Toward an Ultra-low Latency and Energy Efficient LoRaWAN

A fuzzy based Co-Operative Blackmailing Attack detection scheme for Edge Computing nodes in MANET-IOT environment

The concept of Security Aware Routing is not widely adopted in current networks. However, the new IoT-centric core networks give possibilities to re-open that field of research. We consider routing to be an addition to existing network security methods, especially in IoT domain. Security-aware routing incorporates the security and safety metrics to the traditional set of metrics (bandwidth, network delay, hop count, path cost, load etc.). The paper shows a new approach in which, based on the Software Defined Networks (SDN) we estimate trust relationships between nodes and flows and use them to create SDN paths, based on the Cognitive Packet Network (CPN) principle. The Random Neural Networks (RNN) supported with cognitive packets are used for making routing decisions. The proposed solution was designed and is being implemented within the SerIoT project to demonstrate secure networks for the Internet of Things (IoT).

The burgeoning demands of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as video/audio streaming in surveillance, disaster recovery, multimedia, and healthcare paves the need to provide better Quality of Service (QoS) delivery. The growth in the amount of data generated by multimedia applications increases congestion in the network. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging approach that centrally controls the network and solves the congestion problem in the network. SDN has many advantages that help in network management, traffic shaping, and routing in the IoT network to manage the data generated from a diverse range of applications. In this paper, we propose a congestion technique using Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) to manage the bandwidth in the Software-Defined IoT (SDIoT) network. Further, we propose a routing scheme to compute optimal routing shortest paths using Dijkstra’s algorithm by selecting the min-cost path based on the priorities of traffic flows. The results illustrate that the proposed approach achieves a reduction in end-to-end delay by 38%, 44% and higher average throughput by 29%, 43% in comparison with the benchmark schemes - SDN with HTB and the Delay Minimization method, respectively.

Internet of Things (IoT) networks are being designed to connect billions of sensors/devices for an application-specific environment to provide services and carry out special tasks. It enables the virtual connection of the real-world physical devices with Internet cyberspace. While, there is an exponentially growing trend in the use of IoT technology for diverse applications such as smart agriculture, smart industries, smart hospitals, smart homes, etc., there are pressing design issues which affect the IoT network performance in the long run, for example, replacement of batteries for increasing the lifetime of devices to maintain the network longevity. To tackle this challenge, various wireless powered-based energy transfer paradigms were proposed over time. Backscatter communication (BackCom) is likewise one of the energy-efficient solutions proposed, which can satisfy the stringent green communication aspects of IoT networks. To achieve massive connectivity in BackCom-enabled IoT network, selecting a suitable multiple access scheme is also a crucial part. Most multiple access schemes proposed for BackCom systems are based on frequency or timeslots sharing techniques. Multiple access techniques proposed for BackCom IoT system can reap the gain of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) principle. In NOMA, multiple end nodes (ENs) of sensors network is served in the same resource block, thereby, increasing the spectrum efficiency of BackCom IoT system. In this chapter, we discuss the prospects of backscatter technique with application of NOMA for green communication in IoT network.

This article aims to improve the accuracy of real-time image recognition in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), reduce the core network pressure of the IoT and the proportion of IoT broadband, and meet people’s demand for internet image transmission. An intelligent image fusion system based on mobile edge computing (MEC) and deep learning is proposed, which can extract the features of images and optimize the sum of intra-class distance and inter-class distance relying on the hierarchical mode of deep learning, and realize distributed computing with the edge server and base station. Through comparison with other algorithms and strategies on the text and character data sets, the effectiveness of the constructed system is verified in the performance of the algorithm and the IoT. The results reveal that the application of the unsupervised learning hierarchical discriminant analysis (HDA) has better accuracy and recall in various databases compared with conventional image recognition algorithms. When the sum intra-class and inter-class distance K is 2, the accuracy of the algorithm can be as high as 98%. The combination of MEC and layered algorithms effectively reduces the pressures of core network and shortens the response time, greatly reduces the broadband occupancy ratio. The performance of IoT is increased by 37.03% compared with the general extraction and common cloud computing. Image recognition based on the MEC architecture can reduce the amount of network transmission and reduce the response time under the premise of ensuring the recognition rate, which can provide a theoretical basis for the research and application of user image recognition under the IoT.

