Towards Net Positive Responses to Spatial Challenges in Architecture Programs

Traditional Indonesian Pasar has become a symbolic representation of the hardworking backbone of the Indonesian economy. In an era where the implementation of innovative technologies is becoming prevalent, Indonesian pasar must be willing to adapt to the changing times. Hence, A mobile application will be developed to showcase products and traditional pasars shown around their area, users are able to purchase said products and negotiate for better prices similar to their real-life pasar counterparts, all in an effort to make the transition from physical to digital more convenient for old and new customers alike.Early Survey and Final Targeted Surveys results show that the creation of the mobile application has been a pleasant and endeavor for the users. Ultimately leading to a net positive response in terms of convenience and accessibility and achieving significant steps towards innovating in the Indonesian pasar market through an e-grocery mobile application. However, features such as user reviews and an order/delivery logistics system be considered in future reiterations of the application; in order to encompass a more complete flow of the user journey and transforming the way we currently think of Traditional Pasar.

Simple SummaryTerrestrial ecosystems, a key part of the Earth system, can absorb about 31% of CO2 emissions generated by human activities, which slows increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global climate warming. The ways in which terrestrial net primary production responds to elevated CO2 and associated climate change is a key topic of climate sciences. This study estimated the responses of net primary production to quadrupled CO2 using 23 Earth system models, and analyzed the underlying causes of uncertainties among the models. The results showed that all of the models projected positive responses of net primary production, with an averaged magnitude of 44.78 PgC year−1 and an uncertainty of ±20.93 PgC year−1. The uncertainty came from many sources, and this study emphasizes the role of different projections in CO2-induced climatic anomalies and different climate sensitivities. These results provide a reliable estimation of global net primary production response to quadrupled CO2, and point out that more understanding and improvements are needed for Earth system models to represent both physical climatic processes and the terrestrial carbon cycle.Terrestrial net primary production (NPP) is a key carbon flux that changes with rising atmospheric CO2 and CO2-induced climate change. Earth system models are commonly used to investigate these NPP changes because of their fundamentally trustworthy ability to simulate physical climate systems and terrestrial biogeochemical processes. However, many uncertainties remain in projecting NPP responses, due to their complex processes and divergent model characteristics. This study estimated NPP responses to elevated CO2 and CO2-induced climate change using the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2 (CAS-ESM2), as well as 22 CMIP6 models. Based on CMIP6 pre-industrial and abruptly quadrupled CO2 experiments, the analysis focused on a comparison of the CAS-ESM2 with the multi-model ensemble (MME), and on a detection of underlying causes of their differences. We found that all of the models showed an overall enhancement in NPP, and that CAS-ESM2 projected a slightly weaker NPP enhancement than MME. This weaker NPP enhancement was the net result of much weaker NPP enhancement over the tropics, and a little stronger NPP enhancement over northern high latitudes. We further report that these differences in NPP responses between the CAS-ESM2 and MME resulted from their different behaviors in simulating NPP trends with modeling time, and are attributed to their different projections of CO2-induced climatic anomalies and different climate sensitivities. These results are favorable for understanding and further improving the performance of the CAS-ESM2 in projecting the terrestrial carbon cycle, and point towards a need for greater understanding and improvements for both physical climatic processes and the terrestrial carbon cycle.

An outcome of building sustainable urban forests is that people’s well-being is improved when they are exposed to trees. Facial expressions directly represents one’s inner emotions, and can be used to assess real-time perception. The emergence and change in the facial expressions of forest visitors are an implicit process. As such, the reserved character of Asians requires an instrument rating to accurately recognize expressions. In this study, a dataset was established with 2,886 randomly photographed faces from visitors at a constructed urban forest park and at a promenade during summertime in Shenyang City, Northeast China. Six experts were invited to choose 160 photos in total with 20 images representing one of eight typical expressions: angry, contempt, disgusted, happy, neutral, sad, scared, and surprised. The FireFACE ver. 3.0 software was used to test hit-ratio validation as an accuracy measurement (ac.) to match machine-recognized photos with those identified by experts. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test on the difference from averaged scores in 20 recently published papers, contempt (ac. = 0.40%, P = 0.0038) and scared (ac. = 25.23%, P = 0.0018) expressions do not pass the validation test. Both happy and sad expression scores were higher in forests than in promenades, but there were no difference in net positive response (happy minus sad) between locations. Men had a higher happy score but lower disgusted score in forests than in promenades. Men also had a higher angry score in forests. We conclude that FireFACE can be used for analyzing facial expressions in Asian people within urban forests. Women are encouraged to visit urban forests rather than promenades to elicit more positive emotions.

