The zombies strike back: Towards client-side beef detection

Democracy and Nation Formation: National Identity Change and Dual Identity in Taiwan, 1991-2011 Shiau-Chi Shen As has been the case in many newly democratized countries, the transition to democracy in Taiwan entailed nationalist competition and the aggravation of ethnic conflict. Much research has shown that national identities among the general populace have experienced radical change. The Chinese national identity no longer occupies a dominant position, while the Taiwanese national identity is rapidly rising. The popular view is that democratization provides a political space for this nascent Taiwanese identity to challenge, and eventually replace, orthodox Chinese identity. This view, however, overlooks the very important phenomenon that, especially in the stage following the democratic transition, most people held dual national identity, i.e. both Taiwanese and Chinese national identities. This phenomenon presents a puzzle to the study of national identity in Taiwan, and in general as well. Why, in the fierce confrontation between two national identities in national politics, would most people prefer to see Taiwanese and Chinese national identities as compatible and show their allegiance to both? This dissertation challenges the assumption in previous research that the nature of national identity is exclusive—that it represents an either-or choice or attitude. This assumption has led to the incorrect view that the decline of Chinese national identity and the rise of Taiwanese national identity are two sides of the same coin. Contrary to this conventional view, this study shows that the trajectory of the two identities are actually different processes which have occurred during different historical stages and in different international environments, and that they are the results of different political forces. Taiwanese national identity started to rise in the early 1990’s. Chinese national identity, however, began to decline only after 2000. The past two decades thus witnessed a great proportion of people with dual identity. This study focuses on the factors of state and politics, rather than history and ethnicity, to explain the rise of Taiwanese national identity, and also the phenomenon of dual identity. It is contended that the ethnic base of Taiwanese national identity, with its particular history and language, which has been much emphasized by many political and cultural elites, as well as scholars, constitutes only one route of nation formation. The other more important route is through political participation in the democratic regime. While democratic institutions and practices redefine the de jure territory of the state (the Republic of China), democratic citizenship provides a new base for collective self-understanding. Through participation in democratic political processes, identification with the Taiwan-wide political community is cultivated among the populace. The Taiwanese national identity engendered through this route does not challenge the ethnicity upon which the Chinese national identity is based. It thus is able to co-exist with Chinese national identity. The decline of Chinese national identity is hence not the result of the rise of Taiwanese identity, but of the rise of China. It is argued that the dominance of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in the international community along with its staunch One China Principle has removed the important component of the Republic of China (ROC) from the Chinese national identity in Taiwan. Chinese unification now means the elimination of the ROC and to be ruled by the PRC. People who have identified with the ROC no longer opt for a unified great China and hence forgo their Chinese national identity. Based on the study of the phenomenon of dual identity in Taiwan, this dissertation proposes two important theoretical findings. First, contrary to the popular view among the students of nationalism and nationalist politics, it argues that democratization mitigates rather than exacerbates identity politics. Secondly, dual identity is difficult to sustain if the larger nation pursues a state that denies political autonomy to the small nation.

