Tracing Management Fashions in Selected Indices: A Descriptive Statistical Study

The fast development of internet and mobile technologies prompt this study. Mobile learning technology is accessible and convenient, as students can use advantageous devices to acquire knowledge at any time and location. Mobile learning can effectively meet students' educational requirements in acquiring knowledge. Furthermore, the design of learning materials that are inappropriate for mobile learning might be attributed to one of the reasons of students' cognitive stress. The purpose of this study is to see how mobile learning (Edmodo) on excretory system content affects cognitive load and student concept mastering. This research used a quasi-experimental method consisting of two classes: the experimental class (using mobile learning) and the control class (conventional learning). The instrument used to measure cognitive load consisted of questionnaires of intrinsic cognitive load, extraneous cognitive, and germane cognitive load, while the instrument for mastery of concepts consisted of pre-test and post-test. In addition, there was also a student response questionnaire to review the use of mobile learning in the experimental class. The data that had been collected were analyzed by a descriptive statistic method using SPSS 25.0. The results show that students in both classes have a cognitive load that can be controlled, but the cognitive load in the experimental class was more controllable than in the control class. The result of mastery of concept showed that the experimental class was higher than the control class, with a post-test significance value of 0.001 <0.05. Thus, it can be concluded that mobile learning influence the excretory system material on the cognitive load and mastery of students' concepts.

PurposeThis paper aims to achieve a better understanding of the dissemination and adoption of quality management in China, in the context of theory on management trends and fashions, dissemination and adoption.Design/methodology/approachFollowing a literature review, the research adopts a qualitative, multiple case‐study approach, based on the study of six Shanghai manufacturers.FindingsA dissemination and adoption model is presented, which contains nine observed dissemination and adoption factors. These factors and their relationships are identified, analysed and discussed.Research limitations/implicationsThe selection of case study companies was constrained by practical considerations of location and access. Further constraints of time and resource meant that only 14 interviews with managers from case‐study companies and three interviews with quality experts and consultants were conducted.Practical implicationsThe findings will be of interest to those involved in developing QM within China, or working with Chinese manufacturing partners. They suggest that Chinese businesses do not blindly adopt QM initiatives simply because they are the current trend or fashion – instead, companies make decisions based on several rational adoption factors.Originality/valueThe research contributes to a richer understanding of the dissemination and adoption of QM in China, and extends understanding of QM dissemination in the context of management fashion and dissemination theories, using a qualitative approach.

Context: In recent years, several studies explored different facets of the developers' cognitive load while executing tasks related to software engineering. Researchers have proposed and assessed different ways to measure developers' cognitive load at work and some studies have evaluated the interplay between developers' cognitive load and other attributes such as productivity and software quality. Problem: However, the body of knowledge about developers' cognitive load measurement is still dispersed. That hinders the effective use of developers' cognitive load measurements by industry practitioners and makes it difficult for researchers to build new scientific knowledge upon existing results. Objective: This work aims to pinpoint gaps providing a classification and a thematic analysis of studies on the measurement of cognitive load in the context of software engineering. Method: We carried out a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) based on well-established guidelines to investigate nine research questions. In total, 33 articles (out of 2,612) were selected from 11 search engines after a careful filtering process. Results: The main findings are that (1) 55% of the studies adopted electroencephalogram (EEG) technology for monitoring the cognitive load; (2) 51% of the studies applied machine-learning classification algorithms for predicting cognitive load; and (3) 48% of the studies measured cognitive load in the context of programming tasks. Moreover, a taxonomy was derived from the answers of research questions. Conclusion: This SMS highlighted that the precision of machine learning techniques is low for realistic scenarios, despite the combination of a set of features related to developers' cognitive load used on these techniques. Thus, this gap makes the effective integration of the measure of developers' cognitive load in industry still a relevant challenge.

