The WHAT IF IT process

Designing augmented and tangible experiences that intertwine human practices and expectations, interaction spaces and complex digital artifacts is a complex and multifaceted task that relies upon iterative and multidisciplinary ideation processes. Design thinking techniques have been traditionally used in ideation of such digital artifacts. In this paper, we posit that integrating some software engineering practices can improve ideation by providing a structure to the process and helping to build a shared and permanently documented design rationale. It is not a matter of software engineering versus design thinking but a question of developing a holistic understanding of technological development where discipline and creativity, rationality and emotions and quality centered and people centered coexist. Based on this assumption, we conceived a software tool called CoDICE that offers a virtual co-design space where augmented digital experiences are documented and analyzed in a shared and distributed way. The paper discusses how CoDICE contributes to alleviate some problems of co-design events including the need to support multiple co-design spaces, make explicit the co-design process and its goals, support documentation, justify design decisions, explore multiple ideas and generate a shared representation of the outcomes. Two scenarios are used to illustrate the tool utility: short-term co-design workshops in which the tool enabled multidisciplinary teams of novice designers to explore and structure their ideas and a long-term co-design project where the tool facilitated traceability, documentation, the reuse of design components and the shared elaboration of the design rationale and evolution of the deployed technologies.

Through this study, we sought to determine whether design thinking significantly influences the generation of entrepreneurship of students in the fifth year of high school at the Guillermo E Billinghurst Educational Institution, Barranca - 2022. The sample consisted of 147 students, who answered a Likert scale survey with 18 items on design thinking, and 18 items on entrepreneurship. In addition, the research approach is quantitative, correlational and non-experimental - cross-sectional design. When applying Speraman's Rho statistic, an asymptotic significance (p=0) lower than the margin of error (p= 5%) is obtained, which allows affirming that design thinking significantly influences the generation of entrepreneurship of the students of the fifth year of high school of the Guillermo E Billinghurst Educational Institution, Barranca - 2022. Resulting in a positive and moderate correlation Spearman's Rho of 0,584. It is concluded that, in the educational institution studied many times it is possible to collect effective information, almost all problems are analyzed and defined, the ideation process is frequently used, the prototyping methodology is applied, and critical evaluations are made periodically; therefore, students perceive almost all the needs that can be met with the development of a venture, they acquire only certain knowledge to undertake, they almost always demonstrate business skills, develop positive values and attitudes, and analyze the environment frequently in order to adapt to the market

Due to the significant effect the COVID-19 epidemic had on employment and education within the tourism and hospitality sectors (Cameron et al., 2022; Carr, 2020; Fletcher et al., 2022) the purpose of this research project was to identify whether a different approach to vocational learning could better equip learners with the skills necessary to be work-ready. This research aimed to explore the application of a design thinking methodology to the development of a work-based learning programme for hospitality and tourism that serves the needs of industry and learners. The following fundamentals formed the basis of the research. • Explore the insights that can be gained by applying Design Thinking theory as a critical lens to evaluate teaching and learning initiatives in Tourism and Hospitality • Independently apply knowledge and implement this into the development of work-based learning pedagogic approach in tourism and hospitality education. • Evaluate the use of Design Thinking as a tool for pedagogic development through rigorous intellectual analysis, reflective practice, criticism and problem-solving. Initially, the methodology was Design Thinking incorporated into a work-based learning environment. However, the structure of the project had to be modified as a result of my transition to another role outside of Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology. As this was a major pivot, I realised that by creating a reflective case study, I could discover how Design Thinking might feature in the study. Therefore, Design Thinking was used to explore the insights of how Design Thinking could be applied to a living event in an educational setting. The key insights were that a Design Thinking approach to hospitality and tourism education enables learners to grow holistically because the skills are not technical rather 21st Century skills whereby the learners develop both soft and core skills. Additionally, there was evidence of increased levels of student confidence, motivation, whanaungatanga and interdisciplinary collaboration. However, there were challenges and the following recommendations were made. Design Thinking can be messy and for Design Thinking pedagogy to be implemented into a curriculum there needs to be collaboration across a variety of sectors and you need tutorial staff with agile ability to cope with different needs. Moving away from a prescribed delivery dictates the need to develop a toolbox of resources and as traditional education is highly structured and prescribed compared with Design Thinking which responds to ‘just in time’ teaching there-needs to be flexibility without time constraints. Through my experience as a practitioner, I have gained invaluable insights from completing my Master of Professional Practice. A key outcome from my research project is the ability to view and formulate innovative pedagogic concepts by approaching it through a Design Thinking perspective. My development has spanned the kaiako role I held within Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, to the role as Ringa Whanake (Qualifications Development Facilitator) and a researcher. My new learning was a lived experience, unfolding and empowering changes to my practice.