Consideration is given to the distribution of growth increment at 6 points up the stem of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) 5 years after fertilization. The fully stocked stand, near Port Alberni, B.C., was 49 years old with heights and diameters reaching 100 ft and 20 in. respectively when fertilized with 220 and 440 lb/acre of urea. No change of consequence occurred in tree form in the codominant and intermediate crown classes as a result of the volume response which was still evident, although greatly diminished, after 5 years. In dominant trees, however, cross-sectional area growth in the central third of the stem was less than the controls even though other parts of the bole showed a positive response which lasted until the 4th year. The net volume response was negligible. The estimation of volume response to fertilization in dominant trees from breast-height measurements should possibly be approached with caution.

Context: The intranasal route is a promising route of administration for several emergency rescue drugs including naloxone and glucagon. Glucagon nasal powder (GNP) is a novel, needle-free delivery system for intranasal administration of glucagon for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia, an infrequent but serious complication of insulin use in patients with diabetes. The GNP delivery device is a compact, highly portable, single-use nasal powder dosing device constructed of polypropylene that allows for simple, single-step administration.Objective: To evaluate the toxicological profile of the polypropylene resin used in the actuator part of the delivery device that will contact skin and nasal mucosal membranes of the patient, we performed an in vitro cytotoxicity study, a skin sensitization study and an irritation (intracutaneous reactivity) study in animal models.Methods: Extracts of the actuator of the GNP device were generated from HAM F12 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) or sesame oil. The in vitro cytotoxicity test was performed in cultured L929 mouse fibroblasts. Skin sensitization analysis was performed in 10 guinea pigs according to the Magnusson–Kligman method, using a maximization method with Freund's Complete Adjuvant. Irritation following intracutaneous/intradermal treatment with device extracts (NaCl and sesame oil extractants) was assessed in three New Zealand White rabbits.Results: In vitro cytotoxicity test: Both undiluted and diluted extract showed no toxicity (i.e. no abnormal morphology, cell death or cell lysis) toward L929 fibroblasts (cytotoxicity grade 0). Sensitization test in guinea pigs: Challenge with device extracts did not evoke positive responses in test animals previously induced with device extracts. The net response value represented an incidence rate of 0% and a net dermal irritation score value of 0.00. Irritation (intracutaneous/intradermal) test in New Zealand White rabbits: Device extracts and corresponding vehicle controls caused similar irritation reactions. The difference between the mean scores for the device extracts and the corresponding vehicle controls was less than 1.0.Conclusions: Extracts of the polypropylene resin of the GNP delivery device are not cytotoxic, do not result in dermal sensitization and do not cause irritation when applied topically or intracutaneously. Given the infrequent use and very short duration of exposure to the nasal mucosa during administration of GNP, the polypropylene resin of the GNP device actuator will likely not cause adverse dermal sensitization effects or irritation effects in humans and can, therefore, be considered for use as a delivery device in clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of GNP for the treatment of insulin-using patients experiencing episodes of severe hypoglycemia.

A series of 4-day manipulations of zooplankton biomass and nutrient availability was performed in enclosures in three lakes to determine species-specific algal responses to herbivory and nutrient enrichment. Algal performance in enclosures was compared to the relationships between weekly algal growth rates and the zooplankton in situ . When in situ growth rates were significant functions of zooplankton biomass, the responses were generally consistent with responses in the enclosure experiments. The importance of both nutrients and zooplankton in mediating algal growth was demonstrated by numerous observations: strong algal community response to enrichment, unimodal or positive responses of certain algal taxa to zooplankton biomass, differences in degree of nutrient limitation among the algal response types, lack of nutrient limitation of non-grazed algal taxa and a preponderance of taxa with no net response to increasing zooplankton biomass. Variation in the zooplankton community may be the largest source of variability in nutrient supply rate during summer in stratified lakes, and causes substational variability in the algae. Algae responded more strongly to changes in zooplankton composition than to changes in zooplankton biomass. We conclude that, due to the close coupling of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in these nutrient-limited lakes, major compositional changes in the zooplankton have greater effects on the algae than do changes in biomass of grazers already present.