The Use of Simulation Programs in the Traffic Accident Analysis

Traffic accidents, which continue to increase from year to year in Turkey and in the world, have become a huge problem that can result in serious traumas, injuries, and deaths, as well as their material and moral consequences. Many studies have been carried out in the world and in Turkey to reduce the number of traffic accidents, but these studies have not been very effective in reducing accidents. In this study, 3105 fatal or injured traffic accidents between 2010–2017 in Sarıyer district of Istanbul, Turkey’s largest city in terms of population, were discussed. We analyzed the statistical information on the subject in detail within the framework of geographic information systems. It has been tried to determine the sections where traffic accidents are concentrated in this region with studies based on spatial methods. Thematic accident map was created according to the accident types. In this context, the advantages and disadvantages of these methods were compared using Point Density, Kernel Density, Getis Ord Gi*, and Anselin Local Moran’s I (LISA) Spatial Autocorrelation. In addition, in order to observe the change in accidents, thematic accident and Kernel Density maps were created separately according to accident occurrence types in the beginning and last year. From this point of view, the changes that occurred in the accidents were interpreted. The current study determined that the most accidents were on some streets and these streets divided into regions in a plan. The cases were examined with statistical analyses according to accident types and using the Kernel Density method. In addition, it has been observed that Kernel Density method gives better visual results than other spatial methods. In this study, spatial analysis and statistical analysis methods were used to evaluate traffic accidents more realistically. The day of the week effect and month of the year effect on traffic accidents was investigated for the first time. In addition, it is proposed to bring a new approach to the prevention of traffic accidents by using hotspot, accident type, and day of the week effect.

Background Among the largest Italian Regions, Piedmont (Northern Italy) had in 2017 a crude rate of road traffic accidents (RTA) deaths greater than the national average. RTA injuries remain a leading cause of injury deaths in Italy. Among them in both Piedmont and Italy many victims are vulnerable road users (VRU): pedestrians, cyclists and users of motorcycles or motorpeds. The study was aimed to describe their mechanisms of injury. Methods Observational study of the resident population in Piedmont from 2003 to 2015. Transportation Injuries (ICD-10: V01-V99) were considered, because of their greater comparability rate in bridge coding studies. A number of 5,185 RTA deaths was observed. Role, type of vehicle of the victim and collision were studied. Results Piedmont in 2017 had a RTA mortality rate (6.35 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) greater than Italy (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.29; p < 0.02), 48.4% of the victims were VRU similarly to national data (49.8%). In the period the proportion of VRU on RTA deaths steadily increased from 25.6% in 2003 to 49.1% in 2015, in a significant way (z = 2.79; p = 0.005), because in a context of marked reduction of RTA mortality (-54.5%), the regional trend for VRU shows only a slight decrease (-12,6%). The VRU were: pedestrians (47.0%), motorized two-wheels users (37.4%) and cyclists (15.6%). Among pedestrians 63.9% deaths were caused by collisions with mainly automobiles (82.1%) and heavy vehicles (12.7%). In case of collision the prevalent causes of death were head injuries (41.5%) and multi-trauma (31.8%). Similar patterns were observed for cyclists, while in motorcyclists 56.5% of deaths were due to loss of control or fixed object. Conclusions VRU injuries remain a public health and social concern. Yet despite their extent, this problem is still not adequately considered in public health prevention programs. The observed mechanisms of injury evidence the importance to enhance the protection of VRU in road traffic circulation. Key messages In Italy, vulnerable road users are becoming a major group among road traffic injury deaths, because they not follow the general trend of large decrease of RTA injuries. Largest VRU group are pedestrians such as cyclists they are hit by cars or heavy vehicles with major trauma, in the motorized two-wheels loss of control and collision with fixed object are important.