Purpose Creativity as an outcome of our thoughts and actions is a controversial concept that has been discussed by many disciplines in different ways. In the light of cognitive research on creativity, this study aims to deal with the components of the idea generation process specific to interior design education. Based on the study conducted in the interior design studio, this paper introduces the infographic model of design thinking. the main purpose of the model is to summarize how design students initiate the design process, create their own design ideas, and also how they lead design thinking for a spatial solution. Design/Methodology/Approach The cross-disciplinary research paper within the context of the psychological studies on creative cognition consists of a detailed analysis of the design process in the design studio. A case study was conducted in the second-year undergraduate interior design studio at Hacettepe University in order to observe the students’ experiences during one semester. In the wake of this qualitative research, the data obtained from 15 design students selected have been analyzed gradually and a design thinking model has been generated with the findings. Findings In addition to the interpretation of the creativity models from the literature, initial analyses showed that design thinking can be explained in three main stages as preparation, conceptualization, and spatialization that underlie the internal and external process of design thinking in the design studio. With subsequent analyses, these stages have been divided into different strategical layers according to students’ experiences. As a result, the infographic model of the design thinking process is structured based on the evaluations of these components and the design approaches identified. Research Limitations/Implications The data acquired from the case study undertaken by the author were compared so as to identify the similarities and diversities of these processes. More research on different stages of the design process can shed more light on design thinking. In addition to this, qualitative data are based on a small group of students to get detailed information about the process. The proposed model can be adapted for different studies in the context of the design studio with more participants. Practical/Social Implications The proposed model in the research is intended to be used as a content map that shows the alternative ways of thinking in design ideation, and also an analysis method of the design process for future studies. In other words, the paper shows the two-way implications of the design thinking model on design education. One of which is a guide for practical use for design students and the other is an analytical tool for studio instructors or researchers. Originality/Value This study brings to focus on conceptualization and spatialization for creative idea generation in design studio education. On the basis of drawn from creativity models, the paper introduces a new process model that provides an original interpretation of existing models in design. The proposed model differs from previous cognitive studies, as it expands the ideation process with both internal and external operations.

Software companies have been using Design Thinking to support software development, fostering the creation of innovative features and products. However, there is not so much knowledge of what matters for the application of Design Thinking being successful. Thus, this study aims to describe how does the adoption of Design Thinking with software development take place in a global information technology company through an interview-based case study with 16 professionals. Our analysis indicates that Design Thinking is used in software products, software improvements, processes, user experience identification and solution discovery. Also, there are perceived benefits and challenges during the Design Thinking activities. As a result, this paper describes the Design Thinking phenomenon in software development, serving as a guide for practitioners on how to set up and implement Design Thinking activities and publishing more academic research.

隨著科技日新月異、產業變遷，各行各業的顧客需求也不斷在轉變。為了跟上需求轉變的速度，現代企業不斷追求創新，產生一種不創新則滅亡的氛圍。因應這時代背景而起的就是「設計思考」，利用系統性的創新方法與步驟，站在「人」的角度思考，從挖掘洞察至達成創新或改善標的。 另外，近年來台灣遠距照護服務的技術逐漸成熟，國內已有第四代遠距照護模式運行，然而此遠距照護服務處於尚未完全成熟階段，仍有很大的調整空間。而遠距照護服務為醫療照護服務中之創新項目，研究擬使用設計思考，站在病人角度出發，探索早期使用者對遠距照護服務的體驗洞察。同時，研究也將提出設計思考使用於醫療照護領域中之限制及可能性。 首先藉由整理設計思考以及服務設計資料熟悉操作方法與工具，實際選定應用之醫療場域後進行一輪的探索以及收斂，針對收斂結果提出綜合分析並給予四大範疇之建議，分別為：推廣、醫療專業人員、儀器、與個管師。 最後以此個案研究驗證設計思考確實能利用一些技巧以及方法使受訪者產生共鳴進而分享個人經驗與想法，幫助團隊發現洞察。然而因醫療服務本質與一般服務的不同，加上法規限制，使得設計思考中有些方法無法順利應用於遠距照護服務場域中。