With the emergence of various new Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the rapid increase in the number of users, enormous services and complex applications are growing rapidly. However, these services and applications are resource-intensive and data-hungry, requiring satisfactory quality-of-service (QoS) and network coverage density guarantees in sparsely populated areas, whereas the limited battery life and computing resources of IoT devices will inevitably become insufficient. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled mobile edge computing (MEC) is one of the most promising solutions that ensures the stability and expansion of the network coverage area for these applications and provides them with computational capabilities. In this paper, computation offloading and resource allocation are jointly considered for multi-user multi-UAV-enabled mobile edge-cloud computing systems. First, we propose an efficient resource allocation and computation offloading model for a multi-user multi-UAV-enabled mobile edge-cloud computing system. Our proposed system is scalable and can support increases in network traffic without performance degradation. In addition, the network deploys multi-level mobile edge computing (MEC) technology to provide the computational capabilities at the edge of the radio access network (RAN). The core network is based on software-defined networking (SDN) technology to manage network traffic. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model can dramatically boost the system performance of the system in terms of time and energy.

With the rapidly growing number of connected smart devices deployed and diverse services provided in the Internet of Things (IoT), service selection system, which discovers appropriate services for users, is becoming more and more important. However, challenges exist as a result of the highly heterogeneous environments, characteristics of various kinds of users and the expanding number of services offered by many service providers, which have promising applications in IoT. In the meantime, users' contexts (e.g., location, time, and surroundings), wildly utilized in the IoT scenario to better satisfy individuals' demands, raises privacy issues. To address these problems, we propose a privacy-preserving mobile edge computing (MEC) enabled context-aware service selection system over software defined networks (SDN) in IoT to provide suitable services for end users, where the edge nodes (ENs) cache and process information, acting as cooperative learners. Utilizing the users' feedback and the historical records monitored by the SDN-based network, our contextual online learning algorithm achieves high prediction accuracy. Besides, instead of considering them as individual items, we utilize a top-down cover tree structure to handle service data, which supports ever-increasing large-scale datasets and complex situations. We theoretically prove that the accumulative regret of our algorithm has a sublinear bound and our numerical results confirm that our algorithm can handle big data problems while achieving a balance between privacy-preserving level and service selection accuracy.

The environmental impacts that are associated with the interconnected sensor devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) network are minimized with the utilization of green communication. This is because, when the IoT devices tend to grow, the IoT system becomes more prone to issues regarding the utilization of resources, sustainability, and energy consumption within the communication system. Tuning the communication protocols, lowering the IoT device’s energy usage rate, and establishing an effective technique for the transmission of data are performed. This is achieved by the green communication technique, which aids in the establishment of significant energy savings in the IoT network. For devices with limited power sources, the green communication technology offers an extended battery life. Despite the enormous potential of IoT technology, a number of obstacles need to be overcome, including those related to load balancing, security, storage, privacy, energy management, and device heterogeneity. In response to the challenges posed by conventional models, an innovative solution for the selection of Cluster Head (CH) using a hybrid approach is devised here. The energy consumption of sensor nodes is influenced by various factors, such asCH load, temperature, distance, residual energy, the number of alive nodes, delay, and so on. To address these challenges in IoT networks, a hybrid approach that combines the Squid Game Optimizer (SGO) and the Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer (AGTO) for the optimal selection of CH is suggested. The implemented approach is named Hybrid Squid Game with Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer (HSG-AGTO). This approach aims to optimize the above-mentioned factors and overcome energy consumption challenges in IoT networks. The effectiveness of the model is validated, and the results demonstrate the superior performance of the suggested model.

