This River

Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers of Water Quality in the Normanby Basin and Princess Charlotte Bay, Cape York Peninsula, Australia

Upstream India and downstream Bangladesh share more than 50 international rivers. India has set up wat er diversion constructions in more than 50% of these r ivers, the largest one being on the Bangladesh’s northwest upon the Ganges River, puts Bangladesh’s Gangetic ecosystem at stake. In some border rivers, India has set up groins on her side of river banks. Also, Indian side pumps Bangladesh river water ste althily from border-rivers. Further, India is constructing another dam and reservoir upstream on the Barak River on the northeast of Bangladesh. Furthermore, India has chalked out a grand plan for river networking. Exploration has been made to assess the degree of t he ecosystem degradation both inland and on the coa st due to all water diversion constructions around the border, except for the Tipaimukh Dam in which case estimation of projected ecosystem degradation has b een mentioned. Finally, Indian grand plan of river networking plan has been briefly touched upon. Site visitations, observations, surveys, measurements a nd interviews of professionals were made in the projec t country. Relevant literatures on this issue were reviewed in electronic and print databases. Related published articles in electronic and print media w ere systematically searched following the key words for the case. Finally, both electronic and print news media have been closely followed to know the latest devel opments on this issue. The reduced flow of the Gang es in Bangladesh has caused scarcity of fresh water, s pecies endangerment and extinction, obstruction to livestock raising, loss of livelihoods, people’s di splacement, changes in crop production, reduction i n navigable routes, extreme weather, increased flood occurrences, scarcity of potable water, groundwater contamination, reduction in coastal sediment deposi tion, deterioration of the Ganges water quality and inland intrusion of saline water front. Water diver sion constructions in other rivers have caused simi lar type of ecological problems. The construction of groins on the Indian side of the border rivers has caused bank erosion on the Bangladesh side which changes her map. India benefits herself by occupying the resultin g shoal formation within the Bangladesh side of the r iverbeds. The Tipaimukh Dam on the Barak River will affect the virgin haor ecosystem the same way as th e Ganges basin over a certain time scale. India’s r iver networking plan is going to create a widespread eco cide in the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin. Water, if not the most, is one of the most important components in an ecosystem. Living being cannot survive without it. Ecocide occurs in its absence. Obstruction to the d ownstream natural flow of rivers by the upstream co untry unilateral actions is tantamount to violations of h uman rights which is a crime. With the dilapidated ecosystem, Bangladesh’s national security is at sta ke. Bangladesh’s internal immunity is not strong en ough to face the threats of climate change events. Bangl adesh government should take a tough stand for the country’s interests. Since she has failed to save h er interests on a bilateral basis with India, she s hould take immediate steps for fair share of the pirated river water under the UN supervision. Also, she should approach the UN for getting back the river shoals c aptured by India. Bangladesh should have a master p lan of dredging rivers and canals for water storage and inland distribution to the depleted surface water bodies to reestablish the wetland ecosystem. This will hel p, to some extent, in the gradual mitigation of all the problems including groundwater arsenic contamination, fish scarcity, erratic climate. It is due for Bangladesh to charge the upstream country for the d redging cost of the rivers and canals since upstrea m country’s water piracy has regionally silted her ri vers and canals. Since the saving of the biodiversi ty is an international slogan of the time, Bangladesh should ask the UN to enforce strict international laws to stop any means of upstream water piracy including new constructions of dams, barrages, reservoirs, link can als upon international rivers to save the downstream bi odiversity. Sanctions should be put in place for th e violators of the law. Bangladesh’s approach to inte rnational court may be an option, too.

