The use of focus group research in environmental education and qualitative methodological strategy: an analysis of the school ecological network project (Uberaba/MG)

When considering a topic as broad as research in environmental education it seems worthwhile, at the outset, to make some basic distinctions. First, establishing research priorities is not simply an empirical question. While it is undoubtedly useful to try to establish perceived needs and interests, and to consider them when establishing research priorities, this can only describe part of the task at hand. There are surely some logical requirements as well.Second, a much more challenging task, it seems to me, is to more clearly understand the nature of the questions to which we seek answers. We must seek to distinguish between those research techniques which are more or less consistent with the nature of our task. Unfortunately, research in education generally, and in environmental education, in particular, has been hindered by a failure on the part of the research community to recognize the need for a more complete range of research perspectives than those customarily found, and by a failure to recognize the occasional and inevitable misapplications of technique which can occur when appropriate methodologies do not seem available.With some misgivings about the scope of research in environmental education in mind, I am led to my concern: How do we go about furthering our understanding of concepts central to our field of study? In exploring this question I propose that conceptual analysis is an important research area. Further, I also argue that it is not simply an option, but rather a logical necessity if we are to establish greater coherence within environmental education and avoid unnecessary confusion (see for example: Barrow & Milburn, 1986; Scheffler, 1960; Soltis, 1978; and Wilson, 1969). Further, it is in the nature of this question that we find appeal for this particular approach to research.

This paper addresses the question of how Australian environmental education (EE) research was conceptualised and contextualised in the decade of the 1990s. Sixty seven articles published by Australian authors in this journal from 1990–2000 were analysed to examine the conceptualisation of this research using an inductive emergent categorisation approach and a five frames model (Reid, in press) of key arguments and debates in the field. Contextualisation was explored in relation to specialist areas, scale and environmental dimensions of focus. A search for a coherent and distinct meaning of of this research was explored by making comparisons with international environmental education research during a similar time period that was the subject of two reviews. These analyses revealed that Australian environmental education research can be characterised as questioning and challenging prevailing (at the time) environmental education orthodoxies by critiquing and theorising the conceptual and curriculum framing of environmental education, most commonly from a socially critical and global perspective. Specialist areas and educational sectors that received little attention are also discussed.

In this paper, we reflect on a study in Brazil’s Cerrado that attempts to address a lack of attention to an aesthetic dimension in environmental education practice and research. We start by tracing this lack to the overvaluing of the cognitive sphere in the educational process, noting its echo in the low aesthetic value attributed to the Cerrado biome. Then, through reflecting on an empirical, interview based study of sensations, perceptions and feelings evoked by aesthetic experiences in the Cerrado, we draw on insights from a hermeneutic phenomenological approach to identify key themes for environmental education research and practice in this regard. These include: recognising the singularity of experience; attending to the qualities of experience; acknowledging the value/s of ‘lighter’ and ‘darker’ experiences; and deepening emotions and verbal communication. In our final considerations, we discuss the limitations of the study, alongside new directions in studies of perception, experience, aesthetics and pedagogy that may also advance attention to an aesthetic dimension in environmental education practice and research.

This chapter compares the flower fairies of Cicely Mary Barker with Elsa Beskow’s plant–human hybrids to explore how they might be read as contributing to such a cognitive shift by re-visioning how humans live with plants. Recent research in environmental education has found that children can develop moral and affective understandings of plants. A relational poetics of plant–human interactions emerges from contrasting the works of Barker and Beskow. Environmental philosophers and educators have developed various concepts to describe how to think about human and more-than-human differences and connections. The image of entanglement is an effective means for thinking about child–plant relationships. Since humans could not survive without plants, people are all “entangled in an assemblage of collective vulnerability”. The association of plants with fairies is an old one in the English literary tradition. Elsa Beskow began her career as an illustrator earlier than Barker began hers and also had more formal training than Barker.

This research explores the diversity of topics related to environmental education issues and students’ environmental concerns regarding their behavior. The bibliometric method is a quantitative approach used to measure and investigate specific indicators within the literature published in a particular field. This method involves creating knowledge maps using extensive databases to identify patterns and trends. Using the keyword “environmental education” on Scopus from 2018 to 2023, 365 relevant documents were found. In the PRISMA flow diagram, the process started with 7550 traced documents, narrowing down to 2536 relevant documents through screening. From these, 776 related documents were chosen, and 573 relevant documents were recognized after the inclusion stage. Throughout, a total of 365 publications were included in the study. VOS viewer software was used to analyze data and generate bibliographic maps and networks. In the last five years, research on environmental education has experienced exciting fluctuations. Key sources like Sustainability Switzerland and the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health have played a significant role. Research by Bogner, F.X. stands out, reflecting high interest in environmental issues and education within the scientific community. Universities such as Universidad de Granada and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia contribute significantly. The United States leads in publications. Environmental education research remains crucial for sustainable practices and environmental literacy despite fluctuations. This data provides essential guidance for future research planning. This research not only underscores the increasing research emphasis on the educational ramifications of pandemics but also identifies specific areas that warrant more extensive exploration.

