Towards 5G-based IoT security analysis against Vo5G eavesdropping

Within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the thrust of the session initiation protocol (SIP)-based Internet protocol (IP) multimedia subsystem (IMS) is envisaged to allow a swift progression towards the provision of multimedia applications for increasingly demanding end users. The paradigm of service programmability using open network application programming interfaces (APIs), with open service access (OSA) as its main exponent, is helping to drive this development together with the use of SIP. The focal point of this paper will be the multimedia services architecture in the IMS by providing details of the interaction of the IMS and the application servers in the form of the OSA gateway and the SIP application server. The paper aims to assess the value of the IMS service control (ISC) interface on application server interaction in the IMS. The paper will provide an OSA application use case, and will also present the presence server as an example of a SIP application server that fits in with the IMS. © 2003 Lucent Technologies Inc.

Along with the recent advance in wireless networking and data processing technologies, demands for low latency communication (LLC) are increasing in a wide variety of future-driven autonomous applications such as a smart factory, self-driving cars, and so on. The fifth generation of cellular mobile communications (5G) will cover this need as one of three key capacities in their usage scenarios: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communication (mMTC), and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The 5G systems are composed of mobile devices and various internet of things (IoT) devices for sensing, acting, and information services; they configure diverse networking topologies such as direct mobile-to-mobile, also known as device-to-device (D2D). In the 5G D2D network systems, the network topologies are easily broken because of the mobile devices such as smartphones, IoT devices, and so on. Thus, for the highly flexible and extensible 5G D2D network systems, mobility support for the mobile devices is necessary. In this paper, we first explore the mobility issues in beyond 5G D2D. Since there are static and mobile elements in the 5G application domains such as the smart factory, overall mobility would lead to highly frequent topology reconfiguration or connectivity reconstruction. Thus, latency-related problems derived from topology changes and connectivity failures due to the mobility are addressed. To handle the problems, a fast connectivity construction scheme, denoted by LMK, is proposed with a deep neural network dealing with learning on radio signal information in order to achieve the LLC. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed framework can provide reliable connectivity for the MAC layer link with a low latency data transmission.

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network peering is a key enabler that will help accelerate deployment of next-generation IMS-based networks. Today's early deployments of dispersed IMS networks require public switched telephone network (PSTN)/public land mobile network (PLMN) bridges for network interconnection between IMS islands. The PSTN/PLMN bridging arrangement is inefficient, however, in that it results in unnecessary settlements for the carriers. It further impedes the implementation of rich multimedia and Voice over IP (VoIP)-related services that require end-to-end Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity. Last, it perpetuates the reliance on the existing PSTN/PLMN network for voice calls among subscribers served by different IMS-based carriers. This paper analyzes in detail the IMS peering challenges from the perspective of Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) signaling peering. It discusses issues related to the routing of SIP messages, and addressing, address resolution, and discovery of peering points for IMS signaling peering. It further establishes that a new routing algorithm is needed that will allow signaling peering points to dynamically discover the “best” transit network among others for reaching a destination. In closing, it presents a high-level IMS signaling routing process that includes, among other benefits, support for number portability as a key function for inter-carrier IMS peering.

IMS (IP multimedia subsystem) is a main trend of development NGN. The base of IMS is an Internet Protocol which initially did not provide support for quality of service. However, for the transmission of multimedia streams is necessary to ensure a given level of quality of service (QoS). Therefore, IMS QoS estimation is a necessary task but a high complexity of network topologies and a large number of information flows makes it difficult to solve this problem. In IMS network, QoS support is provided by the interaction of systems of IMS on control and application planes. This interaction based on the signalling message exchange that also has delay. This paper presents the results to create a nodal tensor model of IMS network for delay analysis. In this model, the main systems of the IMS network such as CSCF (Call Session Control Function), HSS (Home Subscriber Server) etc. are represented as a single-server queuing systems. Model is formed in accordance to the postulates of the tensor analysis of networks. Moreover, proposed model allow estimating the delay time as for the individual routes, and for the whole network. Research of the model allowed determining such distribution of traffic that resulted to the minimum value of the delay that in turn leads to increased QoS of information flows in an IMS network.

The arrival of 5G technology presents substantial opportunities for industrial automation through enhanced connectivity and real-time data exchange. This integration enables seamless communication among Internet of Things (IoT) devices, heralding a new era of smart manufacturing characterized by increased productivity, reduced downtime, and improved decision-making. This study explores the synergy between 5G and IoT in optimizing industrial processes, emphasizing critical areas such as massive machine-type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), and edge computing capabilities. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with 5G technology is revolutionizing industrial automation by offering unprecedented levels of connectivity and real-time data sharing. With its support for massive machine-type communications (mMTC) and ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC), 5G facilitates the seamless operation of IoT devices, enabling applications such as autonomous systems, remote monitoring, and predictive maintenance. This convergence enhances data analytics, leading to more informed decision-making and improved operational efficiency while reducing downtime. However, challenges such as security vulnerabilities, interoperability issues, and the need for robust infrastructure must be addressed. As more industries embrace this transformative technology, the combination of 5G and IoT is poised to enhance agility, scalability, and sustainability in the digital age.

Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) is an overlaid infrastructure above the packet-switched domain of the universal mobile telecommunication system core network. IMS enables and enhances real-time multimedia mobile services. IMS signaling and media are separated in IMS. For media session negotiation, two basic procedures in IMS are (i) IMS registration procedure and (ii) IMS incoming call setup procedure. IMS signaling needs to traverse a set of call session control functions (CSCFs), which are proxy-CSCF, interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) and serving-CSCF (S-CSCF). However, we observe that I-CSCFs need to query the home subscriber server (HSS) to obtain the name of S-CSCF for each subscriber's request in both the basic procedures. It results in a certain load occuring in the HSS and a certain procedure delay also occurs. Therefore, we employ the distributed hash table (DHT) into IMS to form a DHT-based I-CSCF network. Each I-CSCF in the DHT-based I-CSCF network can share and relieve HSS's load. As a result, the incoming call setup procedure can be speeded up. We also propose two maintaining procedures to maintain the DHT-based I-CSCF network for I-CSCFs join and leave scenarios. We propose one maintaining mechanism to guarantee the proposed system to be able to work well in the failure scenario of I-CSCF. According to the performance evaluation results, the load of HSS is reduced and shared among I-CSCFs in the home network and the signaling delay cost of the incoming call setup procedure is less than that of existent systems even if failure occurs and then is removed.

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has attracted attention according to the development of sensing technology and wireless communication technology. IoT devices are interconnected to realize a specific service with sensors and actuation functions over several communication methods. Internet Protocol (IP) exists as a basic communication technology for realizing an IoT system. Since IPv4 is a mainstream protocol on the Internet, the lack of compatibility between IPv4 and IPv6 should be great issues to realize IoT services. Additionally, recent networks employ the Network Address Port Translation (NAPT) technology to protect a network and to reduce the number of required IPv4 global addresses. The introduction of NAPT causes an accessibility issue due to the blocking of incoming packets. As a new issue, the mobility of IoT devices also becomes a concern about seamless communication because a change of IP address causes a disconnection of transport layer sessions. As a technique for solving these problems, the authors have developed CYber PHysical Overlay Network over Internet Communication (CYPHONIC) that supports accessibility and seamless mobility over the Internet. Since high-performance IoT devices typically implement the full IP stack, both IPv4 and IPv6 can be supported. Therefore, CYPHONIC can provide inter-connectivity among IoT devices. On the contrary, resource-constrained IoT devices with a low power operation support only the limited IP stack such as IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area (6LowPAN). This paper proposes a new interconnectivity mechanism between IP networks and 6LowPAN by extending CYPHONIC. Therefore, the proposed mechanism can provide interconnectivity among 6LowPAN devices and IP devices to collaborate on a service. The proposed system introduces a gateway device for connecting between IP networks and 6LowPAN. Additionally, it also extends the signaling process of CYPHONIC to support 6LowPAN based IoT devices. Since the object of this paper is confirming the feasibility of the proposed mechanism, we have designed the implementation with Thread protocol that support 6LowPAN.

Due to Internet Protocol (IP) is the most important protocol in Next Generation Networks. 3GPP utilizes Session Initial Protocol (SIP) based on IP as the base protocol for negotiating sessions in IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Different from traditional circuit-switched network, the media traffic and signaling are delivered through IP transport layer in IMS. The media traffic may affect the signaling efficiency in core network because the traffic collisions and delivery packets in best effort. This paper proposes a novel path-migration mechanism for enhancing the traffic efficiency in IMS. The simulation results show that by adopting proposed path-migration mechanism, the interference and traffic collision can be reduced and the signaling efficiency in core network can be improved.

Chapter 16 - The IP Multimedia Subsystem: True Converged Communications

This article describes a novel architecture signaling network so that an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) user, flying in an aircraft, be able to register with his IMS network of origin and have access to personal services and multimedia, through a Wide-Band Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) link. The proposed architecture integrates the Session Initialization Protocol (SIP), the Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol and the Mobile Internet Protocol (MIPv6) to enable the usage of IMS services by passenger on board an aircraft, as a type of Aeronautical Passenger Communication (APC) services. In this novel architecture, NEMO and MIPv6 protocols are responsible for the mobility management of smartphones and user notebook and the SIP protocol is responsible for the register and the management of sessions of an IMS user. This novel architecture enables an Air Communication Service Provider (ACSP) be able to supply to an on-board passenger (The IMS user) some APC services through an Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). The simulation results indicate the accuracy of the proposed architecture into aeronautical scenarios.

