Three-dimensional surface temperature measurement using lifetime-based phosphor thermometry

Aiming at the difficulty of deploying wireless sensor networks (WSNs) on three-dimensional (3D) surfaces, based on the grey wolf optimizer (GWO), an enhanced version of the grey wolf optimizer is proposed for deploying WSNs on 3D surfaces, namely the enhanced grey wolf optimizer (EGWO), which is characterized by enhanced exploitation and exploration ability of the algorithm. The novelty of EGWO is that the grey wolf population is divided into two parts, one part is responsible for the outer-layer encircle and the other is responsible for the inner-layer encircle, and the introduction of Tent mapping. The purpose of this is to enhance the exploitation and exploration ability of the algorithm respectively, so as to improve the convergence and optimization precision of the algorithm. In addition, in terms of WSN deployment in 3D surfaces, this paper improves the means of determining the perceived blind zone. Meanwhile, a novel method to calculate the WSNs coverage area of simple and complex 3D surfaces is presented by combining the grid and integral of the 3D surfaces. The EGWO is favorably compared with the GWO and three existing variants of the grey wolf optimizer when testing on 12 well-known benchmark functions. The simulation experiment results show that compared with the existing algorithms, EGWO can provide a very competitive search result in terms of optimization precision and convergence performance. Finally, this paper applies EGWO to the 3D surface deployment of WSN. Simulations show that compared with the other three deployment algorithms, EGWO can improve the network coverage of WSN, which can save network deployment costs. In addition, the probability of network connectivity deployed by EGWO is higher, that is, EGWO can provide a better deployment solution.

The Early Stone Age record preserves a rich behavioural signature of hominin stone tool making and use. The role of percussive technology in the daily subsistence strategies of our earliest ancestors has seen renewed focus recently. Studies of modern primate tool use highlight the diverse range of behaviours potentially associated with percussive technology. This has prompted significant methodological developments to characterize the associated damage marks (use-wear) on hammerstones and anvils. Little focus has, however, been paid to identifying whether these techniques can successfully differentiate between the damage patterns produced by specific and differing percussive behaviours. Here, we present a novel workflow drawing on the strengths of visual identification and three-dimensional (3D) surface quantification of use-wear. We apply this methodology firstly to characterize macaque percussive use-wear and test the efficacy of 3D surface quantification techniques in differentiating between percussive damage and natural surface topography. Secondly, we use this method to differentiate between use-wear associated with various wild macaque percussive behaviours. By combining analyst-directed, 3D surface analysis and use-wear dimensional analysis, we show that macaque percussive behaviours create specific diagnostic signatures and highlight a means of quantifiably recording such behavioural signatures in both primate and hominin contexts.

Commentary: Challenges of 3D Surface Image-based Prediction Models for Pectus Excavatum

Utility of 3D Surface Laser Scanning in Brachytherapy of Lip Cancer

Optical measurement techniques have evolved since the mid-2000's due to the advancement in computer processing and digital camera sensors. These techniques allow for the digitization of full three-dimensional (3D) surfaces and provide time-domain surface information data with high details not previously possible with more traditional measurement techniques. A variety of industries are using these technologies with a focus on high accuracy industrial applications including aerospace and automotive. This paper introduces optical measurements techniques used to provide quantifiable data and visual information of a woman's abdomen during various stages of pregnancy. Two non-invasive techniques are used for this study including structured light (SL) scanning and digital image correlation (DIC). An overview of these techniques, the process for data collection, results of the data, and opportunities for future studies are presented in this paper. The structured light scanning was used to capture a 3D surface of the woman's abdomen at four to six week intervals starting at week 15 of maternity and ending six days prior to birth. The results quantify growth during each stage of pregnancy along with full surface data in addition to postnatal results. The DIC data was collected during week 30 when the baby was very active in the womb and external deformations on the woman's abdomen were observed visually. The results from these studies were not intended to be a formal medical study but to provide feasibility of the SL and DIC process during the stages of pregnancy and encourage unique uses of otherwise industrial measurements.