This article discusses how associations form professional identities and reflects on the establishment of the Journal of Western Archives. It highlights the ways in which the establishment of the journal is a manifestation of the development of a Western regional archival identity and underscores the role that individuals play in the creation of associational identities. One of the most compelling vignettes in world literature, found in Miguel de Cervantes’ classic novel Don Quijote, deals with the difficulties of establishing identity. In the novel, Don Quijote forges a new identity for himself as a valiant knight errant; he is accompanied by his neighbor Sancho Panza, whom he has made his faithful squire, as he goes on various adventures. In the incident referenced, Quijote and Panza have just come upon thirty or forty windmills. Quijote declares that the windmills are giants and that they must be vanquished before they can cause more misery and suffering. The following conversation, illustrative of the difficulty of forming a new identity, occurs. “What giants?” asked Sancho Panza. “The ones you can see over there,” answered his master, “with the huge arms, some of which are very nearly two leagues long.” “Now look, your grace,” said Sancho, “what you see over there aren’t giants, but windmills, and what seem to be arms are just their sails, that go around in the wind and turn the millstone.” “Obviously,” replied Don Quijote, “you don’t know much about adventures. Those are giants—and if you’re frightened, 1 Daines: Tilting at Windmills Published by DigitalCommons@USU, 2010 take yourself away from here and say your prayers, while I go charging into savage and unequal combat with them.” Quijote, in reality a retired country gentleman named Alonzo Quijano, is clearly deeply invested in the new identity that he is creating for himself, while Sancho Panza is struggling to adapt to his new identity as a faithful squire. Panza is far more comfortable with his former identity as Quijano’s neighbor. Over the course of the novel, Panza comes to accept the new identity that Quijano has created for him and recognize the benefits that this new identity has given him. The process of identity formation is particularly interesting to me, as I have been deeply enmeshed, over the last two decades, in the process of transitioning from an identity of a student studying to enter medical school to the identity of a professional archivist. Identity is composed of various meanings that we and others attach to ourselves. These “meanings, or self-conceptions, are based on the social roles and group memberships a person holds (social identities) as well as the personal and character traits they display, and others attribute to them, based on their conduct (personal identities).” In professional settings, identity development “often involves tailoring one’s identity to a prototypic role identity.” This is a difficult task for archivists working in the United States, as our archival identity is currently in flux. Rand Jimerson has argued that the “most striking feature of the American archival profession in recent years is its ongoing search for identity and for public acceptance as a socially significant profession.” The archival profession’s concern with identity development is not unique. Other professions have also struggled to create cohesive professional identities that are seen as socially significant by the general public. Jimerson identifies three broad manifestations of American archivists’ search for professional identity as “developing internal standards for professional recognition; enhancing the public image of archives and archivists; and strengthening the research and theoretical foundations of the profession.” 1. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Don Quijote: A New Translation, Backgrounds and Contexts, Criticism/ Miguel de Cervantes, trans. Burton Raffel; ed. Diana de Armas Wilson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 43–44. 2. Herminia Ibarra and Jennifer L. Petriglieri, “Identity Work and Play,” Journal of Organizational Change Management 23, no. 1 (2010), 11.

Over the past decade, e-commerce creates exciting new opportunities for business but also brings new web application vulnerabilities and transaction security risks. A stream of news of phishing attacks, website spoofing, payment card skimming (credit /debit cards), fraud in online transactions, malware attack (malicious code attack of viruses, worms, Trojans, and bots), hacker/cracker infiltration, vandalism, identity theft and data breaches of payment card or bank details are increasingly reported. Web application security risk management, therefore, is essential for secure e-commerce online transactions, including order processing, payment transaction, banking and clearing processing. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to propose a web application security risk management methodology to perform e-commerce web application security risk management, helping organizations understand and improve their e-commerce web application security risks. In order to achieve this purpose, the goal of this study has been two-fold: (1) How will organizations measure threat likelihood, impact consequence and severity of their e-commerce web application security risk? (2) What management methodology is required to prompt the e-commerce web application security vulnerabilities measurement and improvement? Using OWASP Top Ten Vulnerabilities as target items, the proposed management methodology is disciplined in a PDCA based ISO/IEC 27005 iterative process activities, integrating Common Criteria attack potential ratings as threat likelihood scales and the FIPS 199 impact categories as impact consequence scales to categorize severity of every e-commerce web application vulnerabilities. Following the proposed management procedure, all the critical e-commerce web application vulnerabilities can be reviewed, analyzed, prioritized and remedied effectively and efficiently, moving on again in a continuous cycle.