Jakarta is crossed by 13 major rivers and several small streams. The major rivers are: the Ciliwung river, river Angke, Grogol river, streams Mookevart, Cakung river, Sunter river, Krukut river, streams Teak Kramat/ WTC, Buaran river, streams Houses, East New River, New River/ Srengseng fields, and river Cipinang. With the city 's rapid population growth and development of utilization, there is a tendency to changes in conditions and water quality in Jakarta. This is associated with the level of awareness of the population in maintaining a healthy and clean environment. River water quality needs to be monitored against the standards that are applied in line with the pace of development so that the function can be maintained river conservation. So, built a system that can help to monitor the water quality of the river and as a means of information regarding the physical, chemical and biological river water in Jakarta. The system is built with RAD system development methods with UML notation, using the programming language PHP and uses a MySQL database and WebGIS framework MapGuide. Spatial Information System Water quality in Jakarta as a means of delivering information and reporting BPLHD about Jakarta river water quality, so as to speed up the decision-making processes in the field of environmental management of river water in Jakarta. Keywords: River Water Quality, Methods STORET, BPLHD, WebGIS, RAD, UML, MapGuide

Sombe-Lewara River is a tributary of Palu River which lies at the most downstream part of Palu River which has 112.38 Km 2 of catchment area and 28.11 Km of river length. Sombe-Lewara River comprises three reaches, i.e. Sombe River, Lewara River, and Sombe-Lewara River. In order to control the debris flow disaster, six sediment control structures have been built in Sombe River and another two were built in Lewara River. The sand mining activity in Sombe-Lewara River has caused river degradation and to some extent damaged sediment control structures. In order to prevent the river from further degradation and decrease in environment condition, a proper sediment management is therefore considered necessary. This paper illustrates the sediment balance analysis which applies the empirical formula of sediment supply at the upstream of sediment control structure and storage characteristics of sediment control structures, the initiation of debris flow occurrence and the sediment volume controlled by sediment control structures. The sediment balance was studied based on the sediment flow within the period of 2000 through 2009, at the existing infrastructures and the further development of sediment control structures. The results show that at 10 mm rainfall depth over the catchment, the average annual sediment supply at Somber River and Lewara River was found to be approximately 240,195 m 3 and 112,500 m 3 respectively. Within the above period, the sediment volume passing through control point 1 was approximately 105,890 m 3 . Furthermore, the sand mining activity at Sombe-Lewara River has caused severe river degradation and damage on the existing sediment control structures. Keywords : Sediment balance, sediment control structures, sand mining.

Gendol River flows from the south slope of Merapi Volcano meets Opak River to form a wider river, namely Opak River. In the upper stream of Opak and Gendol Rivers area, volcanic material accumulated from the 2010 Merapi Volcano eruption that ready to flow downstream through both rivers. The total amount of volcanic material in the Merapi’s peak area is predicted as much as 140 million cubic meters, part of it is distributed in the upper stream of both rivers. In the downstream area, the Opak River flows nearby the great Prambanan Temple and across the main road of Yogyakarta-Surakarta capital cities.To know the laharic flow disaster potential of both rivers, collecting of primary data along the river flows is needed in order to understand the characteristic and mechanism of laharic flows. DEM analysis combined with ArcGIS 9.3 tools are applied to know the additional volume of volcanic material after 2010 Merapi Volcano eruption. The triggering factor of laharic flows in the study area including the runoff, soil water saturation rate, rainfall and soil water saturation time are mathematically calculated based on data analysis on soil mechanics.Based on the calculation of thickness and distribution in the Merapi Peak area, the mass volcanic material that is ready to be transported as the laharic flows through Gendol and Opak Rivers is around 14,745,496 m3. The volcanic material can transform into laharic flows by initial runoff if the soil water saturation column reach at least 5.96 m. With the rainfall average in the southern part of Merapi Volcano is 17.32 mm/day, that saturation value can be reached by 21.8 hours in the upper stream area and 17.67 hours in the lower part area. If the laharic flows occurred, the damage would happen in villages along the rivers, Prambanan Temple, and Opak River’s Bridge connecting Yogyakarta-Surakarta main road.