This study examines the relationships among the school intellectual capital,the school innovation management and school competitiveness of the elementary and junior high schools, the brand-molding, and the differences of school competitiveness. The research subjects are the principals, directors, low leader and teachers of th Yilan County junior high and elementary schools. The research results are deducted from the analysis of the findings, the survey of the questionnaires, and the focus group interviews catering to the research purposes and research questions. The analysis results provide suggestions for future researches for the educational administrative institutes, for the junior high and elementary schools , and teachers. Based on previous researches, a research theoretical scaffolding was built with the focus group analysis technique. The questionnaire of the school intellectual capital,the school innovation management and school competitiveness the elementary and junior high schools, was used to draw random samples of the 1,006 principals, directors, low leader and teachers of the Yilan County. There were 886 effective questionnaires. The dada was analyzed by the Windows SPSS 18.0 statistics analysis software, analyzing the mean value and standard deviations of the view points of the subjects school intellectual capital,the school innovation management and school competitiveness the elementary and junior high schools. Analysis of variance and the Scheffe method were conducted to compare subjects from different school backgrounds and community backgrounds to decide if they have obvious differences upon school competitiveness, school intellectual capital,the school innovation management. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used in analyzing school intellectual capital,the school innovation management and the school competitiveness. With the analyzed data from the questionnaires along with the researches and the information acquired from the interviews, the following conclusions are formed after comprehensive discussions： 1. Schools intellectual capital, innovation management research for school competitive with the times, the value and applicability. 2. Schools intellectual capital, innovation management and development of the school competitive with theoretical support. 3. Master dissertation domestic capital for innovative business school research and competitive intelligence school, are taking a positive conclusion. 4. The elementary and junior high schools intellectual capital, innovative business schools, schools at all levels are competitive and are performance level. 5. Performance in terms of male educators school intellectual capital, senior and young teachers, principals, and full-time or subject teachers, new schools and a short history of the school educational personnel, representing a higher level of consciousness of other educational personnel. 6. Higher principals than other educational personnel at the school level of perceived innovation management. 7. The degree of intellectual capital, the higher the degree of innovative business schools, their schools more competitive good. 8. Elementary, city (towns and villages) Center Area and mountainous and remote areas, relationship capital, the higher the degree of schools' competitiveness of its high schools. 9. Educators 'Masters and Ph.D.' qualifications, the lower level of consciousness competitiveness. 10. The higher the degree of intellectual capital schools, their school innovation more favorable operating performance. 11. Young and senior education officers perceived a higher degree of innovative business school, rural areas schools, moderate size of the school, the school innovation more favorable operating performance. 12. The elementary and junior high schools intellectual capital of highly positive correlation between the level of competitiveness and schools at all levels. 13. The elementary and junior high schools innovation management of highly positive correlation between the level of competitiveness and schools at all levels. 14. The elementary and junior high schools at all levels of intellectual capital and innovation management schools reached a high positive correlation between the levels. 15. The elementary and junior high schools explanatory power of intellectual capital on highly competitive schools predictive power. 16. The elementary and junior high schools to explain the power of innovative business school is highly competitive predictive power. 17. The elementary and junior high schools to explain the power of intellectual capital is a highly innovative business schools predict. 18. The elementary and junior high schools relational model of intellectual capital, innovation management and competitiveness in school, school innovation management as a mediator. Another study based on the conclusions put forward concrete proposals to enable the competent educational authority, the national primary and secondary schools, teachers and researchers subsequent reference.

PurposeThe purpose of the research is to determine the perspective directions of state regulation of competition between human and artificial intellectual capital in Industry 4.0 and to develop scientific and methodological recommendations for their implementation. For this, the directions of state regulation of competition between human and artificial intellectual capital are described, monitoring of competition between human and artificial intellectual capital by the example of modern Russia (2019) is performed and scientific and practical recommendations for state regulation of competition between human and artificial intellectual capital are developed, with their approbation by the example of modern Russia (2019).Design/methodology/approachA method of expert evaluation is used for collection of the information and empirical data. The method of comparative analysis is used for comparing the successfulness of implementing the distinguished directions of state regulation of competition between human and artificial intellectual capital (4.1) according to the official statistics to their current evaluation according to the interested parties. Also, future evaluation (forecasts) according to the interested parties (until 2045) is determined.FindingsIt is substantiated that during evaluation of state regulation of competition between human and artificial intellectual capital in Industry 4.0, one cannot use only the official statistics, as these data are fragmentary and indirect. Fuller and more precise data are provided by assessment according to the interested parties. They allow determining the current and the future state of affairs and, based on it, compiling a forecast and developing a long-term strategy of state regulation of competition between human and artificial intellectual capital in Industry 4.0.Originality/valueThe perspective directions of state regulation of competition between human and artificial intellectual capital in Industry 4.0 are as follows: stimulation of competition in the market of intellectual capital, social risk management of the market of intellectual capital, managing international competition in the market of intellectual capital and ecological risk management of the intellectual capital market. As the experience of modern Russia shows, even at the initial stage of transition to Industry 4.0, the measures of state regulation of competition between human and artificial intellectual capital are not enough, but their deficit is moderate. In the course of development of Industry 4.0, the necessity for the measures of regulation will grow, and their deficit will increase. That's why there's a need for strategic approach to their implementation, which envisages their systemic reconsideration and supplementing. An author's algorithm is offered for this.

