THREE-DIMENSIONAL MAPS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Spatial data infrastructures for cities in developing countries

This paper elaborates research prospects in the recent scenario, which identifies the use of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) in the design of interdisciplinary geo-information systems for decision support systems to handle energy linked disasters at different scales for all user groups. The realization of the SDI potential as subsidiary for resolving sustainable local & global energy complications depends on multiple factors including reliable access to well-harmonized information. The work also introduces to an emerging digital geo-information infrastructure and policy framework at global, regional, national and local levels. The concept of SDI as a tool presents the notion for networked SDIs, designed and implemented to serve various specific applications at the national, regional or municipal level. Handling energy linked disasters could be such an application sector. The work illuminates the necessity of the legal and regulatory changes to be done in order to achieve the SDI framework. The work wishes at comprehending role of SDI in providing policy solutions for complex problems embedded with energy linked disaster caused due to conflict over energy issues with a scientific challenge. The work also examines the relationship between competition for energy resources and the inclination for conflict in the coming future taking the argument well beyond issues of energy politics and the significance of oil and gas to the global market, the work offers significant new findings concerning the impact of energy wealth on life and the economies. It also explores the ways attempting to uphold the energy interests in the newly independent states, and the impact of competition on regional security. Believe it or not, conflict is an untapped source for creativity and energy. The paper proposes a prototype with a set of recommended practices in the development of SDI on clear political accountability to its integrity to address the role as a framework for facilitating local and global energy linked disaster. It is discussed that the design and implementation of an SDI model framework can assist the managing agencies to improve the quality of their decision-makings at all level of the activities. This includes the development of a prototype web-based system which can facilitate sharing, access and use of data in energy linked disaster management and especially disaster response.

The development of a spatial data infrastructure to support marine spatial planning in Greece

Blockchain technology is gaining increasing attention across various industries, including healthcare, supply chain, education, business, logistics, disaster management, agriculture, tourism, and energy. As such, it is also becoming of interest to the spatial data infrastructure (SDI). This chapter explored the potential of blockchain technology for SDI and examined its potential role in addressing four key areas of concern regarding SDI: governance structure, facilitating access, capacity building, and data interoperability. Furthermore, the chapter also delved into the challenges that may arise with integrating blockchain technology into SDI. These challenges include scalability, technical complexity, regulatory as well as legal constraints, and cost as well as resource constraints. In addition to discussing the potential and challenges of blockchain-based SDI, this chapter also presented the technical, legal, and social implications that may arise from its deployment.

This paper aims at reevaluating the role of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) as an initiative which can facilitate disaster management by providing a better way for managing spatial data. SDI contains technological and non-technological aspects for sharing and exploiting geo-information resources. The results of the research have shown that a prototype emergency spatial data sharing system using an SDI framework can assist the disaster management in such a way that they can improve the efficiency and quality of data for the decision making and increase the effectiveness in data collection and sharing activities during the management of emergency spatial data.

In the wake of the so-called information technology revolution, many stakeholders from the public and private sectors (including citizens) have indeed grown accustomed to the promise and usability of spatial data infrastructures (SDI) for data access, use, and sharing. Analyzing the obstacles as well as the processes and mechanisms of integration and implementation, Spatial Data Infrastructures in Context: North and South investigates the technological and the non-technological aspects of the widespread adoption of spatial data infrastructures. Supporting theoretical issues with empirical studies, the editors pay particular attention to the non-technological aspects of organizational, financial, and legal issues including owner rights, liability, copyrights, and compatibility with precedent and supercedent laws. The authors also highlight the importance of understanding the local environment and circumstances in the process of tailoring the approaches to the conditions that characterize societies of different cultural, institutional, and economic settings. Designed to improve the accessibility, interoperability, and affordability of spatial data, the book focuses on the increasing challenges associated with integrating individuals and organizations into a network to support (1) public authorities and administrations at various levels, (2) thematic user communities, (3) enterprises, and (4) citizen-oriented society as a whole. It addresses the implementation and development of spatial data infrastructures for a wide range of themes, applicable technical standards and protocols, and specific organizational issues unique to data policy. Highlighting the potential for profound changes to the access, use, and exchange of spatial data for citizens, organizations, and geographically related applications, and therefore to the role and interaction of the stakeholders from the public and private sectors, this timely contribution provides new insights into improving our understanding of the increasing relevance, applicability, and value of spatial data infrastructures.