This study examines how three features of self-identity, namely, identity importance, identity firmness, and identity discrepancy, are related to adolescent mental health. In Study 1 (N=203), college students designated as the healthy-control group (N=85) demonstrated higher identity firmness and lower identity discrepancy than those designated as the psychosomatic group (N=56). Three multiple regression analyses indicated that identity discrepancy was a better predictor of psychosomatic reactions than identity importance, yet its predictability did not differ from identity firmness. Findings of Study 1 were replicated in Study 2 (N=185). Another group of college students designated as the healthy-control group (N=65) demonstrated higher identity firmness and lower identity discrepancy than those designated as the neurosis group (N=56). Study 2 also indicated that identity discrepancy was a better predictor than identity firmness for almost all of the subscales included in the SCL-90R. The present study concluded that the newly developed concept of identity discrepancy” offers a unique view for understanding adolescent mental health, provided that the individual is not at a state of both low identity importance and low identity firmness.

The propose of this study is measuring ((The Relationship between National and Religious Identity and Identity Processing Styles among High School Students in Qeshm Island)). For this study we have selected 402 people sample by using standard statistical method. For data collection we used two inventory Berzonsky (ISI_6G) and national and religious identity and double cluster sampling. For data analysis we used some of statistical method such as: Pearson correlation, Regressions by usage SPSS software package .Results of this study show: first, there is a positive relationship between National identity and identity informational style as well as relationship between National identity and normative style. Second, there is a meaningful relationship between religious identity and identity informational style as well as normative style. Third, there is a meaningful relationship between diffuse/avoidant style and national identity and religious identity, but these relations are less than other variables relationship.

After the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and Applied Linguistics took a social turn and made the sociocultural perspective its primary point of investigation, SLA researchers became more interested in the link between identity (class, culture, race, gender, sexuality, etc.) and language learning. Hence, the present study aimed at identifying the impact of identity aspects on the Iranian learners' English language achievements of the students of Medicine at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences (YUMS). Likewise, the study attempted to find the impact of demographic factors on language achievement and aspects of identity among Iranian EFL learners. To fulfill the objectives and find answers to the posed questions, a questionnaire representing aspects of identity and consisting of 45 Likert items (personal: 10 items + social: 7 items + collective: 8 items + relational: 10 items + special: 10 items) was distributed among 76 language learners majoring in Medicine at YUMS. Both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were run on the data. The results demonstrated no significant relationship between language achievement and the aspects of identity. To be exact, the present paper revealed that none of the identity aspects was a predicting variable for language achievement in the Iranian academic context. Among the demographic factors, only gender could account for two aspects of identity, namely, personal and relational identities. Evidently, the results were local not universal.

This study examines the Biafran secession of 1967-1970 and how the secessionist government constructed a Biafran identity in its campaign to gain international support for Biafra’s permanent separation from Nigeria. The introductory chapter outlines the role of identity in Nigeria’s twentieth-century political history and discusses the scholarly literature addressing questions of national and ethnic identity and on the Biafran secession. The thesis then provides a historical framework for discussing the evolution of Nigerian political identities and the failures of Nigerian leaders to build a Nigerian nationalism among the region’s numerous identifiable groups in the colonial and early independence eras. Subsequent chapters analyse the Biafran government’s attempts to elide the inherent instability of identity and overcome the dynamic process of identity formation in Nigeria by constructing and promoting a fixed Biafran identity based on cultural characteristics and historical experiences that allegedly distinguished and united the diverse peoples of the secessionist region.

Objective To investigate the status of professional identity among nursing students during COVID-19and analyze the influencing factors. Methods Totally 2000 nursing students were selected by convenience sampling. General information questionnaire, professional identity questionnaire, Psychological scale of public health emergencies (PQEEPH) and perceived social support scale (PSSS) were used for cross-sectional survey. Results The professional identity of nurses during COVID-19 was at the medium level with the score of (61.30±10.07), Correlation analysis showed that professional identity was negatively correlated with depression, neurasthenia and obsessive-anxiety dimensions in PQEEPH, and positively correlated with PSSS. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that voluntary choice of nursing major, clinical practice, current health status, obsessive-anxiety psychology, and PSSS were the influencing factors of professional identity of nursing students during the epidemic (P<0.05). Conclusion During the period of 2019 novel coronavirus disease, the professional identity of nursing students is affected by many factors, and there is still room for improvement. Schools and teaching hospitals should pay attention to students' psychological status and social support, and in turn to improve their professional identity.

