Towards the European Green Deal Data Space

In 2019, the European Commission introduced sustainability and European values at the centre of its long-term policy agenda. The European Green Deal sets out the direction for the EU to become climate-neutral by 2050. The UN Sustainable Development Goals will orient policy efforts and reforms in the years to come, in Europe and beyond. This is an innovation-driven policy agenda for new systemic solutions and employment creation reaping the opportunities from the ecological and digital transitions. The challenge now facing the EU is to implement it.The JRC is the science service of the Commission. We provide science for policy supporting public policy makers at all levels in the EU. JRC Directorate B, led by Mikel Landabaso, develops scientific evidence for innovation and growth policy relevant for all Commission priorities. Unit B3, under the leadership of Alessandro Rainoldi, focuses on territorial development. How can regions, cities and communities engage in the EU policy agenda in a bottom-up approach to create jobs and value added for its citizens? How can scientific evidence ensure continuous policy learning, detecting the effects of EU policies across Europe, and enabling policies to be refined for the benefit of society? For a successful implementation of the European Green Deal, these questions are more relevant and timely than ever.To construct the academic and conceptual base for these questions, JRC turned to two internationally recognized experts in innovation and place-based policy, Professor Philip McCann and Professor Luc Soete to explore how science for policy can support the implementation of the European Green Deal and the new EU policy for sustainable development. Their report presents their reflections, backed up by a consultation with a broader academic community gathering expertise in both innovation policy and regional development policy.

The Green Deal Data Space is born in the big data paradigm where there is a variety of data formats and data models that are exposed as files or web APIs. As a result, we need to default in simple data structure that is transversal enough to be able to represent most of the more specific data models, formats and API payloads. Many data models present a structure that can be represented as tables.TAPIS stands for "Tables from APIS". It is a JavaScript code that uses a common data model that is an array of objects with a list of properties that can contain a simple or a complex value. In TAPIS offers a series of operations that use one or more arrays of objects as inputs and produce a new array of objects as an output. There are operations that create the arrays of objects from files or API queries (a.k.a. data import), others that manipulate the objects (e.g. merge two arrays in a single one) and some operations that generate visual representations of the common data structure including tabular, a map, a graph, etc.TAPIS is limited by its own data model. While many of the data models can be mapped to the common data model, a multidimensional data cube or a data tree cannot be represented in a single table in an efficient way. In the context of the Green Deal Data Space, most of the sensor data, statistical data, geospatial feature based data and administrative data can be considered object based data and can be used in TAPIS. TAPIS is able to connect to Sensor Things API (the sensor protocol selected in AD4GD and CitiObs), S3 buckets (the internal cloud repository used in AD4GD), GeoNetwork (the geospatial metadata catalogue selected in AD4GD and more4nature), and the OGC API features and derivates (the modern web API interfaces standardized by the OGC) but other data inputs will be incorporated, such as Citizen Science data sources and other popular APIs used in the more4nature project. More analytical functionalities are going to be incorporated in the CitiObs project. As part of the AD4GD Green Deal Information Model, there is an operation to associate semantics to each column of a table by linking it to a URI that defines the concept in an external vocabulary (as well as units of measure if appropriate). In order to be compatible with the data space architecture recommended by the International Data Space Association, we are working on supporting the catalogue of the Eclipse Data Connector, and to be able to negotiate a digital contract as a previous step to request access to the relevant data offered in the data space. To do so, we are working on incorporating the data space protocol as part of the TAPIS operations for data import. TAPIS is available as open source at https://github.com/joanma747/TAPIS.AD4GD, CitiObs and more4nature are Horizon Europe projects co-funded by the European Union, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

The European Green Deal represents a significant development priority of the European Union to become the world's first climateneutral continent by 2050, as it is emerging as the most important tool in mitigating climate change. Environmental taxation is one of the most crucial mechanisms for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of the Green Deal policy. Hungary's government has begun to adopt the European Green Deal strategy by increasing its climate ambitions by legislating a carbon neutrality target for 2050. Achieving the 2050 target is possible if Hungary develops well-defined policy roadmaps with key milestones per sector. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of Hungary's commitments to environmental sustainability, with a particular focus on the integration of environmental taxation and carbon pricing measures. Hungary is aiming to align its environmental policies with the European Green Deal. The analysis examines Hungary's ongoing transition towards environmental sustainability. It assesses the effectiveness of the environmental tax initiative, including carbon pricing. The study provides insight into the country's progress and alignment with the objective of the European Green Deal.