OGC Catalog Services: a key element for the development of Spatial Data Infrastructures

This paper discusses the use of spatial data for risk and natural disaster management. The importance of remote-sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data is stressed by comparing studies of the use of these technologies for natural disaster management. Spatial data sharing is discussed in the context of the establishment of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) for natural disasters. Some examples of SDI application in disaster management are analyzed, and the need for participation from organizations and governments to facilitate the exchange of information and to improve preventive and emergency plans is reinforced. Additionally, the potential involvement of citizens in the risk and disaster management process by providing voluntary data collected from volunteered geographic information (VGI) applications is explored. A model relating all of the spatial data-sharing aspects discussed in the article was suggested to elucidate the importance of the issues raised.

Abstract. Education on spatial data infrastructures is an important building block of study programs focusing on spatial data. The focus is on equipping students with essential skills for future contributions to spatial data infrastructure development and application. Despite a wide range of available teaching materials, their reuse is hindered by a lack of harmonization and integration into learning modules. This paper reports on the activities in the "Open Educational Resources for Spatial Data Infrastructures" (OER4SDI) project, which addresses this gap by developing easily reusable teaching materials for spatial data infrastructures. OER4SDI strives to create high-quality, findable, accessible, interoperable, and easily reusable (FAIR) educational resources, fostering efficient knowledge exchange in the field of spatial data infrastructures. The project puts a special focus on the modularity of open educational resources to enable reuse in a wide variety of settings. We describe the workflows and technical setup we use to enable collaborative development of open educational resources and their continuous revision, which is vital in this rapidly evolving field. Three example open educational resources for spatial data infrastructures are given, dealing with the "AAA Data Catalog", "OGC Open API Features", and "Knowledge Graphs". We share the lessons learned from the project to foster the development of more high-quality open educational resources in our community.

Introduction:Since its inception about 66 years ago, Pakistan has experienced a variety of both natural and man-made disasters like earthquakes in 2005 and 2015 and widespread flooding in 2010. Pakistan has also experienced a range of politically motivated violence, bombings in urban areas, as well as mass shootings. Such events generate a large number of casualties. To minimize the loss of life, well-coordinated prehospital and in-hospital response to disasters is required.Aim:To identify all the existing peer-reviewed medical literature on prehospital and in-hospital disaster preparedness and management in Pakistan.Methods:The search was conducted using PubMed and Hollis plus search engines in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The articles selected included articles on both natural and man-made disasters, and their subsequent prehospital and in hospital management. The following search terms and keywords were used while searching PubMed: mass casualty incident preparedness and management Karachi, mass casualty incident preparedness, disaster preparedness Karachi, and disaster management Karachi. To search Hollis plus, we used the terms: mass casualty incident preparedness and management Pakistan, mass casualty incident Pakistan, mass casualty incident preparedness and management Karachi, and disaster preparedness Karachi. We selected only peer-reviewed articles for a literature search and review.Results:The reviewed articles show a lack of data regarding disaster management in Pakistan. Almost all the articles unanimously state the scarcity of planned prehospital and in-hospital management related to both man-made as well as natural disasters. There is a need for planned and coordinated efforts for disaster management in Pakistan.

