Total Process Error framework: an application to economic statistical registers

The article first investigates the basis for designing teaching activities dealing with aspects of history, applications, and philosophy of mathematics in unison by discussing and analyzing the different ‘whys’ and ‘hows’ of including these three dimensions in mathematics education. Based on the observation that a use of history, applications, and philosophy as a ‘goal’ is best realized through a modules approach, the article goes on to discuss how to actually design such teaching modules. It is argued that a use of primary original sources through a so-called guided reading along with a use of student essay assignments, which are suitable for bringing out relevant meta-issues of mathematics, is a sensible way of realizing a design encompassing the three dimensions. Two concrete teaching modules on aspects of the history, applications, and philosophy of mathematics—HAPh-modules—are outlined and the mathematical cases of these, graph theory and Boolean algebra, are described. Excerpts of student groups’ essays from actual implementations of these modules are displayed as illustrative examples of the possible effect such HAPh-modules may have on students’ development of an awareness regarding history, applications, and philosophy in relation to mathematics as a (scientific) discipline.

Opinion leaders play an important role in influencing people's beliefs, actions and behaviors. Although a number of methods have been proposed for identifying influentials using secondary sources of information, the use of primary sources, such as surveys, is still favored in many domains. In this work we present a new surveying method which combines secondary data with partial knowledge from primary sources to guide the information gathering process. We apply our proposed active surveying method to the problem of identifying key opinion leaders in the medical field, and show how we are able to accurately identify the opinion leaders while minimizing the amount of primary data required, which results in significant cost reduction in data acquisition without sacrificing its integrity.

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat, requiring an approach that integrates human, animal, and environmental health. Public awareness and responsible antibiotic use are key to combating AMR. This study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use among the general population in Serbia, exploring their impact on antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2022 using a three-stage stratified random sample of the Serbian population. The Eurobarometer questionnaire was utilized with permission from the European Commission. Statistical analyses included multivariate ordinal logistic regression to identify predictors of desirable attitudes and behaviors related to antibiotic use. Results: Almost two-thirds of respondents (61.6%) reported not receiving any advice on rational antibiotic use, underscoring the need for education of the general population and raising awareness. A Higher Antibiotic Knowledge Score was associated with a 60% greater likelihood of favorable attitudes and a 21% greater likelihood of rational antibiotic use. Pharmacists were identified as the primary source of antibiotic-related information for the general population in Serbia, but there is limited public interest and awareness of antibiotic use in animals, as well as of the bans on using antibiotics to stimulate growth in farm animals within the EU. Conclusions: Through targeted educational interventions, strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration and AMR control measures is necessary for human and veterinary medicine. Although pharmacists are the primary source of information about antibiotics for the population in Serbia, collaboration with physicians and their empowerment should be introduced to strengthen antimicrobial stewardship further.

<p>This paper addressed the issue of sustainable coastal resource management through a successful Community-Based Coastal Resource Management (CB-CRM) Program in the Municipality of Mariveles, province of Bataan in the Philippines. The paper investigated how governance and institutional and legislative framework, and the concept of sustainable development complemented each other to promote good local eco-governance in the management and protection of finite local marine resources. Specifically, it analyzed how the local fisherfolk community of Mariveles utilized efficiently their finite marine resources in the context of eco-governance. It also investigated how the cooperative efforts of various stakeholders: peoples’ organizations (POs), local government unit (LGU), and a non- government organization (NGO) in Mariveles, Bataan affected their coastal resources against environmental degradation and exploitation. This paper would benefit POs, LGUs, and NGOs in their quest for sustainable management and conservation of their limited coastal resources. This paper yielded the following findings. First, POs and NGOs engage when NGOs can strengthen the POs’ capacity building through the transfer of skills and technology, when NGOs can enhance the POs’ indigenous knowledge, and when NGOs are more knowledgeable of formal venues of LGU participation. Second, LGUs, NGOs and POs engage when POs and NGOs can complement each other to strengthen their capacity building, and when NGOs can help implement environmental programs that are beneficial to the POs. Third, NGOs and POs engage when POs are threatened by elite power, and when NGOs want their environmental issues on LGU’s legislative agenda. Finally, NGOs and POs engage when they see possible LGU cooperation. Participant observation through focus group discussion (FGD) and key informants’ interview of different stakeholders was a primary source of information in formulating the aforementioned conclusions. In addition, stakeholders’ analysis and documentary analysis, i.e., books, print and non-print materials, video footage, monograph, were used as secondary sources of information. The author is solely responsible for any information found in this paper.</p>

Dynamics of incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children in the Russian Federation (2001-2007)