This article explores the evolution of the relationship between the inquirer and participant within a narrative inquiry conducted in the field of environmental education. Our focus is on how relational ethics contribute to the creation of narrative spaces that cultivate a caring and reciprocal relationship, where respect, trust, and productive self-reflection foster personal and professional growth for both parties. Building on this, we discuss the potential to reenvision research in environmental education—and beyond—as a caring and reciprocal experience. Ultimately, we advocate for the view that educational research should serve as a platform that fosters interactions promoting democracy, through cooperation and equitable dialogue, and ethical growth through care and reciprocity.

This report is the fourth of four that stem from a study of the Impact of Approved Induction

The transition from centralized energy systems based on fossil fuels to renewable-based systems is a macro-level societal shift necessitated by climate change. This review of recent environmental education (EE) research identifies gaps and opportunities for promoting environmental action in this new context. We found that environmental educators and researchers are currently focused on researching and promoting energy conservation behavior with an emphasis on children and youth. We also found an emerging research focus on energy transitions at the regional and national levels. We recommend that environmental educators and researchers adopt a vision and strategy for climate change and energy education that more explicitly addresses the role of collective action, multiactor networks, and sociotechnical innovation in shaping energy transition processes.

Irrespective of consistent environmental awareness created by different conservation institutions in Nigeria the level of environmental degradation has remained on the increase. There is therefore an urgent need to investigate the effectiveness of the strategies used for both environmental education, and the development of the environmental educators. Assessment of Environmental Education and Manpower development strategies in Kainji Lake National Park (KLNP) was therefore conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of the strategies; and factors militating against effective environmental education in the park. Data for this study were obtained through personal observations, administrative record, three sets of structured questionnaires and in depth interview with experienced members of staff and knowledgeable indigenes of host communities. A set of questionnaire was administered to thirty percent of staff in the park. The second set was randomly administered to thirty percent of household representatives in ten easily accessible communities bordering the park, while the third was administered to 59% of all students of the Department of Forestry, University of Port Harcourt who visited KLNP for industrial attachment. In all 100 staff members, 403 household representatives and 42 students were sampled. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics in the form of percentages and frequencies. Environmental education level was rated high in KLNP by staff (82.00%) and student (83.00%) respondents. Strategies of environmental education in the park were listed as industrial attachment (IT)(25.0%), mass media (18.00%), seminars (18.00%), hand bills / fliers (14.00%) and workshop (12.00%) and excursions. As a tool for man power development, Industrial Training (I.T) was rated very effective by staff (79.80%), and student (69.00%) respondents. Also rated effective by staff respondents were In – service training (79.80%) and workshop (67.10%). Majority of the student respondents rated I.T very effective as a man power development strategy. A total of 482 students from 19 higher institutions across different geopolitical zones of Nigeria have participated in I.T. of KLNP between 1979 and 2005, while a total of 22,894 students from different states of Nigeria have visited KLNP in form of excursion, with the highest participation experienced in 1998 (2,591). Also 158 workers of KLNP have participated in different forms of staff empowerment programme between 2004 and 2009, with the highest participation recorded in 2008 (78,48%). More so, 220 staff of KLNP have participated in In – service training between 2000 and 2010. Problems militating against effective environmental education and manpower development in the park were inadequate funding (85%) and low educational level of community dwellers (33.00%).Students’ industrial attachment is the most effective strategy of man power development in KLNP that can have national spread and sustainable impact, while students’ excursion is an effective strategy of also having a sustainable environmental education that spreads across the country. But, at local level, focus discussion and use of radio are the most effective environmental awareness strategy among communities bordering the park, while in – service training and skill acquisition programme for host communities are the most effective man power development strategy.

This article reflects on and responds to the eight articles that interacted with my 2024 book, Gender and Environmental Education: Feminist and Other(ed) Perspectives. It draws together some of the important themes illuminated and interrogated by the respondents and suggests future directions for research in gender and environmental education. These include: the need for unforgetting; using the concept of the Capitalocene to name the root cause of the climate change emergency; engaging non-Western perspectives; implementing anticolonial methodologies; researching intersectionality and for multispecies justice; promoting interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity in order to understand environmental problems better; re-thinking strategies, and changing school curricula so that they incorporate Indigenous ways of knowing and caring for the environment.

