Traffic accident characteristics analysis based on fuzzy clustering

In fuzzy clustering, we always use fuzzy equivalence matrix to find the clustering results. Although fuzzy equivalence matrix is one of the most important tools in fuzzy clustering, it’s hard to judge whether a fuzzy matrix is a fuzzy equivalence matrix directly. In this paper, some simple and useful properties of the fuzzy equivalence matrices have been proposed based on the basic properties proposed in the classi cal articles. Using these properties, the judgment whether a fuzzy matrix is a fuzzy equivalence matrix may become an easy work. Keywords: Fuzzy clustering, fuzzy equivalence matrix 1. INTRODUCTION Given a finite set of objects X, and a measure of similarity for an arbitrary pair of objects, the problem of clustering is to find a partition of X such that the degree of similarity is high for objects within each block (cluster) and low for objects in different blocks. The purpose of clustering is to find a natural classification of given objects on the basis of a conceived concept of similarity. The classification may help to uncover a structure in given data, improve our understanding of a complex system, or suggest a meaningful simplification of a given system [1]. The requirement that given objects be classified into pairwise disjoint subsets (crisp clusters) is overly strong in many practical applications. Fuzzy set theory allows us to weaken it and, hence, make clustering more realistic. So, fuzzy clustering becomes one of the hottest research branches of data mining. One of the approaches to fuzzy clustering is based on fuzzy equivalence relations defined on X. Every fuzzy equivalence relation induces a crisp partition in each of its .-cuts. Using this approach, the fuzzy clustering problem becomes the problem of identifying a fuzzy equivalence relation on X in terms of a conceived concept of similarity. Although this may not be possible to do directly, it is usually easy to determine a fuzzy compatibility relation in terms of an appropriate distance function defined on X. A distance function is always reflexive and symmetric, but it is not transitive. However, once we have a compatibility relation, we can readily obtain a meaningful fuzzy equivalence relation by calculating its transitive closure. The resulting fuzzy equivalence relation offers the user a sequence of crisp partitions on X, which are linearly ordered by refinement ordering and graded by values of . [0, 1]. The user is given a flexibility to choose one of these partitions on the basis of additional criteria [2-4]. But, to calculate the transitive closure of a N×N fuzzy matrix , we need to calculate the 2kth power of the matrix, where k = 1, 2, , N. In the processing, after we calculate the 2k+1th power of the matrix and find that the 2k+1th power of the matrix is equal to the 2kth power of the matrix, the 2kth power of the matrix is the transitive closure of the matrix. In fact, if we can find the 2kth power of the matrix is a fuzzy equivalence matrix directly, we do not need to calculate the 2k+1th power of the matrix. If we can judge a fuzzy matrix is a fuzzy equivalence matrix by means of some simple properties of the equivalence matrix, it may be helpful. In this paper, some properties of the fuzzy equivalence matrix have been proposed and the judgment whether a fuzzy *white70121@163.com

Over the next decade, developing countries like Bangladesh will experience an alarming increase in road accidents and this will continue to remain as a serious challenge. Developing countries are experiencing a very high growth rate of vehicles, which is doubling the vehicle fleet in some countries in even five years. The complexity of the road environment with mixed traffic is another reality of road transportation in Dhaka, Bangladesh, where road planning and designs are not appropriate for mixed traffic conditions. Of particular concern are the urban intersections where differential approach speed is a major problem. The heterogeneity of traffic exceeding the capacity, plying of modes with varying speed and maneuvering time make the road links as well as intersections of Dhaka even more complex. The objectives of the study are to determine the characteristics of the road traffic accidents of Dhaka city for the following parameters: a) Traffic accident trend b) Traffic Control Parameters c) Traffic Accident at Junctions d) Traffic Control and Road Dividers e) Traffic Accidents and Road Geometry. Traffic accident data for the period of year 2007-2011 were collected from the Police Stations of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) area. The data were compiled from the Police Reports accident by accident and analyzed using an MS Access based database and additionally an ArcGIS software for the selected variables. All the roadway sections and intersections of Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP) were considered in the study. A total number of two thousand seven hundred twenty (2720) accidents that were recorded by police during the period of year 2007-2011 were analyzed. The study revealed that a) number of accidents in Dhaka is reducing by more than ten (10) percent every year b) Sixty three percent (63%) of the accidents took place where there was no traffic control c) Only twenty nine percent (29%) of the accidents took place at intersection areas and T-junctions were found to be the most vulnerable junction type d) Seventy three percent (73%) accidents occurred on divided roadways or where only one-way traffic movement existed e) Ninety seven percent (97%) of the accidents occurred on straight road sections. Improvement of the traffic accident data collection system in Dhaka is necessary. Detailed study on under-reporting of traffic accident is also recommended.