Navigating the web represents a complex cognitive activity that requires effective integration of different stimuli and the correct functioning of numerous cognitive abilities (including attention, perception, and working memory). Despite the potential relevance of the topic, numerous limitations are present throughout the literature about the cognitive load during online activities. The main aim of this study is to investigate cognitive load during comprehension and information-seeking tasks. In particular, we here focus on the comparison of the cognitive load required while performing those tasks using mobile or PC-based devices. This topic has become even more crucial due to the massive adoption of smart working and distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. A great effort is nowadays devoted to the detection and quantification of stressful states induced by working and learning activities. Continuous stress and excessive cognitive load are two of the main causes of mental and physical illnesses such as depression or anxiety. Cognitive load was measured through electroencephalography (EEG), acquired via a low-cost wireless EEG headset. Two different tasks were considered: reading comprehension (CO) of online text and online information-seeking (IS). Moreover, two experimental conditions were compared, administering the two tasks using mobile (MB) and desktop (PC) devices. Eleven participants were involved in each experimental condition, MB and PC, performing both the tasks on the same device, for a total of twenty-two people, recruited from students, researchers, and employees of the university. The following two research questions were investigated: Q1: Is there a difference in the cognitive load while performing the comprehension and the information-seeking tasks? Q2: Does the adopted device influence the cognitive load? The results obtained show that the baseline (BL) requires the lower cognitive load in both the conditions, while in IS task, the requirement reaches its highest value, especially using a mobile phone. In general, the power of all the brain wave bands increased in all conditions (MB and PC) during the two tasks (CO and IS), except for alpha, which is usually high in a state of relaxation and low cognitive load. People include website navigation into their daily routines, and for this, it is important to create an interaction that is as easy and barrier-free as possible. An effective design allows a user to focus on interesting information: many website architectures, instead, are an obstacle to be overcome; they impose a high cognitive load and poor user experience. All these aspects draw cognitive resources away from the user’s primary task of finding and comprehending the site’s information. Having information about how the cognitive load varies based on the device adopted and the considered task can provide useful indicators in this direction. This work suggests that using an EEG low-cost wearable device could be useful to quantify the cognitive load induced, allowing the development of new experiments to analyse these dependencies deeper, and to provide suggestions for better interaction with the web.

The concept of intellectual capital (IC) was introduced by Leif Edvinsson in 1997 in the long Planning journal. 2019 marks since 22 years from that article. This centenary has motivated us to review the literature on the IC for highlighting the various research questions that relates to current marketing research. Hence, after reviewing the literature on IC, it has shown that IC is considered a knowledge based and an important resource to improve the organizational business performance (BP). In the extensive literature, the researchers have argued that as a knowledge base resource it carries out more than 75 percent worth of the organization and also determine the success of the today’s business. The relationship between IC, board characteristics (BC) and BP has been review in detail. In line with this, intellectual capital and board characteristics are considered essential to improve performance and success of the organization but there still there is no clear relationship among them and also a lack of studies in the context of developing countries. Hence, after reviewing the several studies, the following knowledge gaps in the existing studies have been found. Therefore, much remains to understood regarding the way of approaching and conceptualizing both, IC, BC with the BP in another way to see the clear relationship among them.

