Time perception: effects of introversion/extraversion and task interest.

Product configurators have been important enablers of customised product design. In a configuration process, customers need to specify the attribute choices that best satisfy their needs. A combination of customer decisions then informs the desired product. Psychology and information retrieval researchers have acknowledged that time is an important factor in measuring customer satisfaction with decision-making process. Some recent studies have also shown that the subjective perception of time is an even more relevant measure of customer satisfaction. However, it remains unclear what factors are most significant in affecting a person's subjective perception of time. This study investigates the relationship between people's experience with the on-line configuration process and their subjective perceptions of the time involved. Empirical experiments are designed to answer the relevant research questions. The experiment's results show that two factors, namely the difficulty of the task and the customers' motivation to process information, both significantly affect customers' perceptions of time. We also find that customers' perceptions of time are significantly correlated with their satisfaction with the configured products, and that perceived time is moderately correlated with satisfaction with the configuration process.

This study aims to identify the factors affecting the formation of visitors’ perception of time in the two heritage sites of Naqsh-e Jahan and Merdeka from the interpretive approach. The explanatory method was used to ensure a deep understanding of visitors’ perceptions. Initially, 376 questionnaires were collected in Naqsh-e Jahan and 366 questionnaires in Merdeka. The Friedman test showed the differences between visitors’ prioritization of time perception variables. It was concluded that the sub-indices of environmental variables and special days rejected the hypothesis. In the qualitative part, researchers used methods of interviews and narrative stories based on their observations and lived experiences. Narrative descriptions allowed researchers to become aware of visitors’ perceptions and to make meaningful interpretations in which social context and culture are considered. Qualitative data analysis was performed by the triple coding method. 4 core categories were obtained, based on which the perception of time was formed in the visitors’ minds. These categories are sense of rhythm, speed of time, sense of change, and normative components of each country. It states that just as the amplification of spatial norms in a particular place is effective in strengthening the sense of place, it can also be generalized in time.

Time perception, the extent to which employees perceive the passage of time as being fast or slow, is a fundamental aspect of workers’ job experience that has been overlooked in work design theory. We identify two novel work characteristics that can speed up employees’ time perception: low temporal expectancy and high time segmentation. Low temporal expectancy means the job is organized such that employees do not need to wait for something to happen in the uncertain near future. High time segmentation occurs when a large chunk of work time is divided into shorter time segments. These work characteristics divert employees’ attention away from thinking about time, such that time seems to pass more quickly and employees can focus and perform more effectively. We tested this theory in three studies. First, in a serendipitous field study (N=221), we showed that these work characteristics exist and shape time perceptions as hypothesized. Second, in two laboratory experiments, (N = 116 and N = 112), we manipulated temporal expectancy and time segmentation, respectively, to affect employees’ time perception and task performance. Third, in a time-lagged design (N=284), we showed that time perception mediates the relationships between temporal work characteristics and job performance.

Nicotine withdrawal leads to impulsive decision-making, which reflects a preference for smaller, immediate rewards and often prompts a relapse to smoking. The mechanism by which nicotine withdrawal leads to impulsive decision-making is not well known. An essential dimension of decision-making is time perception. Impulsive decisions reflect intolerance of temporal delays and the perception that time is passing more slowly. Sex may be an important factor in impulsive decision-making and time perception, but no studies have investigated whether sex moderates the effects of nicotine withdrawal on impulsive decision-making and time perception. Thirty-three (12 female) adult smokers completed 2 laboratory sessions: following 24-hr abstinence and once smoking-as-usual (order counterbalanced, abstinence biochemically verified). Participants completed 2 time perception tasks, a decision-making task, and self-report measures of craving, withdrawal, and mood. During time reproduction, males overestimated time during abstinence compared to smoking, whereas there was no session effect for females. On the time discrimination task, smokers were less accurate during abstinence, and this effect tended to be stronger among females. In general, males had higher discounting rates compared with females, but there was no effect of abstinence. The current data suggest that the effect of abstinence on time perception may be stronger in males and that males generally exhibit steeper delay discounting rates. Time perception may be an important mechanism in smoking abstinence. Our future work will investigate the role of time perception in smoking relapse and whether this is moderated by sex.