The traditional distributed WSNs fire remote monitoring system has single monitoring variables and incomplete fire detection data, which leads to large monitoring error and long delay. A distributed WSNs fire remote monitoring system based on fuzzy algorithm is designed. The hardware part of the system consists of distributed WSNs fire remote monitor, air temperature and humidity parameters acquisition, LCD unit and system power supply unit. The remote fire monitor is designed by using microprocessor C8051F060, and the centralized monitoring of information is realized by using distributed WSNs. Based on this, the fuzzy algorithm is introduced to standardize the fire detection data, and the fuzzy similar matrix is established. According to the improved similarity coefficient, the matrix is solved, the fuzzy equivalent matrix is calculated, and the optimal threshold value of fuzzy monitoring is determined. The fuzzy language monitoring rules are set by using three fuzzy variables of current, temperature and smoke to complete the design of distributed WSNs fire remote monitoring system. The simulation results show that: compared with the traditional fire monitoring system, the system designed in this paper has higher throughput limit, shorter delay, and the accuracy rate of monitoring and alarm is higher than 95%. The experimental results show that the system has good generalization ability and is suitable for large-scale high-rise buildings and large-scale networks.

A traffic accident analysis method based on the accident risk index according to the combination of alignment elements is developed and tested applying geographic information systems (GIS). This study is based on crash experience on curves of 4lane expressways in Korea from 1996 2000, and that finding relates only to curves. Impacts of alignment elements on traffic accidents have been identified by examining accidents that occurred under different alignment conditions and by investigating traffic accident risk indices (TARI). Traffic accident rates are estimated more reasonably by considering the interaction between alignment factors and the design consistency. Traffic accident risk indices and risk grades are suggested in the traffic accident data-based approach. Finally, estimating traffic accident rates, evaluating the level of risk and then visualizing information graphically by means of GIS are combined into one system called the risk rating system. This risk rating system is expected to play a major role in designing expressways and developing countermeasures for expressway sections susceptible to traffic accidents.

Identifying the (Hot Spots) for traffic accidents in Erbil City A study of the problems of the Urban Environment

A traffic accident is an event that cannot be avoided, an event where a motorized or non-motorized vehicle comes into contact with each other and causes both material and non-material losses and loss of life. Some of the factors that have the potential to cause accidents are the indiscipline factor in using the vehicle and disobeying existing traffic signs. Jalan Raya Bukittinggi-Payakumnbuh is a class III collector road with a width of ± 9 meters with a sidewalk. Along the audited road are shops and Ford De Kock University. This contributes greatly to attracting the number of people traveling and the high volume of vehicles crossing the Bukittinggi-Payakumbuh highway. Therefore, research was carried out starting from STA 0+100 – STA 1+500, this study aims to analyze road safety by using inspections with the AKJ (Road Safety Audit) checklist table with Y/N answers, such as general condition items, alignment roads, intersections, turning lanes, street lighting and road signs and markings. From the results obtained, the stopping sight distance for an operational speed of 50.07 km/sec in the calculation of the stopping sight distance, the distance of 52.88 meters is still below the design standard and for the ready sight distance of 161.45 meters, the maximum viewing distance of the plan is 350 meters. Based on the AKJ table (road safety audit) for the Bukittinggi-Payakumbuh highway, the highest feasible is from the aspect of signs and road markings of 68.75%, the lowest feasible value is general condition of 50%. The driver factor is the factor causing the highest traffic accidents, namely 26 accidents out of 38 accidents (68.43%), the rest is the vehicle factor, namely 12 accidents out of 38 accidents (31.57%). In order to overcome the problems on the audited roads, it is necessary to repair and complete the signs that are lacking and the maintenance of other complementary facilities in order to reduce traffic accidents. Keywords: Road safety audit, Accident, Stopping visibility, Ready visibility, Bukittinggi-Payakumbuh Highway