In January 2020, the European Union launched the European Green Deal, a comprehensive programme for the transition to new environmental standards in all sectors of the economy with the aim of making Europe the first carbon-neutral continent. Given Ukraine's European ambitions, it is important for it to understand the requirements of the Green Deal and assess the possibilities of taking these requirements into account in the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. Purpose. To examine the requirements and current achievements in the implementation of the European Green Deal with a view to the prospects of Ukraine's post-war recovery. Results. Based on the EU regulations, current thematic reports, statistics and other open-source publications, the article analyses the main components of the European Green Deal in the context of plans and current achievements in their implementation in the following areas: legislative support, emissions trading system, carbon emissions regulation mechanism at the EU border, transport, energy, construction, agriculture and land use, ecosystem and biodiversity restoration, financial support of the green transition, science and education. Some promising directions of post-war recovery of Ukraine in the context of the Green Deal are considered. Conclusions. Despite the harsh criticism of the European Green Deal, it is vital to overcome the most acute environmental crisis in history, which threatens sustainable development and possibly the very existence of humanity. During the first 3 years of the Green Deal implementation, significant progress has already been made in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, although there are still some difficulties and obstacles. Ukraine has a significant potential for post-war restoration of the energy and industry sector in line with environmental requirements, but this will require significant investments.

As it is commonly believed that the planet is facing environmental disasters as a consequence of climate change, the European Union intends to inspire a sustainable green transition. The European Commission presented “The European Green Deal” as an indicator of this leading mission, which is a reaction to a warming atmosphere, climate change and polluted air. The European Green Deal aims to transform the countries and citizens of the European Union into a fair and competitive environment where greenhouse gas emissions will be zero by 2050. Above all, the European Green Deal is also committed to transforming the greenhouse gas emissions of other countries. Turkey, one of the leading countries in terms of the volume of trade with Europe, is required to examine the issue of carbon emissions in detail. If it were not, the European Union and Turkey could end the commercial agreements under the carbon-border adjustment mechanism of the Commission aimed at reducing carbon leakage risk, where the electricity sector is one of Turkey's most associated greenhouse gas emissions sectors. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of the Green Deal on Turkey’s electricity market from both the supply and demand side, which will be affected by the Deal's carbon limits or enforcement. In addition, in this study, a road map for Turkey’s electricity market is offered via comparative analysis method under the requirements of The European Green Deal.

This article critically examines the GND (Green New Deal) platform by exploring the reality of energy development under the European Green Deal (EGD). Taking a special interest in degrowth positions on energy development, the article argues that the European Green Deal is an exercise in necropolitics; intensifying market relationships, extraction, and infrastructural colonization. The article proceeds by reviewing and discussing recent environmental justice and degrowth positions on energy infrastructural development. The methodology outlines desk-based research on resource extraction as well as on the European energy markets. This accompanies multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork, charting environmental conflicts along a 400kv high-tension power line. This line goes across France, Catalonia and Southern Spain, stretching into Morocco and occupied Western Sahara. Unconventional research techniques, such as hitchhiking, enabled mobility and expanding the informal interview pool. Outlining the objectives of the EGD, the next section examines three aspects of its necropolitics. First, necropolitical economy reveals the reality of energy market liberalization under the EGD. Second, necropolitical extraction examines the expansion of mining and mineral processing, which are necessary for the EGD and ‘mainstream’ GNDs. Third, necropolitical operation reveal the reality of ‘a rapid rollout of renewable energy deployment’ by examining infrastructure conflicts along a 400kv power line between France and Spain. The process of infrastructural colonization is detailed, which also introduces different land defender perspectives on degrowth. Affirming the argument that the EGD is an exercise in necropolitics, the conclusion discusses important ways to expand degrowth, energy ecologies and real energy transition.

Research activities play a critical role in facilitating growth and promoting sustainable development. However, the scientific interest level in the European Green Deal in Central Asia remains uncertain. Therefore, this research paper aims to define the interest of Central Asian researchers in the Green Deal. A literature review was conducted using the bibliographic analysis method for Web of Science publications published over 2018-2023 and originating from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Co-occurrence analysis of keywords and co-authorship analysis were performed using the VosViewer 1.6.19 software. The co-occurrence analysis revealed that the Green Deal is a complex and interdisciplinary issue that highlights the importance of collaboration among stakeholders and researchers from different sectors. The co-authorship analysis identified the patterns of collaboration among authors, with many working with international partners. The distribution of publications and citations varied across different countries and keywords related to environmental and sustainability topics. It was also found that the number of publications has been increasing. Finally, correlation and regression analysis were applied to identify the factors that influence publication activity about the Green Deal.

How ready is the Turkish Legislation for the green deal?