Thompson Rivers University (TRU), Kamloops, Canada, and Universidad Norbert Wiener (UNW), Lima, Peru, work together in a bilingual project about data mining, managing activities and resources with the help of structures in intellectual capital. Otherwise, without the use of these structures, it would have been almost impossible to have a continuous contact among the persons in the project. The change of authorities at UNW, was not an obstacle to the continuity of the project. Results of this collaboration are achieved in the way of knowledge sharing. In year 1, a team of professionals in health sciences traveled from Canada to Peru, mainly to give courses. In year 2, an expert in computer science came, together with the professionals in health; this new expert gave conferences in data mining in English language. In year 3, the expert in computer science gave a main conference and conducted workshops. Year 4 is for joint research and publishing of findings. Three results are: a) conferences and workshops in health sciences and information technology are given in Peru by Canadian experts; b) research papers are produced and published in international congresses and indexed journals; and c) a bilingual experience is given to students in Peru, since conferences and workshops are given in English to Spanish speaking students. A progressive increase in intellectual capital is measured every year during the four-year project. The research question for this paper will be: what is the contribution of intellectual capital to the management of international bilingual projects? The four-year experience, will give the answer to this research question. Outcomes already obtained show that good practices in intellectual capital are contributing to the success of this four-year project.

This study examines the effects of collaborative augmented reality activities supported by the 5E teaching model on students’ motivation, cognitive load, and satisfaction levels in a science course. In this context, explanatory design, one of the mixed research methods, was used in this study. The research process was conducted with 18 sixth-grade (5 girls and 13 boys) students studying in a private school for four hours a week for four weeks in a science course. In the quantitative dimension of the study, the effects of collaborative augmented reality activities were examined using one group pretest-posttest design through questionnaires and scales, and student views were evaluated through semi-structured interviews as a result. The quantitative data analysis used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and descriptive statistics methods. Qualitative data were analyzed through the content analysis method. As a result of the study, it was observed that collaborative augmented reality activities positively affected students’ motivation and satisfaction levels in the science learning process. In addition, collaborative augmented reality activities contributed to balancing the cognitive load. In this regard, it can be asserted that students’ learning processes can be made more effective using collaborative augmented reality activities, especially in teaching complex science subjects.

Robotic exoskeleton technologies are applied in the medical field to help patients with impaired mobility to recover their motor functions. Relevant literature shows that usability and cognitive workload may influence the patients’ likelihood to benefit from the use of rehabilitative exoskeletons. Following the PRISMA method, the present study aimed to systematically review the assessment methods of usability and cognitive workload in the use of exoskeletal devices for motor rehabilitation. The literature search was conducted in the Scopus and Web of Science bibliographical databases, using 16 keywords that were combined into one search query. A final sample of 23 articles was included in the review, from which 18 distinct assessment methods were identified. Of them, 15 aimed to assess usability, whereas 3 aimed to assess cognitive workload in the use of rehabilitative exoskeletons. Some of the identified methods (e.g., SUS, QUEST, SWAT, and NASA-TLX) showed good psychometric properties and were therefore proven to be appropriate to assess usability and cognitive workload while performing exoskeleton-based rehabilitation. The current study may contribute to the development of guidelines and analytical tools for exoskeletons’ usability and exoskeleton-related patients’ cognitive workload in the domain of medical rehabilitation.

The aim of this elaboration is to recognize trends in management of multiple economic entities. The attention was focused on centralized and decentralized management system. This study has a theoretical and empirical character. It is based on the literature studies and the results of researches obtained by the representatives of the scientific community over the past ten years in centralization/decentralization of management in complex economic units. In addition, there are included the latest findings concerning the discussed issue in the mining industry, made by the author of the study. The elaboration demonstrates that the flexibility of the organizational structures of multiple economic entities is diversified and depends on the type of multiple organization. The more flexible structure, the greater tendency to decentralize management. There is also an attempt to define current trends in management of multiple organizations. The study also tries to answer the following research questions: in what direction heads the management of the complex economic units, so-called multiple economic entities? whether there is a tendency for centralization or decentralization of management? whether internal subsidiaries are carrying out ever larger scope of organic functions and decision-making powers or whether it is limited for them? The elaboration ends with a resume and a bibliography.