Heavy metal pollution of terrestrial and aquatic environments in Niger-delta region of Nigeria is on the increase due to increased urbanization and crude oil exploration. Tympanotonus fuscastus are mud dwellers and could bioaccumulate heavy metals; therefore consumption of heavy metal contaminated sea foods like periwinkle may breed lots of health problems. Heavy metal concentration in water, sediment and Periwinkle samples from three locations (Itu-River, Abuloma River and Oron River) in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria were evaluated using atomic absorption flame photometry. Result showed that cadmium (Cd) concentration was highest in water samples from Abuloma River (0.106 mg/l) while lead (Pb) concentration was highest (0.01mg/l) in the water samples from Itu River. Cd and Pb concentrations (0.127 and 0.08 mg/kg, respectively) in sediment samples were highest in Abuloma River. The concentration of Cd in T. fuscastus samples was 0.11 mg/kg in Abuloma River, while concentration was 0.27 mg/kg in Oron River. Copper (Cu) was generally low in the water samples; the highest concentration (0.011 mg/kg) was obtained in water samples from Oron River. Sediment concentration of Cu was high (0.088 mg/kg) in Itu River, while its concentration in the periwinkle samples was 0.54 mg/kg in Abuloma River. The results also showed that Cr, As and Hg were below detectable concentration in tissues, soil and water samples from Itu and Abuloma Rivers, while Hg concentration in Oron River sediment was 64.2 mg/kg. Key words: Sea foods, heavy metals, pollution, environment, nutrition, bioaccumulation

Omi river flows through Omi-Adio, Iddo Local Government Area (LGA) of Oyo State, Nigeria. The watershed hydrology of the river, over the years, has changed considerably due to the ever increasing anthropogenic activities. The resultant effect is the inundation of farmlands and flooding of residential areas in Omi-Adio township, whenever the river overflowed after heavy rain falls. Unfortunately, as with most Nigerian rivers, no discharge record exists for Omi river, making planning for provision of hydraulic structures difficult. One hundred and three years of available rainfall data and existing five years of discharge record for Ogunpa river at Molete grammar school were used to simulate surface runoff for Omi river, using average proportionality and linear regression methods. The approximation of data was based on established literature, which states that Omi and Ogunpa Rivers have similar geological and morphological characteristics. The simulation was validated with field measurements. The constant of proportionality between the two rivers was found to be 2.467. The constants: 'a' and 'b' in the linear regression equation for Omi River were computed to be 0.306445 and 0.0003036, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98876. The linear regression method was found to be more appropriate for Omi River at Omi Adio, Ibadan, when compared with field values. The study will assist in providing reasonable data in the design of hydraulic structures such as bridges, concrete channels, culverts and flood control structures for Omi-Adio LGA.

SMIRES is a COST Action addressing the Science and Management of Intermittent Rivers & Ephemeral Streams (coord. T. Datry, INRAE, and G. Singer, University of Innsbruck; http://www.smires.eu). This COST Action had brought together scientists from various research field and stakeholders to develop a European multidisciplinary network for synthesising the fragmented and recent knowledge on temporary water courses, improving our understanding of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams (IRES) and translating this into a science-based, sustainable management of river networks. The working group “Prevalence, distribution and trends of IRES” (WG1) has the central role to provide the physical basis of the SMIRES Action. One of the tasks of WG1 was to compile flow gauging data at the European scale. As part of this work, examples of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams were collected across Europe, including gauged catchments with both natural and highly influenced river flow regimes. A total of 40 examples have been put together in this catalogue to provide an overview of the variety of IRES in Europe. The selected IRES are not meant to be representative of all intermittent water courses in Europe but rather highlight the variety in these water courses. Introductory pages describe the procedures used to create the catalogue including definitions of the statistical measures reported for the individual intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams, and provide an overview of the catalogued water courses. Information on the selected gauged intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams is summarised in a two-page document: The first standardized page describes the main characteristics of the catchments (land-use, geology, climate, etc.) and the river flow regime. Two panels display the hydrographs and flow durations curves, and a table gives metrics specific to river flow intermittence relevant for ecology. The second page is dedicated to the description and reasons for intermittence. A short description about the spatio-temporal pattern of zero-flow events. This section may describe the seasonal behaviour of the stream, observed long-term trends, locations with frequently observed zero-flow events along the river network, etc. The monitoring network, including gauging stations and other types of observations (e.g. visual inspection of the flow states at different locations along the river) in the catchment, are also described.