ABSTRACTUrban environments are at the forefront of the European Union (EU) climate ambitions as envisaged by the European Green Deal (EGD). Cities are also central to delivering most of the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, EU cities face severe implementation challenges in operationalising the EGD and SDGs. This research aims to support EU cities in implementing the EGD by providing a coherent framework, aligning green transition policies with the SDG targets and indicators. The framework may support policy coherence and ambition alignment among governance levels. Specifically, the research identified 22 SDG targets matched to 76 EGD policy targets requiring implementation at the urban level, with SDGs 7, 13 and 15 being the most addressed. Furthermore, the application of the framework allows for informing SDG interlinkage assessment among policy targets also at the urban level, acknowledging potential caution areas, especially when implementing EGD targets directly linked to SDGs 7, 13, 6 and 9. Major implications include (i) the opportunity to align local development programmes with identified overarching priorities, unlocking the 2030 Agenda's potential to inform policy‐making at the urban level, and (ii) the need to properly address trade‐offs when implementing EGD policies to exploit EU cities' potential towards the EU green transition.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has been promoting the concept of a “geopolitical Commission” since her appointment in late 2019. Since then, successive crises—the Covid-19 pandemic, the ever-worsening climate crisis, and the war in Ukraine—have tested the Commission’s intention to turn the concept into practice. This is particularly evident in the field of energy politics following Russia’s attack on Ukraine. When the war started, Russia was the EU’s largest energy supplier. The EU’s desire to end its energy dependency on Russia called for “geopolitical actorness,” notably swift political and diplomatic initiatives to find alternative suppliers considering the rapidly changing geopolitical circumstances. To what extent and how did this occur? Did the Commission achieve its goal of becoming a geopolitical actor in the field of energy politics? What does geopolitical actorness imply for the EU’s energy policy and low-carbon transition? The article addresses these questions through an analysis of policy documents published by the von der Leyen Commission between 2019–2023, including the communications on the European Green Deal and Critical Raw Materials Resilience, the EU Hydrogen Strategy, the Global Gateway, the REPowerEU Plan, the External Energy Strategy, the Solar Energy Strategy, and the Green Deal Industrial Plan. The article argues that EU policy priorities progressively shifted from a focus on broad multilateral cooperation and open strategic autonomy to more narrowly defined strategic partnerships with “like-minded” Western and neighbouring countries. The 2022 war in Ukraine was a strong catalyst for this shift.

The European Green Deal, as a priority of the European Commission, includes a plan to make the EU economy sustainable and competitive. The way this can be done is to turn climate and environmental challenges into opportunities. To achieve this goal, massive investments from public funds are foreseen, as well as a reorientation of the financial system and private investments towards projects that reduce the carbon footprint and entail other positive environmental externalities. These intentions have been welcomed by the governments of the member states, the business community, and European citizens. However, the implementation of this plan is particularly complex and involves several dilemmas and challenges. Some risks have been identified in the strategy itself. These include concerns about the potential competitive disadvantage at global level, as well as concerns about possible adverse effects in terms of the well-being of European citizens. Among the measures envisaged to prevent such risks is protecting the EU economy through a system of border taxes, as well as the concern to ensure fairness throughout the transition. The European Commission and the Member States must ensure that the public and private investment effort will be effective both in achieving environmental objectives and in terms of macroeconomic and sectoral effects. In general, national and supranational actors are counting on a change in the system of economic incentives. Although some principles are formulated, they are accompanied by a long list of unknown factors and outcomes. In this regard, it is necessary to ensure that competition will not be altered to the detriment of social welfare. The research published in this issue of the Amfiteatru Economic journal contributes to identifying concrete problems and providing possible solutions. Climate risks have medium-and long-term effects on the degree of financial development at the macroeconomic level. The study entitled "The Assessment of Climate Risk Impact on the Economy: A Panel Data Approach" investigates how climate risk influences several variables, including country risk, capital market developments, and competitiveness. The authors used a sample of 22 countries, including 16 EU members and six OECD members, between 2008 and 2019. The results point to a negative relationship between the climate risk dynamic and the evolution of stock market capitalization as a percentage of GDP. The authors suggest that a country's level of competitiveness is less influenced by the level of climate risk, provided that the authorities and companies in each country are concerned with the implementation of climate risk management policies. A second study with panel data examines the dynamic relationship between financial development and environmental degradation in the European Union. Using a sample of all EU member countries between 1996 and 2018 (28 countries), the study entitled "An Empirical Assessment of the Financial Development -Environmental Quality Nexus in the European Union" suggests that financial development contributes to higher carbon emissions. However, this effect is stronger in the short term and weaker in the long term. At the same time, the development of financial institutions makes a major contribution to the