PurposeMany authors have recognised multiple research gaps at empirical and theoretical levels regarding the interplay between the management of intellectual capital (IC) and the development of innovation capabilities from a strategic approach to technological opportunities, especially in knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). This paper endeavours to provide answers to some of these research questions by relying on empirical observations in the context of an emergent economy.Design/methodology/approachAfter reviewing the literature through the lenses of the IC and knowledge-based view, the paper operationalises IC as a formative construct and explores its relationships with Technological Orientation, Innovativeness and Innovative Performance. This investigation employs structural equation modelling to analyse data collected through a questionnaire from a sample of KIBS members in a cross-sectional study.FindingsThe research confirms the positive influence of human capital on a company’s Technological Orientation, which in turn impacts Innovative Performance in KIBS. Structural and relational capital positively affect Innovativeness and the latter directly impact performance. All other IC components were found to determine the dependent variables through a mediated effect.Research limitations/implicationsThis research has several limitations. Firstly, it has to be stressed that the significance of the statistical findings is dependent on the sample size, and the results’ explanatory power and effect size cannot be extrapolated to other demographics in different regions or sectors. Secondly, it should be observed that the results of the empirical research can be affected by the respondents’ subjectivity in assessing the items and their perception of reality when providing the answers. Thirdly, this is a cross-sectional study, and results concerning, e.g. the Innovative Performance may be subject to change over a longer period of time, though items in this construct have inquired about results obtained over time. Finally, given the purpose of the research, the outcome may be limited to the research model design. Future research could attempt to replicate the results by investigating other demographics and other regions and by employing a longitudinal study.Practical implicationsThe study highlights the value added by adequate management of all IC elements, as they affect the output of organisational business strategies and processes in an integrated manner. An organisational technological strategy that is based on up-to-date technologies, the embeddedness of technology in the organisational processes and the staff’s continuous technical/digital upskilling are conducive to competitive advantage and business success in KIBS. High competencies and skills that are continuously renewed through training as well as the acquisition of digital competencies, play an influential role in generating innovative capabilities that lead to business performance. Flexible and efficient business processes, the company’s support for informal knowledge sharing between employees and its ability to exploit new knowledge to sustain growth are prerequisites for KIBS’ success. Promoting an organisational culture of trust and collaboration, making the staff feel valued and satisfied and effectively using digital technologies for communication are all significant factors in supporting the development of innovation capabilities.Social implicationsThis research proves that IC management, viewed as an integrated construct comprising human, structural and relational capital management, significantly affects Innovativeness through the development of technology-based innovative capabilities. Furthermore, in a context where KIBS (and other companies) nowadays compete in a digital environment, technology and technical knowledge are paramount for a company’s success. The study validates in an aggregated model the role played in innovation by the management of knowledge and technical knowledge embodied in the employees’ competencies and know-how, the management of tacit and explicit knowledge developed by the structural capital and the management of stakeholder knowledge accumulated by the relational capital.Originality/valueThis research takes a fresh and comprehensive perspective to investigate how IC management can impact Innovativeness and Innovative Performance in KIBS by focusing on the nexus with the organisations’ Technological Orientation. The paper makes an original contribution to research concerning IC, KIBS, technology and innovation based on empirical evidence and a new approach to assessing IC as an aggregate rather than by looking at individual components.