This study evaluated major cities’ compliance and awareness to the disaster management and emergency response legislations and strategies in Tanzania with a focus on Dar es salaam city that have experienced persistent undesirable disasters and emergencies that arise from both natural and manmade. The study also focused at actions and programs embarked by the Dar es Salaam City Governments (Ilala, Temeke, Ubungo and Kinondoni) to implement the established disaster and emergency response legislations and strategies in dealing with the challenges identified and their way forward. The outcome of this research was contemplated to significantly assist individuals, community, the local government and other interested parties in dealing with disasters and emergencies, and enhance understanding and compliance and awareness to the disaster management and emergency response legislations and strategies urban and rural dwellers with disaster-resilient. This study deployed descriptive research design and survey to gather information about the research problem under the study. The survey provided quantitative account of views of sampled population and their attitudes, and provided chance to test correlation among population variables of the population samples in which 105 respondents were conveniently selected for this study. The study found that the majority of the population are aware the about the disasters that are likely to occur in their localities and their associated impacts both health and economic impacts, but however they are not satisfied with the strategies implemented by the government to deal with them. The study revealed that, the public officials responsible for emergency response and disaster management in Dar es Salaam are aware about the legislations and plans in dealing with disasters and emergency response but the compliance to them are below average due to various factors like resources constraints, insufficient personnel, low involvement of community, insufficient institutional coordination between emergency responders, insufficient infrastructures that affect response time to emergencies, inadequate urban land use planning and strategies and political influenced decision making. The study proposed that the government have to review and follow up implementation of developed urban land use plans base on disaster risk assessment and management reports, to intensify and provide public awareness campaigns on disaster risk management and emergency response strategies, capacity building to government officials and emergency responders on new urban development technologies and enhance their knowledge and competencies, and to review and establish a coordinated emergency response plans in major cities and establishment of early warning systems with coordinated communication systems among responders.

From the very beginning of the twenty-first century, the world has witnessed many natural disasters. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 has emphasized on formulating disaster management plans at international, national, regional, and local levels. It also urges the use of traditional, indigenous, and local knowledge and practices for the disaster risk assessment and preparation of disaster mitigation plans and management disasters. The national disaster management policy of India 2009 describes that the local authorities should ensure the capacity building of their officers and manage disasters and carry out relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction activities in the affected areas. It also calls for setting up a specific institutional framework for dealing with disasters in megacities. The Odisha government has made provisions to prepare the village-level disaster management plans and national, state, and district-level plans. In this context, we critically appraise the progress of India in empowering the local governments for effective management of disasters at the local level. We argue that it is high time to formally add the responsibility of disaster management by the local governments in the eleventh and twelfth schedules of the constitution. In line with the National Disaster Management Fund and State Disaster Management Funds, local governments should be provided with special Disaster Management Funds. A dedicated department should be created for managing various types of disasters. All disaster-prone villages should have a Village Disaster Management Committee, and panchayats should have a Panchayat Disaster Management Committee.KeywordsNatural disasters and their managementLocal governmentIntergovernmental relationsJEL CodesH77Q54

A multinational SDI-based system to facilitate disaster risk management in the Andean Community

Natural disasters often disrupt communication networks and severely hamper emergency response and disaster management. Existing solutions, such as portable communication units and cloud-based network architectures, have improved disaster resilience but fall short if both the Radio Access Network (RAN) and backhaul infrastructure become inoperable. To address these challenges, we propose a demand-driven communication system supported by High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) to restore communication in an affected area and enable effective disaster relief. The proposed emergency response network is a promising solution as it provides a rapidly deployable, resilient communications infrastructure. The proposed HAPS-based communication can play a crucial role not only in ensuring connectivity for mobile users but also in restoring backhaul connections when terrestrial networks fail. As a bridge between the disaster management center and the affected areas, it can facilitate the exchange of information in real time, collect data from the affected regions, and relay crucial updates to emergency responders. Enhancing situational awareness, coordination between relief agencies, and ensuring efficient resource allocation can significantly strengthen disaster response capabilities. In this article, simulations show that HAPS with hybrid optical/THz links boosts backhaul capacity and resilience, even in harsh conditions. HAPS-enabled RAN in S- and Ka-bands ensures reliable communication for first responders and disaster-affected populations. This article also explores the integration of HAPS into emergency communication frameworks and standards, as it has the potential to improve network resilience and support effective disaster management.

The quite new Web Processing Service (WPS) specification of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) is increasing the value of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) by offering a standard for the actual processing of spatial data. The interface is already used in a range of projects, but up to now mainly in connection with 2D spatial data. In this paper we want to demonstrate that the standard can also be applied in a 3D environment which increases the potential of such 3DSDIs. We implemented two use cases of disaster management and environmental monitoring and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of applying geoprocessing functionality in 3D. The scenarios were integrated and visualized in a Web3D Server (W3DS) viewer and demonstrate how useful it is to present the outcomes of such simulations in the third dimension.