This study investigates the role of individual differences in time perception on task performance during teleoperation with latency. Long distance teleoperation induces latency, causing performance issues for the operator. Previous research demonstrated that individual differences in time perception predicted performance on a similar task, having participants navigate a radio controlled (RC) car around a track. This work extends the relationship into routes of varying course width to test whether differences in time perception predict movement over-/underestimation. Participants completed a time estimation task and a route navigation task while experiencing latency. In the time estimation task, participants estimated the duration of multiple visual stimuli (2 s or less). In the route navigation task, participants moved a virtual cube across a route. Each trial varied in the amount of latency and the amount of horizontal clearance in the track (4-10 m for a 1.2-m-long/wide cube). The results showed fairly consistent latency by time estimation and latency by clearance interaction effects on a wide set of trial-level variables, such as completion time, and action-level performance variables, such as time spent moving per move event. However, the results were not consistently in the predicted direction. Results suggest that clearance and timing affect performance across latency, at both the overall level (i.e., trial completion time) and at the action level (time spent moving). An open question remains as to how these contextual factors affect movement strategy selection.

BackgroundConversations about end of life rarely take place beyond healthcare spaces and in advance of imminent death. As the Canadian ageing population increases and new policies and options emerge for end‐of‐life choices, there will be an increasing need for supports for decision‐making on end of life. Time Moving was a participatory art exhibit created to engage participants in reflections on end‐of‐life experiences and the ways in which their perception of time fluctuated within these moments.DesignA participatory and constructivist approach informed decisions on exhibit design and analysis. The Time Moving exhibit was installed in a downtown university hall for 10 days during the 2019 annual DesignTO festival, open to all members of the public. The exhibit was used as the primary method of data collection. There were three prompts informed by concepts from prior work on time perception. Participants were invited to respond by drawing, writing or constructing.OutcomeThere were over 120 contributions of participants over the duration of the Time Moving exhibit. These contributions revealed new insights related to temporal perception and end‐of‐life experiences. Participants shared their perception of time during end‐of‐life experiences in a variety of ways, revealing a diversity of perceptions of time beyond calendar and clock time, including time experienced as a spiral.ConclusionsThe insights on time perception highlight opportunities for approaching dialogue on end of life and in grief support, and for exhibit as a mechanism for research and education.Patient or Public ContributionAs a public exhibit, over 120 people contributed ideas, personal stories, drawings and other creative outputs to the exhibit. An estimated 250 people visited the exhibit.

Delay discounting refers to the decline in the value of a payoff as the objective delay to its fulfillment increases. Recent research on delay discounting has examined its relationship with time and risk perceptions through correlational studies. Manipulated experiments were conducted in the current research to further investigate the causal links among the relevant variables. Experiment 1 revealed causal influences of objective delay on both risk perception and delay discounting as well as a positive correlation between risk perception and delay discounting. By manipulating risk perception, Experiment 2 demonstrated further a causal impact of risk perception on delay discounting. Experiment 3 manipulated time perception and provided further evidence for causal pathways from time perception to risk perception and delay discounting. Overall, the results verified a causal chain from objective delay to delay discounting through time and risk perceptions in support of the implicit-risk hypothesis regarding delay discounting.

Comparison of time perception in individuals between focal and generalized epilepsy.

Time flies when you maximize — Maximizers and satisficers perceive time differently when making decisions