People and industrial activity along Kaligarang River increase day by day, cause load of river increase too. River has many function to support human life, so monitoring of river is needed Monitoring of river water quality in some places need many expenses and can not give information abaout water quality comprehensively. That is why, it’s needed a water quality modeling for river. In this case, it’s used Qual2E one of the water quality modeling software. To use the software related to the river characteristic, it’s still needed to justify some of coefficients and get validation related to reaction pattern among the constituent, hydraulic condition, and hidrology aspects. The research is proposed to see the process of calibration of model related to the justification of coefficient.And so, to analyze the influence of hydraulic aspects of river to the BOD and DO pattern. It’s needed the secondary data, i.e. water quality sampling, climatlogy, hydrology (discarge of river), river hydraulic aspects, map, point source.The calibration is done related to the data and coefficient of the model to get the suitable model used Kaligarang River. This calibrated model is validated by the secondary data, i.e. water quality sampling from Bappedal Province of Central Java. And the get simulation with the various of hydraulic aspects, i.e. “n” number of Manning, cross section, and the influence of Simongan dam. The conclusions of the research say that there are influences and relationships of hydraulic aspects to the BOD and DO pattern.

Water management structures (WMS) are used to regulate water levels between large floodplain river backwaters and their adjacent river systems offering a balance between maintaining quality backwater habitat and providing benefits to the river systems. The design and operation of these WMS is dependent on unique management goals, and their impacts on the surrounding ecosystem are understudied. From 2016–2018 we quantified the response of the surrounding fish assemblages (i.e., backwater and river abundance and composition) to the WMS operation at the Emiquon Preserve, a 2723 ha restored floodplain lake located adjacent to the main channel of the Illinois River, U.S.A. Environmental conditions were recorded, and fish were collected using boat electrofishing on both sides of the WMS under three operational levels: closed and no flow, gravity flowing water, and mechanically pumping water to the river. Multivariate analyses determined that there was no difference in fish community composition within the Emiquon Preserve among operation levels. Within the river there were differences in community composition when the WMS was closed and mechanically pumping water. Environmental parameters varied seasonally and WMS operation level varied but indicated an increase in chlorophyll-a in the river when the WMS was mechanically pumping water, although the chlorophyll-a decreased within 200 m downstream of the WMS in the Illinois River. This study suggests that managed connections between restored backwater and habitats operated like this WMS have variable, spatially isolated impacts on fish communities despite supplying chlorophyll-a to large river ecosystems.

In the last 30 years, bioindication has become one of the pillars of modern environmental sciences and an essential part of conservation biology. In riparian ecosystems, a variety of biological assemblages have been used worldwide as bioindicators to assess the ecological status of lakes and rivers. Benthic macroinvertebrates, periphyton and fishes are the most commonly employed in national monitoring programs. For better understanding the dynamics in riparian ecosystems, it is important to study interactions between terrestrial and aquatic systems. Insectivorous bats are a promising link between both of them. Several studies showed that bats depend strongly on water habitat, not only for drinking. As linear landscape elements, rivers are used as preferential pathways for movement and migration. Their general activity is higher on rivers and lakes than over other habitats and some species forage exclusively over water or close to riparian vegetation. Moreover, bats have all the characteristics of a “good bioindicator”. Their taxonomy is stable, they are geographically widespread and are among the mammal orders with higher diversity, with more than 1300 species covering several ecological niches. They provide crucial ecosystem services worldwide, i.e. seed dispersal and pollination in tropic regions or pest control in agricultural systems. Bats are also highly sensitive to human-driven environmental alteration. However, few studies have tested their bioindication performances for main habitat categories, including rivers. The main objective of this thesis was to test bats as bioindicators in river ecosystems. We sampled bat community over five rivers in central-south Italy, using stationary and automatically triggered bat detectors, to measure species composition, commuting, foraging and drinking activity. For a comparison of biological responses, we evaluated the ecological status using the multimetric STAR_ICM index, based on the macrobenthic community. Contemporary we calculated the Fluvial Functionality Index (IFF), which considers biotic and abiotic factors for a comprehensive survey of river and riparian ecosystem functionality. In the studied area, the ecological status quality varies from “High” to “Moderate” in the different parts of the five rivers and the most part of them has a level of functionality “Good” or “Good-Moderate”. We found that bat species richness is not related to river quality or functionality, while total activity is negatively associated with STAR_ICMi values. Pipistrellus pygmaeus/Miniopterus schreibersii activity is also negatively related to river quality, probably because they mostly feed on nematoceran dipteran that are usually abundant in eutrophic waters. Eptesicus/Nyctalus activity is the only one that increases with increasing IFF values. The width of riparian forests is one of the parameters included in evaluation of IFF and riparian trees such as Salix alba or Populus may bear cavities used as roosts by Eptesicus/Nyctalus species, so the link with IFF might reflect roost availability. We have not found species exclusive of particular quality levels and the general increase of bat activity with lower ecological status shows that the effects of river ecosystems degradation on bats are more complex and probably at the opposite of what expected. Further studies on different areas will help explain the relations we found till now. For bioindication purpose, according to our results it is possible to lay the foundations for a bioacoustic index based on the analyses of total bats activity or bioacoustic group activity, which could be successfully applied by other than bat experts.