This study analyzed traffic accident characteristics in Chungcheong Region through the factor analysis, cluster analysis and questionnaire survey using traffic accident analysis data for Chungcheong Region in order to improve Korea`s traffic safety level. Based on the analysis results, this study suggests traffic safety technologies suitable for the situation of Chungcheong Region. According to the results of the questionnaire survey carried out for transporters in Chungcheong Region, `the passage of pedestrians and aged people` and `a problem of lacking visibility` were the biggest threatening factors of major traffic accidents in Chungcheong Region. The facilities required the most were `lighting equipment in driving at night`, and the expected effect by the equipment installation was high. As a result of the factor analysis and cluster analysis using the traffic accident analysis data, traffic accident risk by city type in Chungcheong Region was higher in rural areas, compared to urban areas. Especially, this study confirmed the risks of pedestrian and agricultural machine traffic accidents were high. Therefore, this study suggests three technologies to improve traffic safety level in Chungcheong Region, based on the analysis results.

This study focused on estimating influential factors of traffic accidents and analyzing traffic accident severity of elderly and non elderly using traffic accident data. In order to reclassify elderly and non elderly traffic accident by a statistical method from entire traffic accident data, multiple discriminant analysis was applied. Also ordered logit model was applied for analyzing traffic accident severities using traffic accident severities as an independent variable and transportation facilities, road conditions and human characteristics as dependent variables. As results of the comparison between elderly and non elderly traffic accident, the traffic accident severity was affected by the age, types of traffic accidents, human characteristics and road conditions as well. Also, transportation facilities and road conditions affected to more elderly traffic accident than non elderly. Therefore, traffic accident severity would be decreased with the improvement of transportation facilities and road conditions for the elderly.

RTAs (Road Traffic Accidents) are therefore an emerging global issue; they not only lead to losses in terms of finance, but also cause injury and loss of life. The discussion in this article about RTA (Road Traffic Accident) injuries in India encapsulates the main ideas briefly in this abstract. The RTA injury figures for India are a worrisome factor. The fatalities due to RTA (Road Traffic Accident) account for more than 1.5 lakh scantical yearly deaths. It is, therefore, necessary that comprehensive road safety measures may be employed. It is not the fatalities alone; a large number of lakhs of persons get injured in these incidents, the severity of which may have long-term physical, mental, and financial repercussions. RTA (Road Traffic Accident) injuries affect some demographics more than others. The load falls invariably on vulnerable road users such as walkers, cyclists, and two-wheeler riders. While there are more incidents in urban regions, the safety regulations are blatantly Ignored in ignored in rural areas. There are differences in RTA (Road Traffic Accident) injuries by age and gender. This, in particular, is very susceptible to young males due to habits such as overspeeding and rash driving. However, children and older adults have a risk of experiencing experiencing devastating injuries as well. Because of this burden, RTA inflections inflict on the health system; medical emergencies, trauma centers, and rehabilitation services should be enhanced. Several services are crucial for the needs of the injured and help them recover. RTA (Road Traffic Accident) injuries entail comprehensive actions of road safety. We might definitely do so by concentrating on these facts and ensuring safeguards in order to work for the reduction of RTA (Road Traffic Accident) incidents in India, hence saving lives and guaranteeing a healthier future for all road users. Any collision between a vehicle and a pedestrian, animal, road barrier, or immovable impediment like a tree or utility pole is referred to as a traffic accident, collision.