This paper investigates relative clauses (RCs) in the diachrony of Italian aiming at shedding light on the syntactic derivation of RCs. Building on Sauerland’s (2003) claim that RCs involve two non-distinct heads, Cinque (2008, 2013) unifies all RCs under a single derivation proposing that the two heads can either be both lexical or both null elements in syntax. When the two heads are lexical expressions, the RC will be lexically-headed, whereas when the heads are null elements, the RC will be headless, and thus a free RC. According to Cinque (2013: ch. 17), languages differ as to which head or which portion of heads they spell out according to the PF requirements available in a language. In some languages the internal head is always deleted at PF, in others it is spelled out, in some others both heads are fully spelled out, whereas in others languages portions of the heads can be spelled out. In this paper we argue that this variation may not be due to PF requirements only, but it depends on the syntactic derivation. We claim that the usual typology of RCs has to be enriched to include another type in which the two heads enter the derivation as distinct elements. The testing ground for our proposal is provided by the history of Italian. We show that, whereas in Modern Italian the two heads must be non-distinct, Old Italian allowed a configuration where the two heads differed, in the sense that the RC-external head could be a lexical expression while the RC-internal head a null element analogue to a free relative. We argue that the variation between Old and Modern Italian depends on the version of the matching relation involved in the Agree relation between the two heads. Whereas in Modern Italian the matching relation is set on its strict version, and thus results in identity between the two heads, in Old Italian matching involved an inclusion relation, thereby allowing the two heads not to be completely identical.

Will a tax lawyer in private practice help taxpayers comply or help taxpayers cheat? Will a government tax lawyer respect or abuse taxpayer rights? Answers to these questions turn, at least in large part, on the lawyer’s ethical professional identity — the lawyer’s philosophy of lawyering, which reflects her values, her sense of responsibility to others, and her self-concept of who she is (and wants to be) as a member of the legal profession. According to recent reports on legal education reform, commentators, and the ABA, law schools must do more to help students develop their ethical professional identities. This is particularly important in tax law, where lawyers’ ethical professional identities can affect compliance and revenue collection, tax morale and taxpayer rights, and the reputation of the tax profession. However, there is a dearth of resources for faculty members who want to leverage their traditional tax classrooms to help future tax lawyers develop their professional identities and learn to exercise professional judgment within the boundaries of the applicable ethical rules. So how can doctrinal faculty members help aspiring tax lawyers develop and implement their professional identities? This article describes exercises for the traditional tax classroom that are intended to (a) enable each student to identify and justify her developing lawyering philosophy, and (b) empower each student to implement her lawyering philosophy in her career. By empowering professors to help their students become more thoughtful, principled tax advisers, this article advances the goal of building a community of ethical tax professionals, both taxpayer-side and government-side, that serves taxpayers well.

Who Muslims are and what they actually do in their daily life are topics of much interest for many people. Muslims have been defined from different lenses. Some scholars suggest that Muslims are those whose parents are Muslims; while others view it differently. In this present time, studies on Muslim identity have been conducted by some Muslim and non-Muslim scholars. This article aims at exploring understanding Muslim identity from multiple lenses. In doing so, I review literature from Muslim sacred texts, the Holy Quran and also the saying of the Prophet Muhammad PbuH. I first reviewed verses of the Qur’an and also the hadith related to the nature of Muslim identity. In addition, I reviewed research literature exploring Muslim identity and identified several notions of Muslim identity. The article found that Muslims’ sacred texts define Muslim identity through the practice of Islamic sacred texts. While research on Muslim identity define Muslims as not only limited to religious practices but also to other attributes.