Social media is increasingly prevalent in the daily lives of young people as a source of entertainment and social interaction. However, the time spent on such stimuli reduces availability for other activities that used to be more prevalent, such as reading, development of motor skills, and face-to-face social interaction. Little is known about the effects of this habit changes on the cognitive development of young individuals. One possible way to assess cognitive investment in a particular task is through the perception of time passage. In the present study, we investigated the cognitive investment in different activities and its relationship with the perception of time passage in young individuals aged 14 to 15 years old. Four groups of volunteers were formed. Each group performed a different activity for 23 minutes. Group 1 spent the 23 minutes browsing a social network (TikTok); Group 2 read classics of Brazilian literature; Group 3 played the board game “Pictionary”; and Group 4 was instructed to practice a complex pen spinning around the fingers. The duration of the activity was not disclosed, and at the end of the 23 minutes, volunteers were individually asked how much time they thought had passed during the activity. The group that engaged in TikTok had an average perception of 20 minutes, a value almost identical to the pen spinning, which was 19 minutes, with no statistically significant difference between them (p > 0.05). On the other hand, activities requiring greater cognitive effort and social interaction, such as reading and the board game, had average time perceptions of 25 and 28 minutes, respectively. The latter two even reached time perception values of 40 and 44 minutes, which were the highest in the entire experiment. According to analysis of variance, groups with the lowest mean time perception (TikTok and pen spinning) were significantly different from the board game group (p < 0.05). Based on our results, we can conclude that the nature of the activity undertaken affects time perception on the brain. This may be related to the amount of new information presented and absorbed during novelty and learning activities. Engaging in new and cognitive demanding experiences give the impression that time lasted longer. Conversely, repetitive activities without new stimuli give the sensation that the same time interval seems shorter. Further studies investigating the consequences of overexposure to repetitive and unstimulating activities are necessary to understand their potential effects on the brain development of adolescents.

Human perception of time depends on the subjective structure of the individual, so everyone is different. However, the performance of these time perceptions is also affected by objective neurological factors, such as biological rhythm, cortical striatum circuit, and circadian rhythm. This research has summarized a small part of some factors that affect the human body’s time perception and looks for the connection between these factors. This research introduced how the pineal gland adjusts the biological rhythm through the received sunlight signal so that the biological rhythm of the body is consistent with the cycle of the environment. It introduced how the cortical striatum interacts with dopamine energy, and it can also explain how the coding reward prediction error (RPE) experiment proves that the cortical striatum and dopamine interaction helps us distinguish the difference between time intervals. Finally, this research introduced some areas of the brain that affect the circadian rhythm, including the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglion, and striatum, and induced the projection of dense parts from black matter. This research also introduced a mainstream neurological time perception model, and introduced through which brain areas the signal reaches the prefrontal cortex of the brain and finally makes “perception”. The introduction of time perception in this research is not comprehensive, and the topic of the role of the nervous system in time perception also needs to be studied in more depth.

Delay-discounting studies in neuroscience, psychology, and economics have been mostly focused on concepts of self-control, reward evaluation, and discounting. Another important relationship to consider is the link between intertemporal choice and time perception. We presented 50 college students with timing tasks on the range of seconds to minutes and intertemporal-choice tasks on both the time-scale of seconds and of days. We hypothesized that individual differences in time perception would influence decisions about short experienced delays but not long delays. While we found some evidence that individual differences in internal clock speed account for some unexplained variance between choices across time-horizons, overall our findings suggest a nominal contribution of the altered sense of time in intertemporal choice.

The display duration of stimuli is overestimated due to the increase in phasic arousal induced by the stimuli or high levels of background arousal. A previous study demonstrated that display duration of items (2 s) was overestimated when a participant attempted to conceal one of the items so as not to be detected in the concealed information test (CIT). As the time perception remained the same between the item to be concealed and the other items, the overestimation was thought to be due to the high level of background arousal under the conceal condition. Duration of 2 s may be too long to examine the phasic arousal effect induced by the concealed item. The present study conducted three online experiments with shorter durations, that is, each of three items was presented with duration of 1, 0.5, and 2 s in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The participants were instructed to conceal one of the three items under the conceal condition and did not conceal any item in the innocent condition. The difference in time perception between the conceal and innocent conditions or between items under the conceal condition was observed in none of the three experiments. The result indicates that temporal overestimation does not occur when a participant is only concealing an object. Rather, temporal overestimation would occur only when the level of background arousal is amplified by the concealment.

Time perception reflects individual differences in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Supplementary motor area activations predict individual differences in temporal-change sensitivity and its illusory distortions