La figura del Revisor Fiscal aborda realidades problemáticas en situaciones de fraudes organizacionales, y en muy pocas oportunidades solución a problemas de evaluación del control interno para la prevención y control del fraude. Por lo que la presente investigación, tuvo como pretensión identificar los criterios de Revisoría Fiscal útiles en la evaluación del Control Interno para la prevención y control del Fraude, tomando el caso de una empresa, con pocos resultados en la administración del riesgo, por falta de aplicación de mecanismos adecuados, o falta de una estructura en sus procesos administrativos que ayuden la prevención del riesgo y el fraude. La metodología utilizada con un enfoque cualitativo, de carácter descriptivo, estudio de caso, muestreo caso-tipo, utilizando fuente información primaria en la organización contexto de estudio, y secundaria a partir del análisis documental, utilizando técnicas de entrevistas semi-estructurada y revisión documental. Los resultados de la investigación determinaron que el Control Interno es una garantía para la empresa, con mínimas posibilidades de fallas en la información financiera y garantías del mismo en el cumplimiento; un error en la comprensión de los criterios de Revisoría de Revisoría Fiscal induce al error de juicio y fallas de control; infiriendo que la función del Revisor Fiscal en la fiscalización integral y permanente, con el uso de criterios de Revisoría Fiscal para la evaluación del control interno bajo un enfoque de meta control organizacional, ayuda a la prevención y control del fraude.

This article presents an overview of developments incomputer-aided history teaching in higher education inthe UK and the US, which have focused primarily onproviding students with access to primary sources inorder to enhance their understanding of historicalmethods and content. From an initial emphasis onresearch training for postgraduates, which taughtquantitative methods, or the use of drill-stylequestion-and-answer programs, advances in hardwarecapacity and software provision have led to morevaried methods of analysis. Computer-assisted learninglends itself particularly to the growing emphasis onstudents' use of primary sources, as more texts becomeavailable in electronic format on CD-ROM or the WorldWide Web. Hypermedia can provide a unique learningenvironment in which students are exposed to differentgenres of sources such as images, texts and numericaldata, encouraging them to discover interconnectionsand complexities, while learning at their own pace.Students can be expected to develop critical skills bycomparing primary sources and forming their ownhistorical interpretations. The various problems andmethods of locating and assessing relevant informationin cyberspace also foster critical thinking and aspirit of investigation. A computer-assisted coursetaught in Glasgow showed that students value the easeof access to relevant source materials offered bycustomised resource packs, which left them with moretime to evaluate their contents critically.

How women's opinions of hormone therapy are shaped

Sources of information and HRT prescribing practices among gynecologists in Puebla, Mexico

PURPOSE: Examine nutritional perception and information sources in sub-elite rugby 7 s athletes, 2011 and sports post-professionalism, in 2021, highlighting trends in trusted resources to improve knowledge. BACKGROUND: Health and performance depend on good nutrition intake. However, athlete’s nutritional knowledge severely lacks with international cohorts scoring below 50% on nutritional knowledge questionnaires. Further complicated by the variability in the nutritional knowledge among primary information sources. The deficiency in sports nutrition knowledge in athletes and their primary information sources emphasizes a need for further evaluation to address these inadequacies. METHODS: A cross-sectional study surveyed sub-elite rugby 7 s players at 2010-11 Las Vegas Invitational/Northeast RFU Summer 7 s and re-administered, at 2021 Empire Geographic Union 7 s Qualifiers. The questionnaire used current nutritional guidelines and validated surveys and was analyzed via likelihood Chi-square to compare cohorts' responses. RESULTS: Most reliable sources of nutritional information, 2011 were nutritionists (72%), fitness trainers (75%), and doctors (76%); 2021: fitness trainers (78%), doctors (85%), and nutritionists (88%). The least reliable in 2011 were magazines (20%), the internet (27%), and TV/Radio (36%); 2021: magazines (29%), family (39%), and TV/Radio (54%). A likelihood Chi-square test found significant differences in reliability for family (χ2 = 19.38, df = 4, p = 0.0007), nutritionist (χ2 = 18.86, df = 4, p = 0.0008), friends (χ2 = 12.30, df = 4, p = 0.02), TV/Radio (χ2 = 12.38, df = 4, p = 0.02), coworkers (χ2 = 17.43, df = 4, p = 0.02), coach (χ2 = 11.60, df = 4, p = 0.02), doctor (χ2 = 10.92, df = 4, p = 0.03), other (χ2 = 10.68, df = 4, p = 0.03), and internet (χ2 = 10.22, df = 4, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Pre-professionally (prior 2016), athletes cited coaches as a primary information source. A significant shift noted post-professionally, with decreased perceived reliability of coaches and increased reliability of nutritionists (p = 0.0008) and doctors (p = 0.028), suggesting growing awareness of professional guidance. This highlights a positive correlation between athletes receiving appropriate nutritional knowledge from evidence-based sources to aid performance of these athletes internationally.