The market and social research industry is increasingly reliant on fast turnaround and efficient online survey research to collect high quality data to inform clients’ information needs. It is frequently acknowledged that high quality data is essential for effective managerial decision-making and one of the main drivers for selecting a supplier. Academic researchers have been critical of survey data from online panels, and they question the lack of quality metrics collected and reported by the industry. One of the main data quality challenges is to reduce measurement error associated with lack of respondent participation and considered response effort. Low respondent participation and response effort in online surveys has been associated with: (1) the respondent characteristics and motivations, (2) the survey environment, including the device used, survey software deployed and visual format of the questions, (3) the survey topic, (4) survey length, and (5) incentives offered. Subgroups of the population are not being represented in online panel samples. Samples from panels also have high non-response or low completion rates. Neither of these factors is random. Both these factors also have major implications for the representativity of the sample collected.The overarching research question in this thesis asks if there are contextual factors that affect respondent participation and response effort that can be used to develop strategies to improve online survey data quality and, if so, what indicators of respondent performance empirically test them? The thesis explores this question guided by a conceptual framework based on cognitive load to assess respondent performance through the application of several cognitive theories that attempt to explain attention to survey stimulus and the decision-making process involved in responding to a survey.Essays from five studies included in this thesis are organised into three sections: (1) problem identification, (2) theoretical contribution, and (3) practical implications and conclusions. Each study is directed by a specific research question, data source and analysis technique to contribute knowledge to different parts of the conceptual framework. The first three studies identify the problems associated with respondent participation and effort, including a systematic bias in completion rates driven by device preference, which in turn is associated with socio-demographic characteristics. In addition, perceived survey duration is associated with satisficing, satisfaction and motivation to participate. However, the format of the survey question is less likely to influence respondent performance. Theoretical contribution is provided in the fourth essay. A model to optimise survey participation is informed by the heterogeneity of panel members and the relationship between ten contextual factors that drive or hinder response propensity. A practical application of how to minimise cognitive load by reducing superfluous survey items in a data-driven way using a new statistical method is provided in the final essay.The four key findings of this research are: (1) perceived survey length is associated with survey burden, (2) satisficing occurs frequently and is often an unconscious heuristic to process information efficiently rather than a conscious decision to minimise cognitive effort, (3) motivations to complete surveys can be based on perceived cognitive load, and (4) simple, short, relevant surveys result in less mental load, lower measurement error and greater respondent satisfaction. The research proposes managerial implications such as the use of a conceptual framework to design and test interventions to improve data quality in online surveys. It establishes a framework for academics and practitioners to collect and report respondent performance data. Performance assessment can be used to test interventions which aim to increase survey participation and predict response propensity. It demonstrates how to reduce superfluous instruction text and survey items to increase responding with considered effort.The conclusions of this research call for participant-centric strategies to engage attention and increase motivation to complete a survey with considered effort. Due to the multiple contextual factors that affect survey participation and response effort, a set of performance indicators should be collected to inform the personalisation of survey design for panel members. The benefit to the market and social research industry is immediately knowing how to gain cooperation from survey participants to complete the survey diligently, which improves online survey data quality.Despite its contributions to theory, method and practice, this thesis is not without its limitations. First, there is a need for sophisticated neuroscience experiments and the use of paradata to fully investigate cognitive processing to inform theory and practice. Second, despite the thesis greatly advancing knowledge about respondents’ cognitive processing behaviour, more attention is needed to empirically appraise the assessment factors in the framework. The popularity of online surveys will continue to grow with new technological solutions, which present opportunities in future for academics who study survey methodology. The use of assessment factors of respondent performance to estimate the measurement error in online surveys by focusing on cognitive load theory is advanced by work in this thesis.

The intellectual capital is the final source of wealth creation in companies. Thus, the need arises to know, what it is, how to measure it, and what its value is. The literature relevant to it, needs much clarification regarding this. The purpose of this paper is to find out if there is any relationship between intellectual capital and business performance. Together with knowing what kind of studies exist, it constitutes the research question. The paper's contribution is reflected in the exhibition, a summary of the studies that would otherwise appear isolated. As more outstanding results, it is worth mentioning the fact that business performance is conditioned by the context of the empirical studies carried out and the concept of profiled intellectual capital. We conclude that studies with more generic definitions of intellectual capital, with more objective ways of measuring it and, therefore, obtaining its value, would appear more in line with the knowledge of the relationship between intellectual capital and business performance.

The present work aims to show the importance of intellectual capital (IC) models in the analysis of the contribution of universities to development and to present the main results of the application of an IC model, designed by a group of researchers belonging to Latin American public universities, in the Faculty of Economic Sciences of the National University of Río Cuarto. To fulfill the stated objective, a descriptive study is carried out, combining documentary analysis with the application of a non-experimental design to carry out the proposed empirical study. The results reveal inefficiencies in the management of the IC of this academic unit, which warn about the existence of an important part of its components that can be enhanced to develop competitive advantages that generate future benefits for the institution and for the territory in which it is inserted. This information is an important input for the design of institutional policies.