Design Thinking embraces challenges, and re-frames problems into opportunities for positive change. Design thinking is interdisciplinary and can be applied to a myriad of situations. There are multiple models of Design Thinking but one of the more popular ones has come out of the d.school at Stanford University (Costa, 2017). This thesis uses Qualitative data which has been collected through multiple research projects. Through exploratory means, I will evaluate the data that is presented in the research studies already conducted to help understand the issue of Design Thinking within education, as it stands today. I will be looking for similarities in findings through the different studies, as well as working to create an educated hypothesis to help propose future data collection and form a curriculum which supports design thinking as a learning aid. Design Thinking can be compared to the scientific method, however it is tailored to the design field and interdisciplinary practices. It is a methodology which helps designers identify the correct problem, ideate creative solutions and prototype and test these new ideas. This system can be learned and adapted by educators into their curriculums to help reach the 21st century student, and prepare them for the jobs of the future. Inter-disciplinary design and group collaboration has become essential in large companies and successful businesses. Which is why in a rapidly changing world it is important to fluidly remodel our approach to education. This thesis proposes that by teaching the Design Thinking framework in a "designerly" manner young students will more likely become well rounded human centered innovators. And more importantly, go on to work collaboratively with positive global change in mind. Teaching this framework to an age group that is rapidly cognitively developing (adolescence) it may help with their problem solving and problem framing abilities. Adolescence is a developmental phase when the brain is changing the way a person thinks and relates to themselves in direct correlation to their environment and their peers. According to brain research and MRI studies, the frontal cortex and amygdala both responsible for decision making and emotional responses are developing at a very fast rate during adolescence. For this reason, there is inherent justification for teaching effective and creative problem solving in a time when they are forming their decision making skills and are most at risk for problem behaviors. Through making courses available that encourage innovation and surveying student responses to Design Thinking and how it impacts their decision making, we can begin to understand the positive change. A few studies on this subject have already been done, however more research is needed to evaluate how design thinking can be applied across the curriculum, and a rigorous inquiry into how we think and why design can help. I will explore the existing research studies that have been conducted around the topic of how Design Thinking can affect the learner. The purpose is to propose the positive impact that teaching design problem solving to adolescents can have. In the studies presented there has been quantitative data that exhibits positive growth and development as a result of students being involved with creative thinking processes. Through using control groups and surveying student responses to Design Thinking and how it impacts their decision making, we can begin to understand the whether or not there are legitimate correlations.

In recent times, addressing the social aspects of IT products has become an important competitive factor on IT markets. IT development is forced to focus on more user-centeredness and the non-technical aspects of design problems. Against this background, design thinking has been discussed and applied as a new design paradigm for IT development. Basing on expert interviews and case study research, we examine in our research project what it means to put design thinking into operation in an IT context. We explain why design thinking is complementary to traditional IT design paradigms and what issues are involved in the subjects of perceiving, implementing and adopting design thinking in IT development.