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Background: This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the morphometric characteristics of the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) cervical vertebrae in Aksaray Malakli dogs. Using advanced three-dimensional (3D) surface scanning technology, the research provides detailed and breed-specific anatomical data for this unique dog breed. Methods: Seven atlas and seven axis bones were collected from adult Aksaray Malakli dogs and scanned using a color 3D surface scanner. High-resolution digital models of each bone were generated and a total of 25 linear and one angular osteometric measurements were performed on each model using specialized 3D analysis software. To ensure measurement reliability, all parameters were measured three times by the same researcher and intra-observer agreement was high for both vertebrae [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) greater than 0.75]. Result: Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses identified significant structural relationships among several morphometric parameters. Comparative assessments demonstrated that certain morphometric features of Malaklı dogs differ considerably from those of other dog breeds and mammalian species. Notably, the dens-to-axis length ratio (DALR) and dens angle (DAo) values provided critical insights into the predisposition of large breed dogs to atlantoaxial instability. Furthermore, the study confirmed the high reliability and repeatability of measurements obtained via 3D surface scanning. These findings establish essential baseline data for future anatomical investigations and offer novel comparative information on the morphometry of the Aksaray Malakli breed.

Digital anthropometry is a useful tool for surgeons and patients in breast reconstruction surgery (BRS). Owing to advancements in smartphone technology, these devices can be used for three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging. In this prospective study, anthropometric measurements of the breast were performed using a smartphone and compared with measurements obtained using an established 3D surface imaging system. In this study, 40 patients who underwent BRS were included. 3D-surface models (SMs) were obtained using the Vectra H2 stereophotogrammetry camera (Canfield Scientific, USA) and an iPhone 15 (Apple Inc., USA) in combination with the 3D Scanner App (Laan Consulting Corp., USA). Fourteen measurements were performed on all 3D SMs. Subsequently, smartphone-based measurements were compared to Vectra-based measurements. Statistical methods used were the paired t-test, paired Wilcoxon-signed ranks test, Bland-Altman analyses, and calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). All measurements demonstrated excellent agreement between those obtained using the smartphone and Vectra H2 (ICC between.963 and.998). No statistical differences were found for 11 of the 14 anthropometric measurements. The Bland-Altman analyses yielded promising results, demonstrating 95% limits of agreement within a range of less than ±2mm between the 2 methods. The proposed method for smartphone-based anthropometry of the breast showed moderate accuracy for clinical use. However, the approach used to create and evaluate the 3D SMs is considered laborious. Therefore, further refinement of the method may be necessary to enable the implementation of smartphone-based surface imaging in plastic surgery. DRKS00034221.

Accurate small animal surface reconstruction is important for full angle non-contact fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) systems. In this letter, an optimal surface reconstruction method for FMT is proposed. The proposed method uses a line search method to minimize the mismatch between the reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) surface and the projected object silhouette at different angles. The results show that the mean mismatches of the 3D surfaces generated on three live anesthetized mice are all less than two charge coupled device (CCD) pixels (0.154 mm). With the accurately reconstructed 3D surface, in-vivo FMT is also performed.

Manipulation of permanent magnet beads with head-to-tail ring formation on thin 3D surfaces

Accurate and rapid alignment of laser scanned 3D surface using TSK-type neural-fuzzy network-based coarse-to-fine strategy

Field temperature measurement technique using the flow visualization with the liquid crystal has been investigated and is applied to the three-dimensional temperature measurement by scanning the thermometry. The color to temperature calibration of the liquid crystal is carried out using the neural networks, where the effect of view angle relative to the light sheet is considered by distributing the networks over the image plane and with an optimum smoothing technique. The calibration error of temperature due to the view angle is much reduced by the present technique and is proved to be useful by application to the temperature measurement of the thermal convection over a heated surface. The three-dimensional temperature distributions of the thermal convection is reconstructed from the measured temperature field and the structure of thermal plumes is examined.

We demonstrated single-shot, three-dimensional temperature field measurements in a turbulent hydrogen-air flame using two-color hydroxyl radical volumetric laser-induced florescence (OH-VLIF). Four high-speed intensified cameras with shared quadscopes were used for tomographic temperature field imaging.

Application of digital image correlation (DIC) to sloshing liquids

Three-dimensional surface characterization for orthopaedic joint prostheses.