:Background:It is a known fact that road traffic accidents are responsible for nearly 1.3 million deaths and another 50 million injuries in a year around the globe. Depending on the economic development of the country, victim category may change. In countries like Sri Lanka Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) are more susceptible for road traffic accidents. According to police records pedestrian involved accidents were top the list among other victim categories up to 2015. At present motor cycle riders are recorded as the highest number of victims due to road traffic accidents and pedestrians are at the second place. This paper is about pedestrians involved road traffic accidents reported to Kandy Police station in Sri Lanka to investigate and report a comparison of accidents recorded. Data Collection By law it is mandatory to report all the road traffic accidents to the police station concerned. For this study, road traffic accidents reported to Kandy police station during the period 29.08.2017 to 31.12.2018 were considered. Kandy is the second largest city in Sri Lanka and Kandy has nearly 10% of total traffic related incidents reporting compared to rest of the Country. As explained by Ming Sun et al it is very important pay detailed information about the pedestrian involved accidents to find an acceptable solution to ensure their safety. As a start, summary of accident categories are summarized in the table 1. Table 1: Summary of victim categories reported to Kandy Police Station Severity Gender of the Victim Female Male Grand Total Pedestrian Others Pedestrian Others Fatal 13 2 10 10 35 Grievous 30 19 36 63 148 Grand Total 43 21 46 73 183 According to the table 1, it is evident that pedestrians are highly vulnerable to road traffic accidents in the study area concerned. Further, Table 2 is representation of the same data set in percentages. Table 2 : Percentages of road traffic accidents for Pedestrians and others Pedestrian Others Pedestrian Others Fatal 37.14% 5.71% 28.57% 28.57% 100.00% Grievous 20.27% 12.84% 24.32% 42.57% 100.00% It is important to check whether the accidents are prominent in weekdays or weekends. Table 3 is a summary of accidents summarized according to the day of the week; Table 3 Accident variation according to the day of the week Pedestrian Involved accident Other Accidents Weekdays 70 70 Weekends 19 23 Accident / day (Weekday) 14 14 Accident/ Day (Weekend) 9.5 11.5 According to the dataset considered, there is no difference of accidents per day for weekdays for pedestrian involved and others. But for Weekends, there is a difference of accidents per day on weekends. This may be due to more pedestrians travel during weekdays due to official commitments, schooling etc. Table4. Vehicles involved in Accidents Vehicle Category Victim Category Pedestrian others Motor cycle 31 17 Three wheelers 9 37 Other Vehicles 49 39 Grand Total 89 93 According to the table 4, Motor Cycles and Three wheelers are responsible for most of the Pedestrian involved accidents. Since Motor cycles and three wheelers also categorized as vulnerable road users similar to pedestrians, they should be educated about the importance of sharing facilities with their fellow road users. Table 5 Accident locations Female Male Pedestrian Others Pedestrian Others Fatal Pedestrian crossing 6 0 2 0 others 7 2 8 10 Grievous Pedestrian crossing 9 0 11 1 Others 21 19 25 62 Grand Total 43 21 46 73 as per the information collected and analyzed, pedestrian involved accidents are high at pedestrians crossings compared to other locations. It is a known fact that pedestrian movements, especially across roads are higher at pedestrian crossings, but making such places safer also an important responsibility of the authorities.Conclusions:Pedestrian involved accidents are at a very high percentage. This may be because of low property damage and minor injury relate accidents also considered. Due to various uncertainties and possible underreporting, only fatal accidents and accidents categories as grievous are considered. According to the dataset considered, pedestrians are at high risk on roads compared to other road users. Main culprits in making pedestrian related accidents are other groups of vulnerable road users namely Motorcycle riders and Three-wheeler drivers. Pedestrian related accidents are more prominent during weekends compared to other victim categories.Keywords:Traffic Accidents, Pedestrian accidents, Vulnerable road users

Trends of traffic fatalities and DNA analysis in traffic accident investigation

Analysis of traffic accident causes based on data augmentation and ensemble learning with high-dimensional small-sample data

The article provides an analysis of the global trends in the field of city transport systems' safety. It is shown that the decrease in the safety of traffic is one of the consequences of the growth of motorization. The efficiency of measures to prevent traffic accidents is analyzed from the viewpoint of their role in the process to ensure safety and sustainability of the urban transportation system. Currently, the efforts to increase the proportion of trips made by foot or by non-motorized transport are made. That is why the problem of ensuring safety of the most vulnerable road users is relevant. One of methods to prevent traffic accidents is to identify potentially dangerous road users, whose behavior may lead to serious consequences. Technical equipment, as well as active control from the side of the services, that ensure road safety, are used to identify violators. Official statistics of the State Inspectorate for Traffic Security is used as initial information. According to the Haddon matrix, there should be 3 stages to decrease the number, as well as the severity of traffic accidents. From our point of view, the most important stage is the phase “before the traffic accident”. The statistics of traffic accidents with victims, as well as the factors that cause such accidents, are analyzed. Simulation has shown, that rational management can reduce the likelihood and the severity of road traffic accidents. Ways to improve efficiency of the above mentioned traffic accidents' prevention measures are proposed.