يهدف البحث الحالي إلى التعرف على مستوى الاستقلالية لدى طلبة جامعة الانبار ودلالة الفروق الإحصائية في مستوى الاستقلالية لدى العينة تبعاً لمتغيري التخصص (علمي/إنساني) والنوع (ذكور/إناث) ومستوى الهوية النفسية لدى طلبة الجامعة ودلالة الفروق الإحصائية في المستوى النفسي للهوية تبعاً لمتغيري التخصص (علمي/إنساني) والنوع (ذكور/إناث) والعلاقة بين الاستقلالية النفسية والهوية لدى طلبة الجامعة. واعتمد الباحثان خطوات المنهج الوصفي لتحقيق أهداف بحثهما، وقد تم اختيار عينة بالطريقة العشوائية الطبقية، وبلغت 120 طالباً وطالبة في جامعة الانبار للعام الدراسي (2015-2016) واعتمد الباحثان بيانات البحث: الأول: مقياس الاستقلالية وقد يكون (36) فقرة وحددت بدائله بأربعة بدائل، والثاني: مقياس الهوية النفسية وقد يكون (52) فقرة بدائل خماسية. كما تحقق الباحثان من الخصائص المعيارية للمقياسين ومن الصدق والثبات وتم تطبيقهما على العينة بعد معالجة البيانات بالوسائل الإحصائية المشتقة (اختبار التائي (T-test) لعينة واحدة، اختبار التائي (T-test) لعينتين مستقلتين، معامل ارتباط بيرسون، معادلة الفاكرونباخ، مربع كاي) وأظهرت النتائج أن طلبة الجامعة يتمتعون بالاستقلالية بدرجة عالية من الدلالة الإحصائية، ولا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين طلبة الجامعة في مستوى الاستقلالية تعزى لمتغير التخصص (علمي/إنساني)، والجنس (ذكر/أنثى)، كما أظهرت النتائج عدم وجود علاقة ارتباطية بين الاستقلالية النفسية والهوية.

Recently, the Issue of absent Identity in our contemporary Urbanization has occupied greatimportance particularly in the fields of architecture and urban design, since urbanization outcome ofthe contemporary cities lacks characteristics that provide it with its unique urban identity or placeidentity, that emerges from the natural, built and cultural characteristics of the local community.Urbanization being a reflection for the local community characteristics is the correlation andbelonging function between the community and the city and thus be the place, elsewhere, separationand alienation occur between the community and the city and thus be Placelessness, whichnecessitates the work in this research to reach an integrative design approach in the field of urbandesign that supports giving the urbanization outcome unique place identity, since urban designcarries the first and last responsibility of place making process.The research aims at determining the concept of place identity and its basic elements, in addition tothe concept of urban design, the dimensions of urban design process and its role in construction ofplace identity, to reach an integrated approach in urban design that ensures the emerge of an urbanproduct characterized by belonging to the environment where it is constructed and also respects thecommunity spatial characteristics and its cultural attitudes supporting the future of place identity.This study reached the effectiveness of the urban design in forming the urban identity for the cityand giving it distinguishing , uniqueness and civilized continuity or giving it nonidentity ,disappearance and death , frequently the study managed to formation an overall approach for theurban design process which confirms the duality of the inputs of the concrete ( the built features andnatural features of the environment) abstract ( social cultural features of the environment) to reflexdual outputs concrete ( urban environment belonging to its built natural context) abstract ( urbanenvironment belonging to its social cultural context – meets the needs and hopes its society sooneror later ) it is what supports structure of the place identity and its civilized continuity at light of itsability to keep up the technological scientific development sooner or later.