This research paper appraises the legal framework for the protection of civilians in cyber warfare under International Humanitarian Law. The paper examines the existing rules of IHL on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, their applicability or otherwise to cyber warfare, the existing gap in the law, with a view to making recommendations on more effective ways to protect the civilian population in armed conflicts. In doing this, the research methodology adopted is the doctrinal approach. Both primary and secondary sources of information were consulted and utilized in the course of this work. The primary sources include the four Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, the Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols, the Rome Statute etc. The secondary sources include textbooks, journals, articles, newspaper, and online material retrieved from the ICRC website and other relevant websites. This paper finds that although International Humanitarian Law provides for robust rules aimed at the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, these rules do not sufficiently afford protection to civilians in cyber warfare as the complexity brought about by these new means and methods of warfare were not captured at the time the rules were made. This work identifies some of the challenges posed to the protection of civilians in cyber warfare and establishes a case for the need for a treaty to specifically regulate cyber warfare and provide for the protection of civilians in cyber warfare. This work also recommends that International policy debates on cyber warfare should be geared towards streamlining the various national views on cyber-attacks.

Solid waste such as “garbage” “trash” “refuse” “slug” and “rubbish” is disposed off or is required to be disposed off in accordance with national law. The study relies on primary and secondary sources of information. The primary sources include the Constitution, statutes and subsidiary legislation. The secondary sources of information include books, journals, conference proceedings, newspapers, magazines and internet materials. The information obtained from these sources is subjected to content and contextual analysis. The study examines the Kwara State Environmental Protection Agency Law, 1992 and other laws on waste disposal and management in Kwara State, Nigeria. The study also examines the regulations and the agency i.e. the Kwara State Environmental Protection Agency created by the law with a view to determine the inadequacies in the law.

Protecting business and human rights in Nigeria is challenging in view of the national insecurity and violence. The study undertook an overview the United Nations’ Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. It examined the legal regime of business and human rights under Nigerian domestic laws. It also identified and appraised challenges to the implication of the UNBHR in Nigeria. The study adopted a doctrinal method, adopting primary and secondary sources of information. The primary source comprised the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999, Arbitration Act 2004; Nigeria Export Import Promotion Act 2004, Labour Act 2004, Trade Disputes Act 2004 to mention a few and the case law. The secondary source included textbooks, journal articles, conference proceedings, newspapers, and the internet. The study found that the UNGP are comprehensive and protect business and human rights of persons, corporate bodies, and the government. Findings further revealed that the domestic laws in Nigeria handshake the UNBHR because their provisions are adequate and suficient to protect business and human rights. There are legal and institutional challenges to the full implementation of UNBHR due to weak implementation of domestic laws, rule of law, pervasive corruption, ignorance, unemployment, and poverty. The paper concluded with a recommendation that for business and human rights to be protected, sustainable battles must be fought against corruption, poverty and insecurity to promote good governance. Dhaka University Law Journal Vol.35, Issue.2, December 2024 P. 249-270

This study examined the development of international and municipal laws on maritime safety and security and identified the challenges undermining the efficiency of the provisions at combating security threats within the Nigerian maritime space. The study relied on primary and secondary sources of information. The primary sources included the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation 1988, the Safety of Lives at Sea (SOLAS) Convention 1974, municipal legislations and Judicial decisions. While the secondary sources included books, journal articles, conference proceedings and the internet. It was found that there is an array of international laws addressing maritime safety and security. It was further found that the effectiveness of these international maritime laws in Nigeria is undermined by inadequate implementation traceable to socio-legal, institutional and political issues in the country. The study recommends adoption of functional legal, institutional and policy measures to address the various implementation challenges, address maritime safety and security threats in the Nigerian maritime domain and aid the maximization of the nation’s maritime resources to facilitate development.

Territorial planning plans are the result of the search for primary and secondary information sources with the knowledge of the technical team in charge of preparing or updating them, and ideally using the citizen's knowledge of the territory. To this end, various forms of citizen participation have been explored without much success. In the case study of this article, the Territorial Plan of the Cuenca Municipality, updated until 2022, has been analyzed, where the main result has been the lack of citizen participation. This article proposes a framework that describes the steps of organization, systematization and analysis of geographic information sources for Cuenca, where the large amount of existing but little used information is identified and that motivates the creation of a Virtual Assistant (VA) with specialized training according to the territorial planning axes defined for this municipality. This assistant must work on a platform for the integration and interoperability of geospatial information and existing geoservices, which is the SDI UCuenca.