Introduction In every working area, assets are exposed to risk of various harms. In the information technology area, there is risk of damaging or losing resources. Risk assessment is a process that determines what information resources require protection, and it documents potential risks from IT security failures that may cause loss of information confidentiality, integrity, or availability. The purpose of risk assessment is to help management create appropriate strategies and controls for the steering of information assets (BSI Standard 100-1,2,3), (ENISA Regulation). IT resources are tangible assets (such as hardware, equipment, buildings), data, documents, software, users, and intangible resources (reputation, confidence, etc.) Management of the information system (IS) is a component of the company management and makes its inherent part. The planning of the continuity of IS operation and development must be entirely coordinated with the same activities on the company level. Both short-term and long-term strategies must be harmonized within the framework of business, development, changes, and planning. Risk management and its maintenance on an acceptable level is part of the work process and its development. Its basic characteristic must be continuity (Nikolic, 2007). The chosen acceptable risk level after the implementation of particular measures also means a decision on balance referring to costs concerning the achievement of the selected risk level and benefits, i.e., profit of the company. Methodology The methodology of risk assessment implies recognized procedure (Macdonald, 2004), detailed system description, identification of hazards, defining causes of emphasized hazards, risk assessment, measures for risk reduction and mitigation, risk reassessment according to remaining hazards, and conducting measures for maintaining risk at an accepted level. Figure 1 displays the methodology of risk assessment with elements of the risk management system. Risk assessment in the IT area can be conducted by way of various methods. We use the method established and developed by our expert team (Nikolic & Laban 2008). The method was created for the occupational health and safety area, and is successfully applied in the IT area as described in Nikolic and Ruzic-Dimitrijevic (2009). This method enables the achievement of one of the main goals of risk assessment: risk assessment for every employee, workplace, and work environment, i.e., the assessment of all risks. The work environment can be a company, building, floor, or office. It can also be a plant, building site, park, field, or any system, as well as an information system and its components, such as hardware, communication equipment (network), and system software. The workplace in an information system is application software with data as final products, and it can be considered in the same way as in the occupational health and safety area. IT resources are buildings, hardware, communication equipment, software, data, and, of course, people who take part in IT processes. Risk assessment is carried out on more levels (items in the work environment). Software also has several levels--environmental software, operating system, program supported application, and finally a single application--as well as the data used and gained in application executing. Risk assessment of each level involves conducting appropriate protective measures in order to obtain the layered protection. Therefore, the risk assessment of an information system (IS) is conducted through the risk assessment of every application and through the evaluation of the system's state. Risk identification involves the knowledge about the organization (internal and external), as well as earlier experiences about risk issues. The evaluation of risk classifies risk in certain categories (quantitative and/or qualitative) according to which adequate measures are carried out. …

In the era of Covid-19, people are more sensitive to their health and hygiene. SAC is present in the community as a service to clean each customer’s favourite shoes. Even though SAC has been around since 2013, until now they have not touched the digital realm. For this reason, innovation for SAC needs to be implemented so they are not left behind by competitors who are starting to become aware of digitalization. So that the implementation of digitalization can save costs and time, the approach to making digital products is through product development. To innovate through the use of product development in digital, a User-Centered Design (UCD) method approach with a Design Thinking (DT) mindset is used. The UCD process includes understanding context, specify user requirements, design solution, and evaluate. With the DT mindset, the process of emphatizing, defining, and ideation is applied to the understand context and specify user requirements so that this research will understand the usability side for users. With the addition of 5 UCD elements from Jesse James Garret, the digitalization process will be more in-depth and detailed in terms of creating interface design solutions. Primary data will be collected through In-depth Interview resulting abundant data that create persona and Minimum Viable Product(MVP). This research aims to analyze and identify the user experience flow for the prototype mobile web app product design SAC with the identifying the MVP and design prototype mobile website application and later do some usability testing to getting result that can meet the needs and uses for SAC customers. The result of this design approach method is a high-fidelity mobile web app prototype which was evaluated using Usability Testing (UT). The persona of each customer and the desire are the first key in development. Strong framework is formed with information architecture, low-fidelity, and high-fidelity prototypes. The final stage of the UCD iteration is to evaluate Usability Testing with a binary task success rate of 90%. Another UT results of quantitative data analysis with the Single Ease Question (SEQ) showed the number 6.42 and the System Usability Scale (SUS) showed the number 87.5 with quality A.

Integrated care pathways may help to bridge evidence-practice gaps. To overcome the limitations of traditional researcher-centred and linear pathway development frameworks, a more user-centred approach is needed. In this study, we propose design thinking as a framework for developing integrated care pathways, specifically targeting rehabilitation of patients undergoing lumbar fusion surgery. From 2017 to 2022, we utilized the design thinking infinity loop to create an evidence-based rehabilitation pathway for patients undergoing lumbar fusion surgery. This approach consisted of five phases: (1) empathizing with user needs, (2) defining problem statements, (3) ideating through meta-analysis, expert consensus, and brainstorming, (4) prototyping the pathway, and (5) testing its effectiveness and implementability. Through the proposed design thinking phases, innovative elements such as prehabilitation, early mobilization, and consistent communication emerged as the building blocks of the new rehabilitation pathway, addressing the needs of both patients and healthcare providers. These results serve as a practical guide for applying design thinking in developing integrated care pathways. Design thinking, represented by the infinity loop, presents a user-centred framework for developing integrated care pathways, and has the potential to effectively bridge the gap between evidence and clinical practice.

