergoing development. Bangladesh has guaranteed the right to legal assistance in different laws and particularly in the Legal Aid Services Act (LASA) with specific and greater detail. Moreover, it acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 2000. In this context, the purpose of this article is to examine the current practice of the country with respect to the granting of early access to legal aid in criminal proceedings in light of international human rights standards. The article indicates that the prevailing problem of arbitrary arrest and pre-trial detention of those who are living in poverty is a matter of grave concern in Bangladesh. The author, therefore, recommends a mechanism to ensure early access to legal aid in the government-operated legal aid framework, as a fundamental aspect of a comprehensive system, for the protection of the interests of those who have been arrested or detained prior to being interviewed and formally charged of a criminal offence.

This paper presents the concepts, ideas and techniques behind Case Based Reasoning (CBR) in relation to knowledge extraction techniques for health promotion. The ultimate goal is to develop a help-desk service for advice about preventive measures to be taken concerning concrete occupational injury hazards. CBR has been suggested to be a complimentary method to knowledge extraction in order to take direct advantages of large databases for building decision support systems. In this work a database on work injuries is being used to develop a CBR application using a CBR shell called Recall.