The threat of plastic waste in the environment has evoked rising concern over the past decades. While these versatile and incredibly popular polymer materials undoubtedly fulfil unprecedented services, their extreme durability and alleged toxicity represent major downsides, once in the environment. As plastics break down into smaller microplastics (MP) they evidently pollute almost every thinkable habitat on the globe today. While an estimated 5–12 million tons of plastic end up in the oceans every year, rivers are important pathways, carrying an annual freight of 0.41–4 million tons downstream. The Rhine River, one of Europe’s main streams and one of the World’s busiest waterways, reportedly holds substantial amounts of MP in its near-surface waters and sediments. However, little is known about potential MP sources, seasonal dynamics and the MP pollution of benthic sediments of this major river. In my dissertation I address three pivotal knowledge gaps about MP in the Rhine River and investigate a new type of method to safely and efficiently separate MP from surrounding environmental sample matrices. The surface water MP pollution of the Rhine River was earlier characterised by the distinct appearance of vast amounts (~60%) of rigid polystyrene microbeads of unknown origin and former purpose. In a sustained investigation of a defined river stretch in the Lower Rhine downstream Cologne, we managed to narrow down the entry region of these pollutants and close-to-certainly unveil the particle’s former purpose as ion-exchange resin beads used in diverse fluid purification applications. As more data on MP in rivers emerges, an interesting gap opens: empirical field studies tend to generate temporally restricted snapshot data while modellers, laudably seeking the bigger picture, are confronted with enormous uncertainties in their results. In a bid to reduce this void we embarked on a quadruplicate surface water MP observation in the Rhine catchment during 2016–2017. The investigation included three nival discharge regime tributaries and the Rhine in Switzerland as well as a pluvial Rhine River section towards the German-Dutch border. It became evident that despite a coherent increasing MP concentration gradient downstream, reflecting average discharge and catchment size, overall variability in environmental MP data was large. This hampers clear-cut estimations about concentration fluctuations but at the same time reinforces the theory of high MP seasonal pollution fluxes in the European winter months, when Rhine discharge is highest. Seeking to contribute to the very scarce knowledge of MP and benthic sediment interaction in large dynamic rivers, we took a diving bell and a dredging vessel to the riverbed at two previously identified surface MP hotspots at the German Middle and Lower Rhine. Due to expected water turbulence and flow velocity, substantial settling of MP in such stretches is not necessarily anticipated. Interestingly, it showed that even the Rhine riverbed is not spared from vast MP pollution. The applied research technology allowed for reliable detection of MP down to particle sizes of 11 μm and yielded strongly varying concentrations of 260–11,000 MP kg^–1, with a strongly skewed size class distribution towards the smallest MP particles. Experience showed us that environmental sample preparation for MP research can be a tedious and resource-intensive enterprise – including health and environmental hazards. Instead of attacking the unwanted portions in a sample (e.g. biogenic residue to isolate MP), a more efficient approach is to select the MP specifically. We refined a proposed lipophilicity-based separation technique and broadened its scope by successfully testing it to four different types of environmental matrices. This one-for-all approach may present a promising means for quicker, cheap, safe and efficient MP data compilation. The method was successfully applied for the seasonal surface MP investigation presented in this dissertation.