In this dissertation, staging an encounter between the philosophy of unique selfhood proposed by the Italian sexual difference feminist, Adriana Cavarero, and currently predominant Anglo-American theories of subjectivity, I claim a model of selfhood in which self-writing makes what is general about socially- and discursively-constituted identity unique and material. I ground a critique of Cavarero’s development of Hannah Arendt’s distinction between the who and the what of the self through analysis of several self-writings or ‘autographies’, a term H. Porter Abbott advances in order to accommodate readers’ responses to the narrative action that is peculiar to the formal variety of autobiography. Through my discussion of Virginia Woolf’s Moments of Being, Fausta Cialente’s Le quattro ragazze Wieselberger, Gabriella Ghermandi’s Regina di fiori e di perle, Audre Lorde’s Zami: A New Spelling of My Name, Joan Didion’s Magical Thinking, Primo Levi’s Se questo e un uomo, Brett Shapiro’s L’intruso, and Timothy Conigrave’s Holding the Man – I claim the significance of reading the who-ness of what-ness, the ways in which selves invest themselves in socially determined categories of identity, uniquely. For Cavarero, ‘postmodernism’ recuperates the metaphysical universalism it criticises by privileging the general ways in which a decentred subject is constituted by her/his membership of shared identity determinants: by what s/he is. Cavarero argues that ‘postmodern’ preference for, and over-determination of, what-ness negates the uniqueness of the self, who s/he is, for who-ness designates what is unrepeatable about the self, what escapes the generality of what-ness. My being Australian, white, gay, middle-class, tertiary-educated, etc. is, for Cavarero, an inventory of things I share with other people, an enumeration of what is general about me. None of these identities is reducible to me, however; none of them, because they can describe many people generally, accounts for my uniqueness. Cavarero’s claim to a philosophy that avoids generality of this kind offers an ontology in which the self is necessarily, dependently, related to others by her/his ‘appearance’ before them, and, importantly, by an altruistic ethic that structures the shared narration of life-stories, the narration of the self by the other. Hers is an invaluable provocation, indebted to the history of il pensiero della differenza sessuale [sexual difference thought] to think the self beyond socially general categories of identity. It is a philosophy that privileges the particularity of the self’s difference, through narration. I argue over the course of my dissertation, however, that Cavarero ignores the unique ways in which selves make particular what she argues is only ever general, irreducible, about them. I claim that Cavarero’s deprioritisation of the what of the self in favour of the who of the self, as well as the autobiographical in favour of the biographical, fails to recognise the significance of ways in which minority identities are invested in their what-ness and its representation and reception; for not having to account for oneself, for one’s what-ness, is a privilege enjoyed only, perhaps, by selves related to what is ideologically of the ‘majority’. Through the questions posed by the texts I discuss, questions of sexual difference and motherhood, ethnicity and belonging, trauma and memory, illness, and sexuality, I formulate a model of selfhood that bridges the who-ness Cavarero so importantly demands philosophical recognition of, and the what-ness she accuses ‘postmodern’ theories of over-determining. I emphasise the common ground between a philosophy rooted in the philosophical practice of il pensiero della differenza sessuale and the fragmented identity of ‘postmodernism’ in order to deepen Cavarero’s provocation to think the uniqueness of the self.

iv Acknowledgements v Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: The Negotiated Resolution of Ethnic Civil Conflict 4 Chapter 3: Case Selection 8 Case 1: Israel-Palestine 10 The Content of Jewish Israeli Identity 10 The Content of Palestinian Identity 16 Conflicting Elements of Identity in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 23 Case 2: Northern Ireland 24 The Content of Irish Catholic Identity 24 The Content of Ulster Protestant Identity 29 Conflicting Elements of Identity in the Northern Ireland Conflict 35 Chapter 4: Assessing the Cause of Ethnic Civil Conflict 36 Methodology 36 Case 1: A Historical Background to the Intifada 37 What Caused the Intifada? 45 Case 2: A Historical Background to the Troubles 48 What Caused the Troubles? 57 What Causes Ethnic Civil Conflict? 58 Chapter 5: Assessing the Impact of Inclusion Versus Postponement of Identity-Based Issues 60