This work aims to identify the effectiveness of one-level signalized intersections with exclusive pedestrian phases in terms of vehicle-pedestrian crashes resulting in pedestrian injury or fatality. The work analyzes and evaluates specific exclusive pedestrian phases without diagonal crossing possibility at one-level signalized intersections in the city of Vilnius. Anonymized data on traffic accidents from the Lithuanian Police Department Accident Register were used for safety analysis purposes. The traffic accident data cover all traffic accidents with dead or injured persons. The traffic accident data was analyzed with the help of QGIS for selected time intervals (before and after analysis). The density of traffic accidents was calculated with the help of the comparative analysis method at 11 signalized intersections in Vilnius City, where an exclusive pedestrian phase without diagonal crossing was implemented. An exclusive pedestrian phase with diagonal crossing is usually implemented to increase pedestrian safety at a signalized intersection with a high pedestrian intensity. The analysis carried out indicates that the specific exclusive pedestrian phase without diagonal crossings in Vilnius reduced pedestrian traffic accidents by up to 100%. No traffic accidents occurred after the installation of the exclusive pedestrian phase at intersections where there were no pedestrian accidents prior to the installation.

Recently, many methods based on fuzzy rough sets are proposed to reduce fuzzy attributes. The common characteristic of these methods is that all of them are based on fuzzy equivalence relation. In other words, the underlying concept of rough sets, indispensability relation, is generalized to fuzzy equivalence relation. Here fuzzy equivalence relation is the binary relation, which is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. This paper tries to generalize the fuzzy equivalence relation to fuzzy similarity relation, which is more helpful to keeping the fuzzy information of initial data than fuzzy equivalence relation. Based on the fuzzy similarity relation, fuzzy matrix computation for information system is proposed which can be used to reduce fuzzy attributes. Firstly, fuzzy similarity relation who is isomorphic with the fuzzy similarity matrix is given as fuzzy indispensability relation. Then all the information of initial data, such as the similarity among objects and fuzzy inconsistence degree between two objects, can be represented by fuzzy similarity matrix. Secondly, by considering that the small perturbation of the fuzzy similarity matrix can be ignorable, we propose some basic concepts of knowledge reduction such as fuzzy attributes reduct, core and fuzzy significance of attributes etc in this paper. Thirdly, a heuristic algorithm based on the fuzzy significance of attributes is proposed to find close-to-minimal fuzzy attributes reduct. Finally, experimental comparisons with other methods of attributes reduction are given. The experimental results show that our method is feasible and effective

In modern society, steel companies have played great role in economic construction. This paper makes use of fuzzy clustering approach as an important mathematic tool to classify steel companies according to some general financial indexes, such as ratio of operating income, ratio of stockholder's equity and current ratio. By constructing and normalizing initial partition matrix, getting fuzzy similar matrix with Minkowski metric and gaining the transitive closure, the dynamic fuzzy clustering analysis for steel companies is shown clearly that different clustered result change gradually with the threshold lambda reducing. It has a great value on many things, such as contrasting steel companies' financial condition in order to grasp the chance of investment.

Analyzing accidents and developing elderly driver-targeted measures based on accident and violation records

Some of this traffic accident crisis in Nigeria is caused by the increase in number of vehicles and inefficient drivers on the road, bad condition and poor maintenance of the roads. The significance of the study lies on the profiling of clusters of traffic roads in terms of accident related data and the degree in which these accident characteristics are perceptive between the different created clusters. Applying data mining process to model traffic accident data records helped in obtaining the characteristics of drivers' behaviour, road condition and weather condition that are connected with different injury severities and death. The traffic roads are divided into a low accident risk and high accident risk traffic roads, determining accidents in different age categories and period of accidents. A design of a data mining model for analysis and prediction of accidents rate in Nigeria was presented. In this study, we profiled traffic roads, differentiated the data set into pre- processing and transforming data set; created the association rules; and post-processed the frequent accident item sets. The data mining function was used and data cleaned using feature selection.

31 of China’s provinces was divided into seven categories by a process of collecting data, standardizing data, creating fuzzy similarity matrix and fuzzy equivalent matrix, and finding the threshold value. There is not strictly positive correlation between environmental pollution and economic growth in China’s provinces. Because of different industry development policy and industry feature, environmental pollution in some more developed provinces and cities is less serious, while that in some provinces of the intermediate level is more serious.