Toward Softerware: Enabling Personalization of Interactive Data Representations for Users With Disabilities.

Lightweighting is a need in many industrial fields and, in particular, in transports, to reduce energy consumptions and to promote more environmentally friendly solutions. In this context, the use of composite materials has become ever more strategic, and a design approach that effectively combines shapes and materials is by now mandatory. In this work, the Systematic Design Approach has been extended to include potentialities and constraints related to materials and manufacturing at the early steps of the design flow. The proposed approach, named systematic material-oriented design approach, enables designers to identify and to select, in a systematic way, design solutions where shapes are tailored to materials and where benefits and criticalities related to the manufacturing processes are considered. In the paper, each design phase of the approach is described and applied to design the carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) motor wheel of the Emilia 4 solar vehicle. Optimization steps of geometry and materials complete the approach. The design of the wheel is fully detailed as well as its manufacturing and bending tests under static and fatigue conditions. In particular, strain fields were measured with a 3D digital image correlation (DIC) system during static tests to validate the numerical model.

Inclusiveness is a principle of our current school system. Inclusive education should ensure equal learning opportunities for all, avoid stigmatising differences, and accept diversity in pupils. The goals are promising, but the implementation of inclusive education is a wicked problem intertwined with student, teacher, school community and wider societal factors that are difficult to manage and reconcile. Can the goals of inclusive education to be achieved or will inclusiveness of schools lead to a situation where the conditions for learning, school practices and teaching resources are further stretched and learning for all becomes more narrowly focused? This article examines inclusive education as a wicked problem and how this perspective can aid in managing the inclusive education challenge at hand and how systemic design approach and service design can tackle these challenges. There will be provided four practical challenges where the proposed approaches and tools can be especially useful.

BackgroundImmunization supply chains (iSCs) move vaccines from manufacturer to point of use with the added complexities of requiring cold chain and an increasing need for agility and efficiency to ensure vaccine quality and availability. Underperforming iSCs have been widely acknowledged as a key constraint to achieving high immunization coverage rates in low- and middle-income countries. This paper details the system design approach used to analyze the iSC network in Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Niger and Guinea and documents six lessons.MethodologyBetween 2018 and 2020, these countries implemented the system design approach, involving four key steps: (1) advocate and introduce to engage stakeholders and prioritize identification of modeling scenarios; (2) collect data and plan analysis through document review and key informant interviews; (3) analyze system design scenarios using computer software modeling tools (LLamasoft’s Supply Chain Guru and AnyLogic's AnyLogistix) for optimization and simulation modeling as well as further analysis with Excel, Google maps, and OpenStreetMap; and (4) build consensus on optimized model and implementation roadmap using the Traffic Light Analysis tool and building on stakeholder input.FindingsKey lessons include the following: (1) define system design objectives based on country priorities; (2) establish consensus with stakeholders on scenarios to model; (3) modeling provides the evidence but not the answer; (4) costs should not be weighted above other decision criteria; (5) data collection—work smarter, not harder; (6) not all questions can be answered with a computer model.DiscussionA system design approach can identify changes to the design of the supply chain that can introduce efficiencies and improve reliability. This approach can be more effective when these lessons and principles are applied at the country level. The lessons from these four countries contribute to global thinking and best practices related to system design. The modeling and system design approach provides illustrative results to guide decision-makers. It does not give a "final answer", but compares and contrasts.

A service system is generally very complex that it includes several views, such as data, function, structure, behavior and so on. There are two different ways to model such many views. The model multiplicity approach for service systems design separately chooses a distinct model for every view. On the contrary, the model singularity approach for service systems design, instead of choosing many isolated models, will use only one single integrated model. In this paper, we proposed a structure-behavior coalescence (SBC) systems modeling approach for service systems design which is based on model singularity. The multiple models are un-related and therefore inconsistent with each other, which become the primary reason for the model multiplicity problems. Being able to think about a system in one single integrated model, the SBC systems modeling approach for service systems design truly avoids the model multiplicity problems.

Issue of slow mobility in inland waterways represents an important opportunity for the design research community, as part of the objectives of the main research programs in EU (e.g., Horizon Europe); hence, complex problems related to mobility can be faced by the design community through sets of smart solutions, both tangible and intangible. Recent trends in the sector suggest that the Design discipline should employ conceptual, methodological and operational tools to produce meaningful visions for urban and territorial scenarios oriented towards sustainable mobility. This is important in the perspective of sustainable development, and the related development of sustainable solutions supporting local authorities in enhancing the environmental and socio-economic quality of living contexts. Among the possible interventions that can be proposed to deal with this scenario, this paper proposes a project of a sustainable water shuttle. The boat is a part of a more complex project – system design approach – comprising service design and communication. It considers different users and stakeholders, as well as ergonomics standards like accessibility, safety, sustainability, mobility on waterways, modular design, enhancement of the natural and cultural heritage, etc. Specifically, this project focuses on the use of modular and photovoltaic components for green ferries, and how the design process used for this work can contribute to define the structure for a system-oriented design for sustainable mobility on waterways cities and natural contexts. The result presented in the document provides evidence and validity on the use of green technologies, alongside insights related production and management of sustainable products for water cities (re: shuttle boat). Ultimately, this work suggests good design practices and opportunities for intelligent solutions, opening up even new research avenues for community design.