This data set provides estimates of monthly carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from the Amazon mainstem rivers, tributary stream networks, and their associated varzeas (floodplains). CO2 flux was calculated using two aggregation approaches: for defined river basins (data file #2) and for defined river reaches (figure 2). Flux was calculated from (1) estimated surface water area by month for the Amazon mainstem rivers, associated varzeas, and tributary stream networks, (2) mean daily partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) concentrations for the mainstem rivers, and (3) calculated mean pCO2 values for the varzea waters. Mean monthly discharge data for 11 mainstem rivers are also included. There are five comma-delimited data files with this data set. Amazon mainstem is a region covering the Amazon/Solimoes River mainstem from 70 degrees W to 54 degrees W. Data from the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) L-band synthetic aperture radar were used to estimate the areal coverage and inundation status of rivers and floodplains over 100 m in width and compiled into mosaics for periods of high and low water. For each mosaic, the study area was classified into either flooded or non-flooded areas. Data for the seasonal and spatial distributions of pCO2 within each hydrographic region were utilized from over 1,800 samples taken on 13 Carbon in the Amazon River Experiment (CAMREX) expeditions at different water stages throughout a 2,000 km reach of the central Amazon mainstem, tributary, and floodplain waters (Degens et al., 1991, Devol et al., 1995, Richey et al., 1988).

The main objective of this study was to determine the extent of fecal contamination of Cagayan de Oro River along Barangay Lumbia. The study was conducted from August 2008 to March 2009. Taking samples of the river was done to identify the presence of fecal coliform in the 3 different sampling periods done every first week of the month as well as confirm the presence of the indicator organism Escherichia coli . The water samples were collected approximately 25 meters from the sides. Proper collection procedures were followed in order to obtain accurate analytical results. The Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique which consisted of the Presumptive Phase, Confirmed Phase, and Completed Phase. A survey was also conducted to determine possible factors that contribute to fecal contamination of the river. In Barangay Lumbia the results showed a high mean MPN value of 3,500 fecal coliform/100ml, followed by an increased value of 5,400 fecal coliform/100ml, and a decreased value of 1,300 fecal coliform/100ml. The total coliform values computed showed fluctuating average MPN score from all the samples which exceeded the standard acceptable value set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources water quality guidelines (DENR) at 1000 fecal coliform organisms/ 100ml. The results revealed that the river near Barangay Lumbia is fecally contaminated. It indicates a threat to the residents in the area since it is infested with many bacteria and other types of microorganisms which could lead to diarrhea and other types of diseases. The factors that may have contributed to the river’s fecal contamination were: the improper disposal of animal manure in the river, the number of comfort rooms having no appropriate drainage allowing it to directly drain into the river, and the discarding of human wastes on the river for those who don’t have comfort rooms. Keywords - Fecal contamination, E. coli , River, Barangay Lumbia

While for most of a landscape, urbanization leads to a significant habitat loss, rivers in urban areas are usually maintained or developed for their drainage function. Rivers are often the most important biophysical and ecological connection of cities with their surrounding ecosystems, although usually heavily altered due to urban impacts. For the conservation of urban rivers as ecological corridors, it is important to assess the impact of typical urban threats on habitat quality. In this study, we used the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Trade-offs) habitat quality model to assess the individual and combined impacts of built-up areas, first- and second-order road and water pollution from urban drainage, and wastewater discharge on habitat quality within a 200 m wide river corridor. The Pochote River in Leon, Nicaragua, was used as a case study. Our results show the spatial distribution and magnitude of the individual threat impacts, as well as the respective contribution of each threat to the overall impact of urbanization on the habitat quality within the river corridor. While close to the city center, all threats almost equally contributed to severe habitat degradation, while further downstream, an individual threat influence became more distinct with only water pollution having a consistent negative impact. We concluded that the InVEST habitat quality model can be used to assess the impact of typical urban threats on habitat quality in river corridors at a high spatial resolution. The results can help to improve urban planning and development to improve habitat conservation along urban rivers.