PT Insan Persada as a company engaged in the field of waterproofing contractor with a broad scope of projects and many are located outside the city requires optimal IT involvement so the need for a mechanism appropriate IT governance standards. COBIT 4.1 framework provide solutions to implement IT governance model. This study focuses on the domain of the domain that washy and organise PO4 (determining the IT processes, organization and relationship), PO5 domains (managing IT investments), PO7 domain (IT human resource management), domain PO8 (managing quality), and the domain PO9 (assess and manage IT risks). This research using the method management awareness and maturity level in each domain of each PO4, PO5, PO7, PO8 and PO9. Based on calculations using the performance level of management awareness on PO4 domain has an average value of 1:22 (approximately), PO5 domain with an average value of 1.90 (moderate), PO7 domain with an average value of 1:46 (approximately), with a mean value PO8 domain average 1.67 (medium) and PO9 with an average value of 1:38 (approximately). While the calculation of the level of maturity assessment using the domain PO4 maturity level is 1 (initial/ad hoc), PO5 domain is 2 (repeatable but intuitive), PO7 domain is 2 (repeatable but intuitive), PO8 domain is 2 (repeatable but intuitive) and domain PO9 is 1 (initial/ad hoc). From the results of these studies indicate each is still not optimal for each domain and each domain has a gap that must be addressed as a form of recommendation on the proposed research. Keywords: Plan and organise, Management Awareness, Maturity Level, Waterproofing

<p>This thesis examines the application of Lean Startup and Design Thinking processes to the commercialisation of academic research. Using retrospective analysis of project work undertaken by the “Hyv” team as part of the 2013 Masters of Advanced Technology Enterprise (MATE) programme, it is demonstrated that both Lean Startup and Design Thinking provide useful frameworks for research commercialisation by interdisciplinary academic teams. The Lean Startup provides a framework within which to test key assumptions about a project while building towards a sustainable business model. This proved particularly relevant as the team explored preconceived commercialisation paths for ongoing research projects. In contrast, Design Thinking provides a valuable means of achieving a complete understanding of a problem faced by a particular market, thereby informing the development of a viable solution. The applicability of these two conceptual frameworks to research ideation and commercialisation became evident in response to the requirements of projects analysed during the MATE course (specifically the NacreTech and Sound Concepts projects), and they together provide complementary theoretical bases for future work. Their application to different research projects provided the team with broad experience, both positive and negative, and yielded useful strategies for future commercialisation work. More directly, they provide a means of revising the MATE programme to foster interdisciplinary research commercialisation across the university.</p>

“The Art of Design Thinking (Problem to Prototype)” delves into the transformative power of a human-centred approach to problem-solving. Through this book, readers embark on a journey into the heart of innovation, where empathy, creativity, and collaboration converge to tackle complex challenges. Drawing from real-world examples and practical methodologies, the book illuminates the core principles of Design Thinking, guiding readers through the iterative process of ideation, prototyping, and testing.

Design thinking has become a cornerstone of 21st-century education and is emphasized across both design and non-design disciplines. Studies have long criticized design thinking as ambiguous because it has diverse definitions and employs a range of methodologies. Recently, the concept of design literacy has entered the literature. It is proposed that design literacy can foster the potential of design thinking to promote the development of the “new literacies” needed to drive change and transformation in an age facing global challenges such as climate change, technological transformations, and social inequality. This article highlights key themes from an international symposium exploring design’s foundational role in education, its connection to visual thinking and reasoning, the potential of interdisciplinary problem-solving, the human and social dimensions of design thinking, and the importance of design literacy for effective communication and collaboration among designers. This symposium is part of a broader research project based at Özyeğin University, Turkey, investigating how to cultivate design literacy knowledge and skills in early undergraduate curricula to foster an interdisciplinary and trans-professional learning environment before professional specialization.