The real-time communication requirement of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications promotes the convergence of IoT and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC). The MEC paradigm greatly shortens the IoT service delay by leveraging cloudlets (edge servers) of MEC in the proximity of IoT devices. Considering limited computing and storage resources in an MEC network, it is challenging to provide efficient IoT-enabled service provisioning in such a network. In this article, we study the service home identification problem of service provisioning for multi-source IoT applications in an MEC network, by identifying a service home (cloudlet) of each multi-source IoT application for its data processing, querying and storage. Each multi-source IoT application consists of multiple sources located at different geographical locations and each source uploads its data stream via a gateway (its nearby access point) to the MEC network and the uploaded data then is aggregated with the stream data of the other sources of the IoT application at the service home. We here focus on two novel service home identification problems: the service operational cost minimization problem with the aim to minimize the total service operational cost by admitting as many multi-source IoT applications as possible, and the online throughput maximization problem with the aim to maximize the number of multi-source IoT application requests admitted. We first show that both the problems are NP-hard. We then formulate an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) solution to the service operational cost minimization problem, and propose a randomized algorithm with high probability and a deterministic approximation algorithm respectively, at moderate resource capacity violations. We third develop an efficient heuristic algorithm for the problem without any resource violation. Furthermore, we deal with the online throughput maximization problem under an assumption that multi-source IoT application requests arrive one by one without the knowledge of future arrivals, for which we formulate an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) solution to its offline version, followed by devising an online algorithm with competitive ratio. We finally evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms through experimental simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are promising, and outperform their comparison counterparts.

A blockchain-enabled Model integrates blockchain technology with Intrusion Detection Systems to enhance the security of Internet of Things (IoT) networks. It ensures data integrity, decentralization, and tamper-proof logging of intrusion detection. The approach improves trust, transparency, and real-time threat detection in distributed IoT environments. The existing blockchain-based IDS approaches, Blockchain Enabled (BCE-IoT), uniquely integrate blockchain consensus with federated-style local training, lightweight cryptography, and Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP)-based explainability, ensuring both security and interpretability in IoT environments. The proposed work combines Blockchain technology with explainable artificial intelligence solutions to create a new cybersecurity Model that strengthens intrusion detection within IoT networks. The proposed model enhances transparency in tracking cyberattacks by combining blockchain security storage capabilities with SHAP, an explainable AI. This research utilises machine learning and artificial intelligence to detect threats in real-time, countering Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), Denial of Service (DoS), scanning, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), injection, password, and backdoor attacks. BCE-IoT delivers more precise security by combining blockchain’s permanent data features and AI anomaly detectors, thereby reducing security alert mistakes. The performance effectiveness of Blockchain-Enabled IoT surpasses that of the Content Integrity Detection System. It combines Blockchain and Software-Defined Networking to enhance security in network environments, utilising blockchain-based mutual confirmation for software-defined networking to detect and block cyber threats. The evaluation establishes BCE-IoT as an effective IoT network security solution that delivers strong cybersecurity features, is adaptable to modern connected environments, and offers interpretable security solutions. The performance evaluations demonstrate that BCE-IoT provides a robust, flexible, and interpretable cybersecurity solution suitable for modern IoT environments.

The growing interest in the smart device/home/city has resulted in increasing popularity of Internet of Things (IoT) deployment. However, due to the open and heterogeneous nature of IoT networks, there are various challenges to deploy an IoT network, among which security and scalability are the top two to be addressed. To improve the security and scalability for IoT networks, we propose a Software-Defined Virtual Private Network (SD-VPN) solution, in which each IoT application is allocated with its own overlay VPN. The VPN tunnels used in this paper are VxLAN based tunnels and we propose to use the SDN controller to push the flow table of each VPN to the related OpenvSwitch via the OpenFlow protocol. The SD-VPN solution can improve the security of an IoT network by separating the VPN traffic and utilizing service chaining. Meanwhile, it also improves the scalability by its overlay VPN nature and the VxLAN technology.