This study focused on estimating influential factors of traffic accidents and analyzing traffic accident severity of elderly and non elderly using traffic accident data. In order to reclassify elderly and non elderly traffic accident by a statistical method from entire traffic accident data, multiple discriminant analysis was applied. Also ordered logit model was applied for analyzing traffic accident severities using traffic accident severities as an independent variable and transportation facilities, road conditions and human characteristics as dependent variables. As results of the comparison between elderly and non elderly traffic accident, the traffic accident severity was affected by the age, types of traffic accidents, human characteristics and road conditions as well. Also, transportation facilities and road conditions affected to more elderly traffic accident than non elderly. Therefore, traffic accident severity would be decreased with the improvement of transportation facilities and road conditions for the elderly.

Developed countries, especially ones with good geographic and climatic characteristics for cycling, recognized long time ago the benefits of using bicycle as a mean of transport, peculiarly by motivating passenger car users towards the wider use of bicycle. Some of the most significant advantages of cycling are health improving, emission and congestion reductions, mitigation of problems with traffic noise and parking in central urban areas etc. Traffic casualties are global world problem and cyclists are especially demoralized for resolving the above mentioned problems because they are classified as vulnerable road users. According to that, it is essential to take measures for improving the level of cyclists safety in traffic, and thus to create conditions for popularization of cycling. Besides phenomenological approach in traffic accident investigation and reconstruction (spatial distribution, time distribution, types of accidents, particular characteristics of traffic accidents, etc.), etiological approach is more significant because of more detailed causes and circumstances analyses of cyclists endangerment in traffic and results of these analyses are basis for measures in traffic safety improvement. Traffic accident reconstruction is the analysis of the occurring circumstances, but also analysis of circumstances under which could be avoided. Expertise presents investigation which is done by expert, so in traffic accident reconstruction it is necessary to realize a lot of complex procedures in order to assess traffic accident occurrence. Part of a time-distance analysis which is the most relevant for defining the causes and circumstances of traffic accidents is avoidance analysis.

RTAs (Road Traffic Accidents) are therefore an emerging global issue; they not only lead to losses in terms of finance, but also cause injury and loss of life. The discussion in this article about RTA (Road Traffic Accident) injuries in India encapsulates the main ideas briefly in this abstract. The RTA injury figures for India are a worrisome factor. The fatalities due to RTA (Road Traffic Accident) account for more than 1.5 lakh scantical yearly deaths. It is, therefore, necessary that comprehensive road safety measures may be employed. It is not the fatalities alone; a large number of lakhs of persons get injured in these incidents, the severity of which may have long-term physical, mental, and financial repercussions. RTA (Road Traffic Accident) injuries affect some demographics more than others. The load falls invariably on vulnerable road users such as walkers, cyclists, and two-wheeler riders. While there are more incidents in urban regions, the safety regulations are blatantly Ignored in ignored in rural areas. There are differences in RTA (Road Traffic Accident) injuries by age and gender. This, in particular, is very susceptible to young males due to habits such as overspeeding and rash driving. However, children and older adults have a risk of experiencing experiencing devastating injuries as well. Because of this burden, RTA inflections inflict on the health system; medical emergencies, trauma centers, and rehabilitation services should be enhanced. Several services are crucial for the needs of the injured and help them recover. RTA (Road Traffic Accident) injuries entail comprehensive actions of road safety. We might definitely do so by concentrating on these facts and ensuring safeguards in order to work for the reduction of RTA (Road Traffic Accident) incidents in India, hence saving lives and guaranteeing a healthier future for all road users. Any collision between a vehicle and a pedestrian, animal, road barrier, or immovable impediment like a tree or utility pole is referred to as a traffic accident, collision.

Responsibility for damage caused by wildlife on public roads represents a complex legal issue that faces numerous challenges, particularly in the context of legal regulations and judicial practice. This paper highlights relevant regulations, as well as theoretical concepts of liability for dangerous things, with a special emphasis on the phenomenon of wildlife as a potential hazard on the road. In legal proceedings, traffic engineering experts are often engaged to assess whether there were any shortcomings on the part of the plaintiff, as a participant in the traffic accident whose vehicle sustained damage after coming into contact with wildlife on a public road. Additionally, the paper will present three examples of traffic accidents involving animals, illustrating the potential for avoiding collisions between vehicles and animals. The aim is to clarify the circumstances and causation in this type of accidents in accordance with existing legal norms and the analysis of traffic accidents, indicating the need for a different interpretation of liability in such cases.