As third-generation (mobile) networks (3G networks) become a commercial reality, strong movements are emerging in the direction of a common infrastructure based on the Internet protocol (IP). The users' mobile devices are like another IP host connected to the Internet. In such a scenario, the network operator infrastructure is degraded to bit pipes. To avoid this, the 3G partnership project (3GPP) and ETSI TISPAN have designed IP multimedia subsystem (IMS), a service platform that aims to place the network operator again in the central role of service provisioning. In this article we examine IMS from a mobile operator's perspective and analyse its possible adaptation to the next-generation networks

With the growth of wireless network technology-based devices, identifying the communication behaviour of wireless connectivity enabled devices, e.g. Internet of Things (IoT) devices, is one of the vital aspects, in managing and securing IoT networks. Initially, devices use frames to connect to the access point on the local area network and then, use packets of typical communication protocols through the access point to communicate over the Internet. Toward this goal, network packet and IEEE 802.11 media access control (MAC) frame analysis may assist in managing IoT networks efficiently, and allow investigation of inclusive behaviour of IoT devices. This paper presents network traffic traces data of D-Link IoT devices from packet and frame levels. Data collection experiment has been conducted in the Network Systems and Signal Processing (NSSP) laboratory at Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD). All the required devices, such as IoT devices, workstation, smartphone, laptop, USB Ethernet adapter, and USB WiFi adapter, have been configured accordingly, to capture and store network traffic traces of the 14 IoT devices in the laboratory. These IoT devices were from the same manufacture (D-Link) with different types, such as camera, home-hub, door-window sensor, and smart-plug.

The Internet of Things (IoT) devices is able to communicate with another IoT devices in heterogeneous environments. They are also able to create a network by their own using wireless capabilities without a centralized approach. This network is called wireless mobile ad hoc network (MANET). The MANET facilitate IoT devices to communicate with each other in an infrastructure less network of the Internet of Things environment. The IoT devices can dynamically join, create connection and exchange information among them. The role of cloud in this framework is to store and process the data by IoT devices. The communication Security has been raised as one of the most critical issues of cloud computing where resolving such an issue would result in a constant growth in the use and popularity of cloud. Our purpose of this study is to create a framework for providing the communication in an integrated framework of Cloud and MANET among IoT devices. Our main contribution links a new study that integrates cloud computing to the MANET and provides communication to the internet of things. This study can be used in the framework of the Internet of Things in future.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has had a considerable influence on our daily lives by enabling enhanced connection of devices, systems, and services that extends beyond machine-to-machine interactions and encompasses a wide range of protocols, domains, and applications. However, despite privacy concerns shown by IoT users, little has been done to reduce and protect individual information exposure. It is extremely difficult to mitigate IoT devices from reidentification threats which is why it is still a major challenge for IoT users to securely protect their information. The trust controls how we regulate privacy in our IoT platforms in the same way that it governs personal relationships. As IoT devices become increasingly linked, more data is shared across individuals, businesses, governments, and ecosystems. Technologies, sensors, machines, data, and cloud connections all rely largely on trust relationships that have been formed. With the rapid growth of additional types of IoT devices that are being introduced, it, therefore, expands privacy concerns and is difficult to develop trust with an IoT system or device without the option to regulate information privacy settings. Privacy has always been a barrier for many devices as they race for the early adoption of IoT technologies. Several Internet of Things devices or systems will continue to pose privacy threats. As a result, the main objective of this study was to examine the individual understanding of privacy and to promote information privacy protection awareness not only to IoT users but also to organizations that use IoT devices or platforms to run their day-to-day business operations. Furthermore, the objective extends to compare user knowledge and concerns about IoT privacy, as well as to identify any common attitudes and variances. However, in terms of enhancing individuals’ knowledge, an artifact was developed to educate and enhance information privacy awareness among IoT users. A pre- and postquestionnaire was generated to test and validate user knowledge regarding information privacy protection in IoT. The study was conducted using a quantitative research method. Findings indicate that IoT users’ awareness of information privacy protection turned out to be average, suggesting a need for education and awareness. Several participants stated that information privacy protection awareness is required within the community to educate, raise awareness, eliminate human error, and enable individuals to be conscious of their privacy when surfing the Internet.

The single location surveillance point (SLSP) is a distributed indoor multi-sensor surveillance system. It incorporates an arbitrary amount of sensors that collect data from a single location, which is the surveillance point. Each sensor collects information from its ambit. Once the crude data has been acquired from the sensors and transmitted to logical decision making server (LDMS) by the session server, the LDMS automatically performs logical deductions based on the data received from the sensors. The LDMS transmits the logical deductions to the human security administrator of the security manager server and/or the end-devices of the nomadic guards. Complicated surveillance systems possess rigid requirements regarding testing and validation. The main endeavor in testing and validating the SLSP system comprised of utilizing an adequate testing and validation process accompanied with sufficient tools to test the SLSP system. The testing and validation process is explained and testing is executed by utilizing two tools. The TCR (test case runner) tool was specifically built for the testing purposes of the SLSP system. A proprietary tool, Nethawk's EAST (environment for automated systems testing) IMS (IP (Internet protocol) multimedia subsystem) simulator, was utilized in testing. The operability of the constructed prototype accompanied with its successful testing and validation indicates that this endeavor is attained. The paper presents the testing and validation procedure, accompanied with the depiction of the testing tools and their utilization. The research is based on the constructive method of the related publications and technologies and the results are derived through testing and validating the implemented SLSP system.