Software Defined Networks (SDN) have been utilized in applications of the Internet of Things (IoT), termed as software-defined IoT network, because of the popularity and capability of mobile devices being used for networking in relatively large areas. In a software-defined IoT system, the sensing data are asynchronously harvested by the mobile sensing nodes, and are also asynchronously uploaded to the gateways of a software-defined network. Thus, all the sensing data are asynchronously transmitted from the gateways to the data servers in the pattern of multipoints-to-point (M2P) data transmissions. Even if the sensing data are generated from the same sensing event, the controller of SDN has no knowledge about this relationship. Thus, such asynchronous M2P data transmissions from the same sensing event at the gateways will generate many redundant requests to their controller by OpenFlow protocol of SDN. In this paper, we investigate the redundant requests caused by the asynchronous M2P data transmissions in the software-defined IoT network. We model the relationship between the sensing events and the uploading gateways by utilizing their spatial locations and the distribution of mobile sensor nodes. To reduce the loads on the controller for the asynchronous M2P data transmissions, we propose an One-Request Scheme for Software-Defined IoT Networks (ORSIN), to batch the updating the forwarding rules of the multiple data transmissions from the same event by the first one request from a gateway. Our extensional simulations verify the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

There has been an increase in the usage of Internet of Things (IoT), which has recently become a rising area of interest as it is being extensively used for numerous applications and devices such as wireless sensors, medical devices, sensitive home sensors, and other related IoT devices. Due to the demand to rapidly release new IoT products in the market, security aspects are often overlooked as it takes time to investigate all the possible vulnerabilities. Since IoT devices are internet-based and include sensitive and confidential information, security concerns have been raised and several researchers are exploring methods to improve the security among these types of devices. Software defined networking (SDN) is a promising computer network technology which introduces a central program named ‘SDN Controller’ that allows overall control of the network. Hence, using SDN is an obvious solution to improve IoT networking performance and overcome shortcomings that currently exist. In this paper, we (i) present a system model to effectively use SDN with IoT networks; (ii) present a solution for mitigating man-in-the-middle attacks against IoT that can only use HTTP, which is a critical attack that is hard to defend; and (iii) implement the proposed system model using Raspberry Pi, Kodi Media Center, and Openflow Protocol. Our system implementation and evaluations show that the proposed technique is more resilient to cyber-attacks.

One of the major challenges in Internet of Things (IoT) will be management and orchestration of multi-technology/multi-vendor network environments. According to many stakeholders, the adoption of software defined networking (SDN) principles in 5G (5-th Generation) wireless networks will allow the integration of mobile networks and the internet of things and will make it possible to manage billions of connected smart objects through intelligent orchestration and provisioning systems. The special value of SDN lies its ability to support network virtualization and to automate deployment of new services on top of the virtualized network infrastructure. To pave the way towards this novel approach, we present a SDN-based architecture for virtualization of IoT networks, including an intent-based north-bound interface and a virtualized infrastructure manager, allowing virtualization of IoT resources. The architecture exploits SDN controller to program different IoT networks in order to provide to users the intended service at the requested level of quality. A prototype of the architecture is presented and numerical results related to round trip time, measured at the different levels of the architecture, are reported.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly being used in a high-computation paradigm enabled with smart applications in the Beyond Fifth Generation (B5G) wireless communication networks. These networks have an avenue for generating a considerable amount of heterogeneous data by the expanding number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in smart environments. However, storing and processing massive data with limited computational capability and energy availability at local nodes in the IoT network has been a significant difficulty, mainly when deploying Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques to extract discriminatory information from the massive amount of data for different tasks.Therefore, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has evolved as a promising computing paradigm leveraged with efficient technology to improve the quality of services of edge devices and network performance better than cloud computing networks, addressing challenging problems of latency and computation-intensive offloading in a UAV-assisted framework. This paper provides a comprehensive review of intelligent UAV computing technology to enable 6G networks over smart environments. We highlight the utility of UAV computing and the critical role of Federated Learning (FL) in meeting the challenges related to energy, security, task offloading, and latency of IoT data in smart environments. We present the reader with an insight into UAV computing, advantages, applications, and challenges that can provide helpful guidance for future research.