In Europe soil health is facing emerging challenges that require innovative solutions and policy interventions. We acknowledge that 62% of the European Union (EU) soils are not in healthy condition, while we face serious challenges such as climate change, food security, biodiversity loss, and socio-economic pressures. The severity of these issues is evident in the fact that soil erosion is unsustainable for around ¼ of the EU territory, carbon stocks in soils are declining, nutrients are depleting, and emerging contaminants can pose a serious threat to soil and human health. The costs of soil degradation in the EU may reach up to €70 billion per year, highlighting the urgent need for action. To address these challenges, the EU has put in place many policies for agro-environmental protection since 2000, including soil protection. The European Green Deal, launched in 2020, has set an ambitious roadmap to make the EU the first carbon-neutral continent with a modern, competitive, and resource-efficient economy. As part of the Green Deal, the European Commission (EC) has put soil protection in a high position on the EU policy agenda, recognizing that healthy soils are essential to achieve climate neutrality, zero pollution, sustainable food provision, and a resilient environment. This increased focus on soil health has led to the development of new policies and initiatives, such as the Soil Monitoring and Resilience Directive, which aims to establish a common framework for monitoring and assessing soil health in the EU. The Soil Monitoring and Resilience Directive, in place since December 2025, lays down measures for monitoring and assessing soil health, managing soils sustainably, and restoring contaminated sites. Furthermore, the Mission Soil, which aims to set up 100 Living Labs to promote sustainable land and soil management in urban and rural areas, will play a crucial role in achieving the objective of healthy soils by 2050. With an estimated investment of nearly €800 million until 2028, funded research projects under the Mission Soil are expected to reverse soil degradation through action on the ground, underpinned by the development and monitoring of a set of indicators. In addition to these initiatives, the Carbon Removals and Carbon Farming (CRCF) regulation is the first EU volunteer framework for certifying carbon removals and carbon farming. This regulation will monitor, report, and verify carbon removals, soil emission reduction, and biodiversity benefits, providing a new opportunity for farmers and other stakeholders to contribute to climate change mitigation. The carbon farming framework can also serve as an interesting business model for additional income to farmers, while involving diverse actors such as certification bodies, auditors, tech industry, and creating new jobs. By promoting sustainable land use practices, the CRCF regulation can help sequester carbon, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve soil health. This presentation will discuss these EU soil policies in detail, with a specific focus on the role and activities of the EU Soil Observatory (EUSO). Overall, the presentation will show how the EU soil policies and the EUSO are advancing the data, knowledge and tools on soils and leading the transition towards healthy soils in the EU.

The “European Green Deal” stipulates that the EU will become climate-neutral by 2050. This transformation requires enormous investments in all major sectors including energy, mobility, industrial manufacturing, real estate and farming. Although the EU Commission has announced that a total of EUR 1 trillion will be invested into the green transformation of the European economy over the next ten years, the majority of the investments must be financed by the private sector. Alongside many factors affecting a successful implementation of the Green Deal, a regulatory framework for the financial industry has to be established to facilitate the financing of sustainable investments. To that end, the European Sustainable Finance Strategy lays the foundation for a complex set of different measures that have been launched in recent years. This article provides a comprehensive overview of key regulatory initiatives such as the taxonomy regulation, the disclosure frameworks for both corporates and financial institutions and other aspects of financial market regulation that have already significantly improved the regulatory framework for sustainable finance. Nevertheless, some additional instruments could be considered, such as a reform of top management remuneration or the provision of tax incentives for green investments in the real economy, and these are briefly discussed.

Data spaces, a novel concept pushing data sharing and exchange, are experiencing momentum because of recent developments motivated by the increasing need for interoperability and data sovereignty. After an initial phase, dating back to approximately twenty years ago, in which this concept has been tentatively explored in different scenarios, it is presently going through a consolidation phase in which both specifications and implementations converge towards a common reference for standardisation. In this context, we offer our view on data spaces by presenting a systematic literature survey, a description of the components needed to build them, how they work, and of existing mature software implementations. We thoroughly present the architectural vision behind the concept and we analyse the Reference Architectural Model by IDS. We provide practical pointers to readers interested in experimenting with software components used in data spaces, and we conclude by highlighting open challenges for their success.

At the end of 2019, the European Commission launched a new growth strategy called ‘The European Green Deal’ (GD), which aims to ‘transform the European Union (EU) into a fair and prosperous society with a modern, resource-efficient a competitive economy with no net greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 and where economic growth is decoupled from resource use’. This study present developed system dynamic (SD) tool for determining bioeconomy development until 2030 and impact of different GD strategy activities on achieved progress. The bioeconomy index the created and used to measure bioeconomy progress for all scenarios. The optimal scenario was identified between reaching climate goals and adding value to the agricultural, forestry and fisheries resources.