This observational study aimed to investigate temporal trends in transport-related injuries in New Zealand by mode of transport and explore whether specific population groups and localities have a relatively higher incidence of injury. These trends provide insight into changes in injury patterns from road trauma. A retrospective study of hospitalised road trauma in New Zealand was conducted between 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2021. Data were obtained from the National Minimum Dataset of hospital admissions, and the New Zealand Trauma Registry (NZTR). Road trauma was identified using ICD-10 coding, and major trauma using Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) coding. Analysis included road trauma by mode, ethnicity, rurality and population rates. Statistical analysis included Interrupted Time Series (ITS) analysis to account for the impact of COVID-19 on road trauma. Over the 4-year period there were 20,607 incidents of transport-related injury that resulted in admission to a New Zealand hospital. Of these, 14.5% (2,992) involved injuries that were classified as major trauma. Car occupants accounted for 62% of hospitalisations, followed by motorcyclists (23%), pedestrians (9%) and pedal cyclists (4%). Temporal trends showed no reduction in injuries from cars, pedal cyclists and pedestrian injuries, but an increase in motorcycling injuries. Māori had an age-standardised incidence rate almost 3.5 times higher than the rate for Asian peoples. The increases in motorcycling injuries and no changes in pedestrian and cycling injuries, as well as demographic variation, highlight the need to focus on vulnerable road users. Effective and targeted initiatives on vulnerable road users will support objectives to reduce deaths and serious injury on New Zealand roads. Enhanced exposure data is needed for vulnerable road users to account for mobility changes over time. Linked data across population-based datasets is an important asset that enhances our understanding of road traffic injuries and allows evidence-based countermeasures to be developed.

The analysis of traffic influence degree of urban traffic accident has a significant and real-world importance for estimating traffic emergency grades and adopting corresponding countermeasures. In this paper, analogized with water wave ripple theory, the ratio of speed before-to after-accident was proposed as the traffic impact coefficient to evaluate the traffic influence of an accident. In this paper, we limited the study to a certain type of traffic accident and established a standard theoretical model of the traffic impact coefficient. Thirty-five traffic accidents were sorted by using MATLAB, and the variable control method based on data filtering was adopted. According to the variations of different traffic accident characteristics and considering the differences in remaining road capacity after the accident, the modified factor of each accident was obtained by calculating the lane utilization factor of urban roads. The traffic influence degree value was calculated via double integral, which was used to evaluate the comprehensive traffic impact of the accident on the surrounding road network. Finally, the comprehensive traffic influence value was calculated by using the established standard model and the model built according to simulation data on the basis of a VISSIM simulation of an assumed accident. Results show that the comprehensive traffic influence values of the two methods were 0.666 and 0.648. The error of the two values was 3.8%, which shows the feasibility of the established evaluation model for traffic impact of accidents. The result shows that the proposed model proposed in this paper can be used by traffic management departments to quickly respond to accidents.

The aim of this research is to determine the classification characteristics of traffic accidents in Denpasar city in January-July 2014 by using Classification And Regression Trees (CART). Then, for determine the explanatory variables into the main classifier of CART. The result showed that optimum CART generate three terminal node. First terminal node, there are 12 people were classified as heavy traffic accident characteritics with single accident, and second terminal nodes, there are 68 people were classified as minor traffic accident characteristics by type of traffic accident front-rear, front-front, front-side, pedestrians, side-side and location of traffic accident in district road and sub-district road. For third terminal node, there are 291 people were classified as medium traffic accident characteristics by type of traffic accident front-rear, front-front, front-side, pedestrians, side-side and location of traffic accident in municipality road and explanatory variables into the main splitter to make of CART is type of traffic accident with maximum homogeneity measure of 0.03252.

Identifying the (Hot Spots) for traffic accidents in Erbil City A study of the problems of the Urban Environment

Comparison of Multivariate Regression Models and Artificial Neural Networks for Prediction Highway Traffic Accidents in Spain: A Case Study