Increasing system complexity not only in wireless communications forces design teams to avoid errors during the process of system refinement thereby keeping ambiguities during system implementation at a minimum. On the other hand the chosen system design approach has to ensure that a system design project rapidly advances through all stages of refinement from an algorithmic model to a real System on Chip (SoC) while maintaining backwards equivalence of the produced HW and FW/SW code with the original algorithmic model.This system design challenge also demands a new interdisciplinary team approach encompassing all design skills ranging from concept to HW and FW/SW engineering as well as system verification to increase the overlap in the system concept, implementation and verification phase.But how do these interdisciplinary teams cooperate efficiently, as they are used to metaphorically speak different design languages?Resulting in an industry record development time for a 3.5G UMTS modem the employment of a novel system design approach is shown which serves as common system design language, avoiding the babylonian language disaster of isolated engineering worlds.The motivation for an increasing overlap of system concept, implementation and verification phases is obvious: it can save time (to market) in the magnitude of several months or even more and thus drastically shorten design cycles by parallel development of HW and FW/SW. The proposed approach also helps to avoid costly redesign cycles due to conceptual errors and optimizes the quality of the developed system HW and FW/SW thereby also substantially reducing system development R&D costs.

Most computerized traffic control systems that are now operational use a central computer to perform virtually all data processing tasks. These systems operate satisfactorily, but it is believed that this system design approach is now stretched to its limit of practical capability. The recent availability of economical microprocessors and their successful application to traffic signal controllers suggests that investigations should be conducted into the formulation of traffic control system concepts that make full use of microprocessor capabilities and thereby identify improved systems for future applications, particularly those that relate to the concept of traffic management systems that is currently in favor. This paper describes a Multilevel Distributed System (MLDS) concept designed to meet future traffic control and traffic management system requirements as currently envisioned.

IT Governance has provided hope in human life, especially waste management and environmental cleanliness services. The role of IT becomes very important when people want services that are fast, accurate and relevant. Technology using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has provided opportunities and made it possible to interact easily. The purpose of this research is to provide a GIS for the city environmental and sanitation services in order to provide good services in creating a clean environment. The research method uses the system analysis method with a spiral model approach in system design. The results of the design of GIS have been able to improve the performance of waste management in the city of Makassar.

Microsatellite has been considered as disruptive technologies in satellite engineering. Its development cost and time provide advantages for new kind of Earth observations, telecommunications, and science missions. The increasing trend of microsatellite launches and operations means that the approach was so successful that it could create funding sustainability. Major contributing factors of its success were due to the system design of the microsatellites. This chapter discusses two microsatellite system design approaches, namely Technical University of Berlin heritage and University of Surrey heritage. Both Universities provide approaches for system design and build of microsatellite systems. The design approaches are being compared along with lessons learned. The choices of microsatellites to be compared in this chapter will be those that are manufactured about the same time such that the technology compared is mostly the same and flown in-orbit. The chapter shows that the differences between the two system design approaches are on the choice of main computer and associated link configuration and in the attitude control modes. Another major different is in the satellites’ structure design. For some satellite’s components, incoming technologies have made the design choices from the two schools of thoughts converged.

PHOENIX: Towards a circular economy of plasmix waste—A systemic design approach

The objective of this work is to present a systematic approach for conceptual design of an integrated biorefinery with maximum economic potential accounting for the predefined uncertainties in energy economics. Various parameters commencing from raw biomass feedstock, desired end products, to market price trend, technological constraints and system uncertainties at multi-periods are to be considered. A structural framework, integrated biorefinery pathway map which embeds and interconnects the latest processing technologies is first developed. Then, a robust optimisation model is adopted to determine the optimum network which handles the predefined sets of uncertainties in energy economics. To illustrate the proposed approach, a case study with two different scenarios of uncertainties is solved. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is also performed to identify the critical parameters of an integrated biorefinery.

This paper introduces a fundamentally new machine paradigm, which takes into account that hardware has become soft. Along with a compilation technique, this paper introduces its implementation and application by illustrating the rDPA (reconfigurable data path array), an integrated circuit having been designed at Kaiserslautern and submitted for fabrication. This is the first implementation of a field-programmable data path array (FPDPA), which uses configurable ALU blocks (CABs) instead of CLBs (configurable logic blocks). This novel platform, provides highly efficient means of instruction level parallelism: for many applications by orders of magnitude more efficient than the traditional parallelism used in all scenes of high performance computing.

This paper presents a new approach for system design. The approach is based on a methodology that utilizes simulation, emulation, stimulation (SES) combined with computer aided design (CAD) to produce virtual prototypes (VP). All stages of the engineering procedure are included in this seamless engineering process. Alternative concepts and designs can be prototyped, analyzed, and studied by a multidisciplinary team in the actual environment to assure that system requirements can be met, in a fraction of the time and cost that it used to take. It paves the road to right the first time..

This paper presents a novel approach for system design, the functional redundancy, as one way to allow dynamic exchange of system's characteristics, in order to obtain the lowest power consumption still meeting performance requirements. The basic idea is to have different implementation instances of circuits with the same functionality but with different performance-energy consumption characteristics. An RTOS aware of the functional redundancy present in the circuit will make the dispatch of instructions to the highest performance or to the lowest power consuming IP core, according to the system load. We extend the task model for real-time scheduling and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method through some experiments.

Security technology often follows a systems design approach that focuses on components instead of users. As a result, the users’ needs and values are not sufficiently addressed, which has implications on security usability. In this paper, we report our lessons learned from applying a user-centered security design process to a well-understood security usability challenge, namely key authentication in secure instant messaging. Users rarely perform these key authentication ceremonies, which makes their end-to-end encrypted communication vulnerable. Our approach includes collaborative design workshops, an expert evaluation, iterative storyboard prototyping, and an online evaluation. While we could not demonstrate that our design approach resulted in improved usability or user experience, we found that user-centered prototypes can increase the users’ comprehension of security implications. Hence, prototypes based on users’ intuitions, needs, and values are useful starting points for approaching long-standing security challenges. Applying complementary design approaches may improve usability and user experience further.