This edition of the EEASA Journal provides insight into a range of relationships in the field of environmental education, and the complexities that exist around them, as reflected in the combination of papers. This Editorial picks up on the methodological ‘note’ (or is it a challenge?) provided by Godwell Nhamo in his paper in this edition of the journal. He provides a description of the possibilities that actor network theory provides for describing and explaining environmental policy processes, and recommends that environmental educators consider this methodology in their analyses. In particular, he refers environmental educators to applications of actor network theory for tracing relational dynamics between actors (i.e., environmental education practitioners) and actants which are non-human referents (e.g., the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development and UNESCO’s (2005) International Implementation Scheme). In response to his paper, I have chosen to ‘pick up’ on this methodological discussion in this Editorial, by considering aspects of this theoretical perspective in describing the ‘happenings’ that occur across the pages of this edition of the EEASA Journal. In doing so, I highlight (in part) the diversity of actors and actants that are influencing the field of environmental education, their subject matter and contexts, and I highlight the relational dynamics that become evidentwhen one accepts a methodology that aims to trace such dynamics. In particular, this Editorial considers how ‘The language of actors, actants and actor/actant-networks brings to the fore the relationships and complexities that exist around them’ (Nhamo, this edition).

This research has been motivated by the necessity of understanding the essential concept of education and of having critical attitudes related to the common sense about the aims of education. Researches related to the concepts of education and environmental education can help us to understand the fundamental principles that are being chosen to justify and to carry out environmental education programs. So, trying to understand tendencies in environmental education researcher's conceptions in Brazil we carried out an analysis of the articles presented in The First Environmental Education Research Meeting (I EPEA). The main questions proposed are: 1 - what conceptions of education and environmental education can be identified in the articles presented in I EPEA? 2 - What evidences can be raised from these articles to help us to identify such conceptions? Through content analysis we tried to identify meaningful excerpts to the research purposes and to categorize them in a thematical process. The political dimension of education, linked to the process of social transformation and citizenship, was one of the main aspects find out in the articles. Participation, interdisciplinarity, values, the relationship between local and global aspects of environmental issues and controversial issues were objectives or methodological principles presented in I EPEA articles. Nevertheless, it is relevant to point out that we could find some elements that permit us to link them to a traditional view of education or a view that goes in the direction of technicality in education. Risks of a pragmatic view or of an instrumentalism conception of environmental education present in these articles are mentioned.

The assemblage of water/watery/watering is a lively cartography of how water may be accounted for when theorising with and through environmental education research. Challenging the universalising claims of Western technoscience and the colonial logic of extraction, the article develops an alternative theoretical mapping of environmental education through engagements with Ingold’s (2007, 2012, 2015) concepts of lines, knots, and knotting. For this article and for the Special Issue in which it is housed, the concepts of such knottings are defined as an assemblage of haecceities, lived events that are looped, tethered and entangled as material and conceptual agencies that inhere within situated encounters. Thus, this article grapples with the need to account for water differently in contemporary posthuman ecologies. To overcome anthropocentric and mastery-oriented approaches, various other ways to account for water in science or environmental education will continue to come to the surface, bubbling and rushing like a waterfall as they have done in this work. Some of these will include thinking with water, which will be central to a theoretical mapping of water that seeks embrace sticky knots. The article explores a (re)turn to artful practices and encounters as spaces in which posthumanist concepts for environmental education might be cultivated.

This paper engages questions about ends in environmental education research. In doing so, I argue that such questions are essentially normative, and that normative questions are underrepresented in this field. After cautioning about perils of prescribing research agendas, I gently suggest that in environmental education key normative questions exist at the intersection of ‘education’ and ‘ethics’, and that they point to an area of research that deserves more attention. In describing the intersecting nature of these ideas, I show that how education is conceived in turn shapes interpretations of ethics, and vice versa. Seen this way, I also show how ethics inquiry in an educational context can be conceived as a means to explore controversy, dissonance, unconventional ideas, and to imagine new possibilities. Finally, I argue that research at this intersection of education and ethics can provide insights that can enable us to teach, inquire, and ultimately live as if the world mattered.

The study reported in this paper emerged from a concern that despite 20 years of theorizing about the practice of environmental education in Australian schools it continues to be marginalized in the school curriculum. The educational problem we set out to address was how to improve teaching and learning in relation to environmental issues in schools and the broader community in Australia. In this paper we position our study in relation to Rickinson's report on research focused on learners and learning in environmental education. We also draw on Hart and Nolan's 1999 paper on trends in environmental education research. We argue that while the aims of environmental education are well documented, and there is agreement that environmental education in schools is an important strategy in achieving environmental improvement, little is known about the environmental understandings held by children. Our study sought to provide data on the environmental understandings of young people. In order to achieve this aim we linked with government and community groups who also had an interest in the outcomes of the study. We report on the outcomes of the study and specifically in relation to the working partnership we had with 'partner groups'.